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The Jerusalem Talmud

סוטה ח׳Sotah 8

Perek 8 of 9 in Sotah — 10 halakhot

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Halakhah 1א׳

Mishnah

משנה: מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהוּא מְדַבֵּר אֶל הָעָם בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ הָיָה מְדַבֵּר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְהָיָה כְּקָרָבְכֶם אֶל הַמִּלְחָמָה וְנִגַּשׁ הַכֹּהֵן זֶה כֹּהֵן מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה. וְדִבֵּר אֶל הָעָם בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ. וְאָמַר אֲלֵיהֶם שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל אַתֶּם קְרֵיבִים הַיּוֹם לַמִּלְחָמָה עַל אוֹיְבֵיכֶם. עַל אוֹיְבֵיכֶם וְלֹא עַל אֲחֵיכֶם. לֹא יְהוּדָה עַל שִׁמְעוֹן וְלֹא שִׁמְעוֹן עַל בִּנְיָמִן שֶׁאִם תִּפְּלוּ בְיָדָם יְרַחֲמוּ עֲלֵיכֶם.

MISHNAH: The priest anointed for war was speaking holy language when he was addressing the people, as it is said: “It shall be when you approach war, the Cohen shall come near”, that is the priest anointed for war, “shall speak to the people”, in the holy language, “and say to them: Hear, o Israel, you are approching today war against your enemies,” against your enemies but not against your brothers, not Jehudah against Simeon and not Simeon against Benjamin, for if you would fall in their hands they would have mercy on you.

Halakhah

הלכה: מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה כול׳. מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה לָמָּה. בְּגִין דִּכְתִיב וְדִיבֵּר. הֲרֵי קִרְיַת שְׁמַע הֲרֵי כָתוּב בָּהּ וְדִבַּרְתָּ בָּם וְהִיא נֶאֱמֶרֶת בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן. אֶלָּא בְגִין דִּכְתִיב בָּהּ אֲמִירָה. הֲרֵי פָרָשַׁת וִידּוּי מַעֲשֵׂר הֲרֵי כָתוּב בָּהּ אֲמִירָה וְהִיא נֶאֱמֶרֶת בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן. אָמַר רִבִּי חַגַּיי. נֶאֱמַר כָּאן נְגִישָׁה. וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן וְנִגְּשׁוּ הַכֹּהֲנִים בְּנֵי לֵוִי. מַה נְגִישָׁה שֶׁנֶּאֶמְרָה לְהַלָּן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ אַף כָּאן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ. עַד כְּדוֹן כְּרִבִּי עֲקִיבָה דּוּ אָמַר. לְשׁוֹנוֹת רִיבּוּיִין הֵן. כְּרִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל דּוּ אָמַר. לְשׁוֹנוֹת כְּפוּלִין הֵן. אָמַר רִבִּי חִיָיה בַּר אַבָּא. נֶאֱמַר כָּאן נְגִישָׁה. וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן וְנִגַּשׁ מֹשֶׁה אֶל הָעֲרָפֶל. מַה נְגִישָׁה שֶׁנֶּאֶמְרָה לְהַלָּן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ אַף כָּאן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ.

HALAKHAH: “The priest anointed for war,” etc. Why the priest anointed for war? Because it is written “he shall speak”? But about the reading of the Šema‘ it is written: “You shall speak about them,” and it may be recited in any language. But because it is written there “saying”. But for the declaration of tithes it is written “saying” and it may be recited in any language! Rebbi Ḥaggai said, it says here “to come close” and it says there, “the Levitic Cohanim shall come close;” since “coming close” there implies [recitation in] the holy language, so also “coming close” here implies [recitation in] the holy language. That follows Rebbi Aqiba who says, these are expressions of additions. Following Rebbi Ismael who says, these are double expressions? Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said, it says here “to come close” and it says there, “Moses shall come close to the mist”, since “coming close” there implies [recitation in] the holy language, so also “coming close” here implies [recitation in] the holy language.

לֹא מִסְתַּבְּרָא דְלֹא וּפָקְדוּ שָׂרֵי צְבָאוֹת בְּרֹאשׁ הָעָם. וְאַחַר כָּךְ וְנִגַּשׁ הַכֹּהֵן וְדִבֵּר אֶל הָעָם. מָאן דִּי מַתְקֵן לוֹן הוּא מַשְׁמַע לוֹן. אֵין מִקְרָא אָמוּר עַל סֵדֶר. בִּסְפָר אַתְּ אָמַר. שׁוֹטֵר שׁוֹמֵעַ מִפִּי כֹהֵן פָּרָשָׁה וְאוֹמְרָהּ לָעָם בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן. אֲבָל בְּעַרְכֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה מְסַפְּקִין מַיִם וּמָזוֹן וּמְתַקְּנִין אֶת הַדְּרָכִים. רִבִּי חַגַּיי בָּעֵי. כְּמָה דְתֵימַר בִּסְפָר. שׁוֹטֵר שׁוֹמֵעַ פָּרָשָׁה מִפִּי כֹהֵן וְאוֹמְרָה לָעָם בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן. וֶאֱמוֹר אַף בְּעַרְכֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה כֵן. הָתִיב רִבִּי חִיָיה בַּר אָדָא. לֹא מִסְתַּבְּרָא דְלֹא וְהָיָה כְּכַלּוֹת הַשּׁוֹטְרִים לְדַבֵּר אֶל הָעָם וְאַחַר כָּךְ וְנִגַּשׁ הַכֹּהֵן וְדִבֵּר אֶל הָעָם. אָמַר לֵיהּ. מִכֵּיוָן דְּאַתְּ אָמַר. אֵין מִקְרָא אָמוּר עַל הַסֵּדֶר. לֵית שְׁמַע מִינָהּ כְּלוּם.

Would it not be reasonable that “the commanders should take charge at the head of the people” and then “the Cohen shall come close”? He who directs them should inform them! The text is not in the correct order. At the border, you say that the policeman hears from the Cohen the text and communicates it to the people in any language. But at the battle order (they provide water and food and repair the roads). Rebbi Ḥaggai asked, since at the border the policeman hears from the Cohen the text and communicates it to the people in any language, should it not be the same with the battle order? Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Ada objected, is it reasonable that “when the policemen finished talking to the people,” after that “the Cohen shall come close and speak to the people”? He said to him, since you say, the text is not in the correct order, you cannot infer anything.

Halakhah 2ב׳

Mishnah

משנה: כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן וַיָּקוּמוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר נִקְּבוּ בְשֵׁמוֹת וַיַּחֲזִיקוּ בַשִׁבְיָה וְכָל מַעֲרוּמֵיהֶם הִלְבִּישׁוּ מִן הַשָּׁלָל. עַל אוֹיְבֵיכֶם אַתֶּם הוֹלְכִים שֶׁאִם תִּפְּלוּ בְיָדָם אֵין מְרַחֲמִין עֲלֵיכֶם.

MISHNAH: As it was said further: “The men who were mentioned by name got up, they took charge of the prisoners and all their naked ones they clothed from the booty.” You are going against your enemies and if you should fall into their hands they would not have mercy on you.

Halakhah

הלכה: כְּמָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן כול׳. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. כָּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ כְגוֹן אֵילּוּ שֶׁהָיְתָה סִפֵּיקָה [בְיָדָם] לִמְחוֹת אַל יִמְחֶה. רִבִּי אָחָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמִּצְוָה לוֹמַר עַל דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא נַעֲשֶׂה. כָּךְ מִצְוָה שֶׁלֹּא לוֹמַר עַל דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ נַעֲשֶׂה. אָמַר רִבִּי לָעְזָר. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָסוּר לְטָהֵר אֶת הַטָּמֵא כָּךְ אָסוּר לְטַמֵּא אֶת הַטָּהוֹר. רִבִּי בָּא בַּר יַעֲקֹב בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. אִם בָּאָת הֲלָכָה תַחַת יָדֶיךָ וְאֵין אַתְּ יוֹדֵעַ אִם לִשְׂרוֹף אִם לִתְלוֹת. לְעוֹלָם הֲוֵי רָץ אַחַר הַשְּׂרֵיפָה יוֹתֵר מִן הַתְּלִיָיה. שֶׁאֵין לָךְ חָבִיב בַּתּוֹרָה יוֹתֵר מִפָּרִים הַנִּשְׂרָפִין וּשְׂעִירִים הַנִּשְׂרָפִין וְהֵן בִּשְׂרֵיפָה. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בָּעֵי. לְמֵידִין דָּבָר שֶׁאֵין מִצְוָתוֹ לְכָאן מִדָּבָר שֶׁמִּצְוָתוֹ לְכָאן.

HALAKHAH: “As it was said further,” etc. Rebbi Joḥanan said, anybody who is not in the position of those [men] who had the power to object, should not object. Rebbi Aḥa in the name of Rebbi Jonathan: Just as it is a commandment to speak on things that will be done, so it is a commandment not to talk about things that would not be done. Rebbi Eleazar said, just as it is forbidden to declare the impure pure, so it is forbidden to declare the pure impure. Rebbi Abba bar Jacob in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: If a practical case comes before you and you do not know whether to burn or to suspend, always prefer burning to suspension since nothing is more beloved in the Torah than burned oxen and burned rams, and they are burned. Rebbi Yose asked: Does one infer something which is not commanded from something which is commanded?

…and 6 more halakhot in this perek.

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The Jerusalem Talmud, edition by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY

English: The Jerusalem Talmud, translation by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY