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The Jerusalem Talmud

סוטה ז׳Sotah 7

Perek 7 of 9 in Sotah — 8 halakhot

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Halakhah 1א׳

Mishnah

משנה: אֵילּוּ נֶאֱמָרִין בִּלְשׁוֹנָם. פָּרָשַׁת סוֹטָה וּוִידּוּי מַעֲשֵׂר וְקִרְיַת שְׁמַע וּתְפִילָּה וּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן וּשְׁבוּעַת הָעֵדוּת וּשְׁבוּעַת הַפִּיקָּדוֹן.

MISHNAH: The following are recited in the vernacular: The verses of the suspect wife, and the declaration of tithes, and the recitation of the Šema ‘, and prayer, and grace, and the oath of a witness, and the oath about a deposit.

Halakhah

הלכה: אֵילּוּ נֶאֱמָרִין כול׳. כְּתִיב וְאָמַר הַכֹּהֵן לָאִשָּׁה. בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן שֶׁהִיא שׁוֹמַעַת. דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי יֹאשִׁיָּה. אָמַר לֵיהּ רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן. וְאִם אֵינָהּ שׁוֹמַעַת וְלָמָּה הִיא עוֹנָה אַחֲרָיו אָמֵן. אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר לָהּ עַל יְדֵי תּוּרְגְּמָן.

HALAKHAH: “The following are recited,” etc. It is written: “The Cohen shall tell the woman,” in any language she understands, the words of Rebbi Joshia. Rebbi Jonathan said to him, if she does not understand, how could she answer “Amen, Amen”? But that he should not talk to her through an interpreter.

רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי לָעְזָר בֵּירִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. לֹא מָצִינוּ שֶׁדִּיבֵּר הַמָּקוֹם עִם אִשָּׁה אֶלָּא עִם שָׂרָה בִּלְבַד. וְהָא כְתִיב אֶל הָאִשָּׁה אָמַר הַרְבָּה אַרְבֶּה וגו׳. אָמַר רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב דִּכְפַר חָנִין. עַל יְדֵי הַתּוּרְגְּמָן. וְהָא כְתִיב וַיֹּאמֶר יי לָהּ שְׁנֵי גוֹיִם בְּבִטְנֵךְ. אָמַר רִבִּי בָּא בַר כַּהֲנָא. הַדִּיבּוּר נָפְלָה לָהּ. אָמַר רִבִּי בִּירִי. כַּמָּה כִירְכּוּרֵי כִירְכּוּרִים. הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִתְאַוֶּה לִשְׁמוֹעַ שִׂיחָתָן שֶׁלַּצַּדְקָנִיּוֹת וַיֹּאמֶר לא כִּי צָחַקְתְּ.

Rebbi Joḥanan in the name of Rebbi Eleazar ben Rebbi Simeon: We do not find that the Omnipresent talked to a woman, except only to Sarah. But is there not written: “To the woman He said: I shall increase,” etc.? Rebbi Jacob of Kefar Ḥanin said, through an interpreter. But is there not written: “The Eternal said to her, two peoples are in your womb”? Rebbi Abba bar Cahana said, the Word fell to her. Rebbi Biri said, how many weaver’s shuttles! The Holy One, praise to Him, desires to hear the talk of the just women: “He said no, but you laughed.”

וִידּוּי מַעֲשֵׂר. דִּכְתִּיב וְעָנִיתָ וְאָמַרְתָּ.

“The declaration of tithes, as it is written: “You should declare and say.”

וְקִרְיַת שְׁמַע. דִּכְתִיב וְדִבַּרְתָּ בָּם. רִבִּי אוֹמֵר. אוֹמֵר אֲנִי. קִרְיַת שְׁמַע אֵינוֹ נֶאֶמְרָה אֶלָּא בִלְשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ. מַה טָעֲמָא. וְהָיוּ הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה. רִבִּי לֵוִי בַר חַיְתָה אֲזַל לְקַיְסָרִין. שְׁמַע קָלוֹן קַרֵיָין שְׁמַע אֱלֵונִיסְתִּין. בְּעָא מְעַכְבְּתוֹן. שְׁמַע רִבִּי יוֹסֵי וְאִיקְפַּד. אָמַר. כָּךְ אוֹמֵר אֲנִי. מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ לִקְרוֹת אֲשׁוּרִית לֹא יִקְרֶינָּה כָּל עִיקַּר. אֶלָּא יוֹצֵא בְכָל לָשׁוֹן שֶׁהוּא יוֹדֵעַ. הֵשִׁיב רִבִּי בְּרֶכְיָה. הֲרֵי מְגִילַּת אֶסְתֵּר. הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ לִקְרוֹתָהּ אֲשׁוּרִית וְלָעַז. אֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא בָהּ אֶלָּא אֲשׁוּרִית. אָמַר רִבִּי מָנָא. מְגִילַּת אֶסְתֵּר הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ לִקְרוֹתָהּ אֲשׁוּרִית וְלָעַז אֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא אֶלָּא אֲשׁוּרִית. בְּלָעַז יוֹצֵא בָהּ בְּלָעַז. וְכֵן יוֹצֵא בָהּ בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן שֶׁהוּא יוֹדֵעַ.

“And the recitation of the Šema‘.” For it is written: “You shall talk about them.” Rebbi says, I say that the Šema‘ is recited only in the holy language. What is the reason? “The words shall be”. Rebbi Levi bar Ḥaita went to Caesarea. He heard their voices when they were reading the Šema‘ in Hellenistic manner. He wanted to hinder them, but Rebbi Yose heard of it and was offended. He said, do I say that someone who does not know to read Assyrian letters should not recite it at all? But he fulfills his duty in any language he knows. Rebbi Berekhiah objected: But there is the Esther scroll, where somebody who knows to read both Asssyrian script and Greek can fulfill his obligation only from Assyrian script. Rebbi Mana said: About the Esther scroll, somebody who knows to read both Asssyrian script and Greek can fulfill his obligation only from Assyrian script; Greek only, he fulfills his obligation in Greek; and so he can fulfill his obligation in any language he understands.

וּתְפִילָּה. כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא יוֹדֵעַ לִתְבוֹעַ צְרָכָיו. וּבִרְכַּת הַמָּזוֹן. כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא יוֹדֵעַ לְמִי מְבָרֵךְ.

“And prayer,” that one should know how to ask according to his needs. “And grace,” that one should know to Whom he gives praise.

וּשְׁבוּעַת הָעֵדוּת וּשְׁבוּעַת הַפִּקָּדוֹן. מַשְׁבִּיעִין אוֹתוֹ בִלְשׁוֹנוֹ. הִשְׁבִּיעָן שֶׁלֹּא בִלְשׁוֹנָן וְאָמְרוּ. אָמֵן. הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ פְטוּרִין. כְּהָדָא דְתַנֵּי. שְׁבוּעַת הַדַּיָינִין כִּתְנַיִין שֶׁבְּלִיבֵּינוּ לֹא כִתְנַיִין שֶׁבְּלִיבְּכֶם. אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָן. חֲזָקָה כִתְנַיִין שֶׁבְּלִיבּוֹ הוּא מַשְׁבִּיעוֹ. וְלָמָּה הוּא מַתְנֶה עִמּוֹ. מִפְּנֵי הַהֶדְיוֹטוֹת. שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמְרוּ. יֵשׁ תְּנַיִין בַּשְּׁבוּעוֹת. תַּנָּא רִבִּי חֲנַנְיָה קוֹמֵי רִבִּי מָנָא. וְהָא כְתִיב. כִּי אֶת אֲשֶׁר יֵשְׁנוֹ פֹה עִמָּנוּ עֹמֵד הַיּוֹם. מַה שְׁמַע מִינָהּ. אָמַר לֵיהּ. הַדּוֹרוֹת הַבָּאִים אַחֲרֵינוּ אֵין בְּלִיבָּם תְּנַיי.

“And the oath of a witness and the oath about a deposit.” One makes him swear in his own language. If one made them swear not in their language and they said “Amen”, they are not prosecutable. As we have stated: The oath before the judges is according to our understanding, not according to your understanding. Rebbi Yudan said, it is to be assumed that he makes them swear according to his understanding. Why does he have to spell out this condition to him? Because of the uneducated, lest they say that there may be mental reservations for oaths. Rebbi Ḥanania stated before Rebbi Mana: Is there not written: “But with everybody who stands here with us today”? He said to him, the future generations do not have mental reservations.

Halakhah 2ב׳

Mishnah

משנה: וְאֵילּוּ נֶאֱמָרִין בְּלָשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. מִקְרָא הַבִּיכּוּרִים וַחֲלִיצָה בְּרָכוֹת וּקְלָלוֹת בִּרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים וּבִרְכַת כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל וּפָרָשַׁת הַמֶּלֶךְ וּפָרָשַׁת עֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה וּמְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהוּא מְדַבֵּר אֶל הָעָם. מִקְרָא הַבִּיכּוּרִים כֵּיצַד. וְעָנִיתָ וְאָמַרְתָּ לִפְנֵי יי אֱלֹהֶיךָ וּלְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר וְעָנוּ הַלְוִיִּם וְאָמְרוּ אֶל כָּל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל קוֹל רָם. מָה עֲנִיָיה הָאֲמוּרָה לְהַלָּן בְּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ אַף כָּאן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. חֲלִיצָה כֵיצַד. וְעָנְתָה וְאָמְרָה כָּכָה יֵעָשֶׂה לָאִישׁ וּלְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר וְעָנוּ הַלְוִיִּם וְאָמְרוּ מָה עֲנִיָיה הָאֲמוּרָה לְהַלָּן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ אַף כָּאן בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ. רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר וְעָנְתָה וְאָמְרָה כָּכָה עַד שֶׁתֹּאמַר בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה.

MISHNAH: But the following must be said in the holy language: The recitation for the first fruits, ḥalîṣah, blessings and curses, the priestly blessing, the benedictions of the High Priest, the portion about the king, the portion about the calf whose neck was broken, the [priest] anointed for war at the time he speaks to the people. The recitation for the first fruits, how? “You shall begin and say before the Eternal, your God” but further on it says, “the Levites shall begin and say to all the men of Israel in an elevated voice”. Since “beginning” further on means in the holy language, so also here in the holy language. Ḥalîṣah how? “She shall begin and say: So shall be done to the man” but further on it says, “the Levites shall begin and say to all the men of Israel in an elevated voice”. Since “beginning” further on means in the holy language, so also here in the holy language. Rebbi Jehudah says, “She shall begin and say so,” [it is invalid] unless she says exactly that text.

Halakhah

הלכה: תַּנֵּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוּדָה. כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּלָשׁוֹן הַזֶּה עֲנִיָיה וָאֲמִירָה כָּכָה וְכֹה הַרֵי הוּא בְלָשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ. אָמַר רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר. בִּנְיַין אַב שֶׁבְּכוּלָּן מֹשֶׁה יְדַבֵּר וְהָאֱלֹהִים יַעֲנֶנּוּ בְקוֹל. הָתִיב רִבִּי חַגַּי. וְהָכְתִיב וַיַּעַן לָבָן וּבְתוּאֵל. אִין תֵּימַר עַל יְדֵי עֲנִיָיה. וְהָכְתִיב וַיֹּאמְרוּ. אִין תֵּימַר עַל יְדֵי אֲמִירָה. וְהָכְתִיב מֵיי יָצָא הַדָּבָר. אִין תֵּימַר. בְּלָשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ. וְהָכְתִיב וַיִּקְרָא לוֹ לָבָן יְגַר שָׂהֲדוּתָא. וְאִין תֵּימַר. קוֹדֶם לְמַתַּן תּוֹרָה. הֲרֵי פָרָשַׁת וִוידּוּי מַעֲשֵׂר הֲרֵי הוּא לְאַחַר מַתַּן תּוֹרָה וְהוּא נֶאֱמַר בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן.

HALAKHAH: It was stated in the name of Rebbi Jehudah: Any place where it was said in any of these expressions: you begin and say, thus, and thus, it means in the holy language. Rebbi Eleazar said, the defining paradigm for all is: “Moses would speak and God would answer him by voice.” Rebbi Ḥaggai objected, is there not written, “Laban and Bethuel began,” if you say because of “beginning” only, is there not written “and said”? If you want to say, by “saying” only, is there not written “from the Eternal came the word”? If you want to say, in the holy language, is there not written “the stone heap of testimony”? If you want to say, before the Torah was given, is there not the text of the declaration of tithes which may be recited in any language?

רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא לָשׁוֹן סוּרְסִי קַל בְּעֵינֶיךָ. שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה וּבַנְּבִיאִים וּבַכְּתוּבִים הוּא אָמוּר. בַּתּוֹרָה כְתִיב וַיִּקְרָא לוֹ לָבָן יְגַר שָׂהֲדוּתָא. בִּנְּבִיאִים כְּתִיב כִּדְנָה תֵּימְרוּן לְהוֹן. בַּכְּתוּבִים כְּתִיב וַיְּדַבְּרוּ הַכַּשְׂדִּים לַמֶּלֶךְ אֲרָמִית. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן דְּבֵית גּוּבְרִין. אַרְבָּעָה לְשׁוֹנוֹת נָאִין לְהִשְתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן הָעוֹלָם. וְאֵילּוּ הֵן. לָעַז לְזֶמֶר. רוֹמִי לִקְרָב. סוּרְסִי לְאֵילִיָיא. עִבְרִי לְדִיבּוּר. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים. אַף אֲשׁוּרִי לִכְתָב. אֲשׁוּרִי יֵשׁ בּוֹ כְּתָב וְאֵין בוֹ לָשׁוֹן. עִבְרִי יֵשׁ בּוֹ לָשׁוֹן וְאֵין בוֹ כְּתָב. בַּחֲרוּ לָהֶם כְּתָב אֲשׁוּרִי וְלָשׁוֹן עִבְרִי. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ אֲשׁוּרִי. שֶׁהוּא מְאוּשָׁר בִּכְתָבוֹ. אָמַר רִבִּי לֵוִי עַל שֵׁם שֶׁעָלָה בְיָדָם מֵאֲשׁוּר.

Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: The Syriac language should not be unimportant in your eyes, for it is mentioned in the Torah, the Prophets, and the Hagiographs. In the Torah, it is written: “Laban called it the heap of testimony”. In Prophets, it is written: “ So you shall say to them.” In Hagiographs, it is written: “The Chaldeans spoke to the king in Aramaic.” Rebbi Jonathan from Bet Gubrin said, four languages are good for use: The foreign language for song, Latin for war, Syriac for elegies, Hebrew for speech. Some people say, also Assyrian for writing. Assyrian has a script but no language, Hebrew has a language but no script. They chose for them Assyrian script and Hebrew language. Why is its name called אֲשׁוּרִי? Because one is made happy in writing it. Rebbi Levi said, because they brought it with them from Assyria.

כְּתִיב וְעָנוּ הַלְוִיִּם וְאָמְרוּ אֶל כָּל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל קוֹל רָם. בְּקוֹלוֹ שֶׁלָּרָם. מְלַמֵּד שֶׁשִׁיתֵּף הַקַּדושׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא קוֹלוֹ עִמָּהֶן. דָּבָר אַחֵר. קוֹל רָם. הַמְעוּלֶּה שֶׁבַּקּוֹלוֹת. אָמַר רִבִּי יִצְחָק. לֹא קָטוֹן וְלֹא גָדוֹל אֶלָּא בֵינוֹנִי.

It is written: “The Levites shall begin and say to all the men of Israel in an elevated voice”, this teaches that the Holy One, praise to Him, associated His voice to theirs. Another explanation, “the best of voices”. Rebbi Isaac said, not low, not high, but moderate.

…and 4 more halakhot in this perek.

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The Jerusalem Talmud, edition by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY

English: The Jerusalem Talmud, translation by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY