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The Jerusalem Talmud

סוטה ט׳Sotah 9

Perek 9 of 9 in Sotah — 16 halakhot

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Halakhah 1א׳

Mishnah

משנה: עֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקּוֹדֶשׁ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כִּי יִמָּצֵא חָלָל בָּאֲדָמָה וגו׳. וְיָצְאוּ זְקֵנֶיךָ וְשׁוֹפְטֶיךָ. שְׁלֹשָׁה מִבֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלֵם הָיוּ יוֹצְאִין. רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר חֲמִשָּׁה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר זְקֵנֶיךָ שְׁנַיִם וְשׁוֹפְטֶיךָ שְׁנַיִם וְאֵין בֵּית דִּין שָׁקוּל מוֹסִיפִין עֲלֵיהֶן עוֹד אֶחָד.

MISHNAH: [The portion of] the calf whose neck was broken, in the holy language. For it is said: “If a murder victim be found on the land, etc. Then your Elders and judges should go out.” Three from the High Court in Jerusalem had to go out. Rebbi Jehudah says five, since it is written “your Elders”, two, “and your judges”, two. Since no court may have an even number of members, one adds another one.

Halakhah

הלכה: עֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה כול׳. לֹא מִסְתַּבְּרָא דְלָא וְעָנוּ וְאָמְרוּ בָּא לְהַתְחִיל מִתְּחִילַּת הַפָּרָשָׁה. כִּי יִמָּצֵא. לֹא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהֵן מְצוּיִין. כִּי יִמָּצֵא. לֹא שֶׁתְּהֵא חוֹזֵר וּמְצוֹתֵת עָלָיו. כִּי יִמָּצֵא. אֵין מְצִיאָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם אֶלָּא בְּעֵדִים. לֹא נוֹדַע מִי הִכָּהוּ. הָא אִם נוֹדַע מִי הִכָּהוּ אֲפִילוּ עֶבֶד אֲפִילוּ שִׁפְחָה לֹא הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין. [תַּמָּן אַתְּ אָמַר. אֲפִילוּ עֶבֵד אֲפִילוּ שִׁפְחָה לֹא הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין] וָכָא אַתְּ אָמַר אָכֵין. כָּאן לָהוֹרֵג כָּאן לַנֶּהֱרָג. וְדָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר אֲפִילוּ עֶבֶד אֲפִילוּ שִׁפְחָה לֹא הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין. בְּאוֹתָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ. אִם רוֹאִין אָנוּ אוֹתוֹ מַכִּירִין אָנוּ אוֹתוֹ. אֲבָל בְּאוֹתָן שֶׁאָמְרוּ. אִם רוֹאִין אָנוּ אוֹתוֹ אֵין אָנוּ מַכִּירִין אוֹתוֹ. [לֹא] הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין. דִּכְתִיב וְעֵינֵינוּ לֹא רָאוּ. וַהֲרֵי רָאוּ. מִכָּל מָקוֹם.

HALAKHAH: “The calf whose neck was broken,” etc. It is reasonable only from “they begin and say”. He starts from the beginning of the paragraph. “If there be found,” not in a time when they are frequent. “If there be found,” not that you have to search. “If there be found,” finding anywhere is only by witnesses. “It is not known who killed him”, therefore if it was known, even by a male or female slave, one did not break the neck. There, you say, if it was known, even by a male or female slave, one did not break the neck, and here, you say so? One for the killer, one for the victim. And that which you say that if it was known, even by a male or female slave, one did not break the neck, [is it only] if they say that if we see him we will be able to identify him. Even those who say, if we see him we will not be able to identify him, one did not break the neck since it is written: “Our eyes did not see.” But somebody did see!

בֵּית דִּין [שֶׁרָאוּ] אֶת הַהוֹרֵג. אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. יַעַמְדּוּ שְׁנַיִם וְיָעִידוּ לִפְנֵיהֶם. אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. יַעַמְדּוּ כוּלָן וְיָעִידוּ בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד. רִבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן פָּזִי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי זְעִירָא. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהֵן חֲלוּקִין כָּאן כָּךְ הֵן חֲלוּקִים בְּעֵדוּת הַחוֹדֶשׁ.

If the court saw the killer. Some Tannaïm state, two of them should stand up and testify before them. There are Tannaïm who state that they all should go and testify at another place. Rebbi Jehudah ben Pazi in the name of Rebbi Ze‘ira: As they differ here, so they differ about testimony for the New Moon.

רִבִּי יוּדָה בַּר פָּזִי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי זְעִירָא. [חָלָל וְלֹא מְפַרְפֵּר.] חָלָל וְלֹא מְפַרְכֵּס. רָאוּהוּ מְפַרְפֵּר כָּאן וּבָא לְאַחַר זְמָן וְלֹא מְצָאוֹ. אֲנִי אוֹמֵר. נַעֲשׂוּ לֹו נִיסִּים [וְחָיָיה]. רָאוּהוּ מְפַרְכֵּס כָּאן וּבָא וּמְצָאוֹ מֵת בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר. מוֹדְדִין מִמָּקוֹם שֶׁנִּמְצָא. אֲשֶׁר יי אֱלֹהֶיךְ נוֹתֵן לְךָ. פְּרָט לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. לְרִשְׁתָּהּ. פְּרָט לִירוּשָׁלֵם שֶׁהִיא לְכָל הַשְּׁבָטִים. וּכְרִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. דְּרִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אָמַר. כָּל בִּיאוֹת שֶׁנֶּאֶמְרוּ בַתּוֹרָה לְאַחַר אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֶה שָׁנָה נֶאֶמְרוּ. שֶׁבַע שֶׁכִּיבְּשׁוּ וְשֶׁבַע שֶׁחִילְּקוּ. אָמַר רִבִּי פִינְחָס בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. נֹאמַר כָּל אוֹתָן אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֶה שָׁנָה [לֹא הָיוּ עוֹרְפִים. דִּכְתִיב כִּי יִמָּצֵא. לֹא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהֵן מְצוּיִין. וְכָל אוֹתָן אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֶה שָׁנָה מְצוּיִים] הָיוּ.

Rebbi Jehudah bar Pazi in the name of Rebbi Ze‘ira: “A slain one”, not one in convulsions; “a slain one”, not one in death-throes. If one saw him in convulsions and after some time he came back and did not find him, I say that a miracle occurred and he survived. If one saw him in death-throes here and then found him at another place, one measures from the place where he was found. “Which the Eternal, your God, is giving to you,” this excludes places outside the Land. “To inherit it,” this excludes Jerusalem which belongs to all tribes, and following Rebbi Ismael. For Rebbi Ismael said, any “comings” which were said in the Torah mean after fourteen years, seven during which they conquered and seven during which they distributed. Rebbi Phineas ben Rebbi Abun said, we may say that all these fourteen years they were not breaking the neck, for it is written “if there be found,” not in a time when they are frequent. And all these fourteen years they were frequent.

תַּנֵּי. כֵּיצַד הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין. שְׁלוּחֵי בֵית דִּין יוֹצְאִין וּמְלַקְּטִין אֶת סִימָנָיו וְקוֹבְרִים אוֹתוֹ. וּמְצַיְינִין עַל קִבְרוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּצְאוּ בֵית דִּין מִלִּישְׁכַּת הַגָּזִית וְיָמוֹדוּ.

It was stated: How is it done? The emissaries of the court come out, collect all his signs and bury him. They put up a marker on his grave so that the court who come from the stone hall may measure.

מְנַיִין לְצִיּוּן. רִבִּי בְּרֶכְיָה וְרִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר בַּת יַעֲקֹב בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חוֹנִיָיא דִבְרַת חַוְורָן. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי אָמַר לָהּ רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי חוֹנִיָּא דִבְרַת חַוְורָן. רִבִּי חִזְקִיָּה רִבִּי עוּזִּיאֵל בְּרֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי חוֹנִיָּה דִבְרַת חַוְורָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חוֹנִיָיא דִבְרַת חַוְורָן וְטָמֵא טָמֵא יִקְרָא. כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא טוּמְאָה קוֹרָא לָךְ בְּפִיהָ וְהִיא אוֹמֶרֶת לָךְ. פְּרוֹש. רִבִּי אִילָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן. וְעָבְרוּ הָעוֹבְרִים בָּאָרֶץ וְרָאָה עֶצֶם. מִיכָּן שֶׁמְצַיְינִין עַל הָעֲצָמוֹת. אָדָם מִיכָּן שֶׁמְצַיְינִין עַל הַשִּׁזְרָה וְעַל הַגּוּלְגּוֹלֶת. וּבָנָה. מִיכָּן שֶׁמְצַיְינִין עַל אֶבֶן קְבוּעָה. אִם אוֹמֵר אַתְּ עַל גַּבֵּי אֶבֶן תְּלוּשָׁה. אַף הִיא הוֹלֶכֶת וּמְטַמָּא בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר. אֶצלוֹ. בְּמָקוֹם טָהֳרָה. צִיּוּן. מִיכָּן לְצִיּוּן.

From where about marks? Rebbi Berekhiah, Rebbi Jacob the son of the daughter of Jacob, in the name of Rebbi Onias from Hauran. Rebbi Yose said it in the name of Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa in the name of Rebbi Onias from Hauran. Rebbi Ḥizqiah, Rebbi Uziel the son of Rebbi Onias from Hauran in the name of Rebbi Onias from Hauran ( Lev. 13:45): “impure, impure, he shall call out;” the impurity itself has to call out and say to you: go away! Rebbi Hila in the name of Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman ( Ez. 39:15): “The emissaries shall crisscross the land; if one sees a bone”, from here that one makes markers for bones. A human, from here that one makes markers for spine and skull. He builds, from here that one makes markers on fixed stones. If you say on loose stones, it would move and make other places impure. Near it, on a place of purity. A marker, from here the marks.

מָצָא אֶבֶן מְצוּיֶינֶת. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין מְקַיְימִין כֵּן. הַמַּאֲהִיל עָלֶיהָ טָמֵא. אֲנִי אוֹמֵר מֵת קַמְצוֹץ הָיָה נָתוּן תַּחְתֶּיהָ. הָיוּ שְּׁתַּיִם. הַמַּאֲהִיל עֲלֵיהֶן טָהוֹר. בֵּינֵיהֶן טָמֵא. הָיָה חָרוּשׁ בֵּנְתַיִים. הֲרֵי הֵן כִּיחִידִיּוֹת. בֵּינֵיהֶן טָהוֹר. סְבִיבוֹתֵיהֶן טָמֵא.

If one found a single marked stone, even though one should not keep it so, if somebody forms a tent over it he is impure; I say a compressed corpse was under it. If there were two, he who forms a tent over any one of them is pure; between them he is impure. If between them was a ploughed strip they are single stones, between them the area is pure and around them impure.

תַּנֵּי. אֵין מְצַיְינִין עַל הַבָּשָׂר שֶׁמָּא נִתְאַכֵּל הַבָּשָׂר. רִבִּי יוּסְטֵא בַּר שׁוּנֵם בְּעָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי מָנָא. לֹא נִמְצָא מְטַמֵּא טַהֲרוֹת לְמַפְרֵעַ. אָמַר לֵיהּ. מוּטָּב שֶּׁיִּתְקַלְקְלוּ בוֹ לְשָּׁעָה וְלֹא יִתְקַלְקְלוּ בוֹ לְעוֹלָם.

It was stated: One does not mark flesh, for perhaps it will decompose. Rebbi Justus bar Shunem asked before Rebbi Mana: Will that not cause pure foods to be retroactively made impure? He said to him, it is better that these should become unusable for a limited time than that [the earth] become unusable forever.

תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. סְמִיכַת זְקֵנִים וָעֲרִיפַת הָעֶגְלָה בִשְׁלֹשָׁה. דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר. בַּחֲמִשָּׁה. מַה טַעֲמָא דְּרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. וְסָמְכוּ [זִקְנֵי] שְׁנַיִם. אֵין בֵּית דִּין שָׁקוּל. מוֹסִיפִין עֲלֵיהֶן עוֹד אֶחָד. הֲרֵי שְׁלֹשָׁה. מַה טַעֲמָא דְּרִבִּי יְהוּדָה. וְסָמְכוּ שְׁנַיִם. זִקְנֵי שְׁנַיִם. אֵין בֵּית דִּין שָָׁקוּל. מוֹסִיפִין עֲלֵיהֶן עוֹד אֶחָד. הֲרֵי חֲמִשָּׁה. וּבְעֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה [מַה טַעֲמָא דְּרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. זְקֵינֶיךָ וְשׁוֹפְטֶיךָ שְׁנַיִם אֵין בֵּית דִּין שָָׁקוּל. מוֹסִיפִין עֲלֵיהֶן עוֹד אֶחָד. הֲרֵי שְׁלוֹשָׁה. מַה טַעֲמָה] דְּרִבִּי יְהוּדָה. וְיָצְאוּ זְקֵינֶיךָ שְׁנַיִם. וְשׁוֹפְטֶיךָ שְׁנַיִם. אֵין בֵּית דִּין שָׁקוּל. מוֹסִיפִין עֲלֵיהֶן. הֲרֵי כָּאן חֲמִשָּׁה. אָמַר רִבִּי. נִרְאִין דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בִּסְמִיכָה וְדִבְרֵי רִבִּי יְהוּדָה בָּעֲרִיפָה. נִרְאִין דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בִּסְמִיכָה. דְּלֹא דָרַשׁ וְסָמְכוּ. וְדִבְרֵי רִבִּי יְהוּדָה בָּעֲרִיפָה. דְּלֹא דָרַשׁ וְיָצְאוּ. אִין תֵּימַר. נִרְאִין דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי יוּדַה בְּעֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה. דְּדָרַשׁ וְסָמְכוּ וְדָרַשׁ וְיָצְאוּ. אַשְׁכָּחַת אַתְּ אֲמַר. וְיָצְאוּ. שְׁנַיִם. זְקֵינֶךָ. שְׁנַיִם. וְשׁוֹפְטֶיךָ. שְׁנַיִם. אֵין בֵּית דִּין שָׁקוּל. מוֹסִיפִין עֲלֵיהֶן עוֹד אֶחָד. הֲרֵי כָּאן שִׁבְעָה. מַה מְקַיְימִין רַבָּנִין זְקֵינֶיךָ וְשׁוֹפְטֶיךָ. זְקֵינֶיךָ שֶׁהֵן שׁוֹפְטֶיךָ. תַּנֵּי רִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר. זְקֵינֶיךָ. זֶה בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל. וְשׁוֹפְטֶיךָ. זֶה מֶלֶךְ וְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל.

There, we have stated: The leaning of the hands of the Elders and the breaking of the neck of the calf is done by three [judges]; Rebbi Jehudah says, by five. What is the reason of Rebbi Simeon? “The Elders shall lean,” two. No court has an even number of members; one adds another one, that makes three. What is the reason of Rebbi Jehudah? “They shall lean,” two; “the Elders,” two. No court has an even number of members; one adds another one, that makes five. And for the calf whose neck is broken, what is the reason of Rebbi Simeon? “Your Elders, your judges,” two. No court has an even number of members; one adds another one, that makes three. What is the reason of Rebbi Jehudah? “Your Elders shall go out,” two, “and your judges,” two. No court has an even number of members; one adds, that makes five. Rebbi said, the words of Rebbi Simeon are reasonable for the leaning of the hands and those of Rebbi Jehudah for the breaking of the neck. The words of Rebbi Simeon are reasonable for the leaning of the hands, for he does not refer to “they shall lean”. And those of Rebbi Jehudah for the breaking of the neck, for he does not refer to “they shall go out.” If you would say that the words of Rebbi Jehudah are reasonable for the calf whose neck is broken because he refers to both to “they shall lean” and “they shall go out,” it turns out that you have to say “there shall go out” two, “your Elders” two, “and your judges,” two. No court has an even number of members; one adds another one, that makes seven. How do the rabbis explain “your Elders and your judges”? Your Elders who are your judges. It was stated: Rebbi Eliezer ben Jacob says “your Elders,” that is the High Court; “and your judges” these are king and High Priest.

Halakhah 2ב׳

Mishnah

משנה: נִמְצָא טָמוּן בַּגַּל אוֹ תָלוּי בָּאִילָן אוֹ צָף עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם לֹא הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בָּאֲדָמָה וְלֹא טָמוּן בַּגַּל. נוֹפֵל וְלֹא תָלוּי בָּאִילָן. בַּשָּׂדֶה וְלֹא צָף עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם. נִמְצָא סָמוּךְ לַסְּפָר. לְעִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ גּוֹיִם אוֹ לְעִיר שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ בֵּית דִּין לֹא הָיוּ מוֹדְדִין אֶלָּא מֵעִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ בֵּית דִּין. נִמְצָא מְכוּוָּן בֵּין שְׁתֵּי עֲיָירוֹת שְׁתֵּיהֶן מְבִיאוֹת שְׁתֵּי עֲגָלוֹת דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים עִיר אַחַת מְבִיאָה עֲגְלָה עֲרוּפָה. וְאֵין שְׁתֵּי עֲיָירוֹת מְבִיאוֹת שְׁתֵּי עֲגָלוֹת. וְאֵין יְרוּשָׁלֵם מְבִיאָה עֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה.

MISHNAH: If [the corpse] was found hidden in a heap, or hanging from a tree, or floating on the water, one did not break the neck as it is written “on the earth” but not hidden in a heap, “fallen” but not hanging from a tree, “on the field” but not floating on the water. If he was found close to the border, a town in which Gentiles live, or a town without a court, one did measure only from a town with a court. If he was found exactly in the middle between two towns, both bring a total of two calves, the words of Rebbi Eliezer; but the Sages say that one town brings one calf whose neck is broken but two towns do not bring two calves, and Jerusalem does not bring a calf whose neck is broken.

Halakhah

הלכה: תַּנֵּי. רִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר. נִמְצָא חָנוּק וְתָלוּי בָּאִילָן לֹא הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר יוּדָה. אֵין צָריךְ לוֹמַר חָנוּק וְתָלוּי בָּאִילָן. מְנַיִין אֲפִילוּ מוּשְׁלָךְ. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר נוֹפֵל. מַה תַלְמוּד לוֹמַר חָלָל. אֶלָּא אֲפִילוּ הָרוּג וְתָלוּי בָּאִילָן לֹא הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין.

HALAKHAH: It was stated: Rebbi Eliezer says, if he was found strangled and hanging from a tree they did not break its neck. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Jehudah said, one does not have to say strangled and hanging from a tree, from where even if he was found cast away? The verse says “fallen”, why does the verse say “slain”? But even if he was found strangled or hanging from a tree they did not break its neck.

תַּנֵּי רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. נִמְצָא עוֹמֵד עַל מִיטָּתוֹ וְהַסַּכִין תְּקוּעָה בְלִיבּוֹ אֵין עוֹרְפִין. תַּנֵּי רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי. הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין. דְּהָדָא דְּרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי מִן אִילֵּין דְּהָכִין הָכִין. דְּאָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. כָּל אִילֵּין דְּרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחַי מִן אִילֵּין דְּהָכִין הָכִין יְחִידִין אִינּוּן וְלֹא סָמְכִין עֲלֵיהוֹן.

Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun stated in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: “If he was found standing on his bed and the knife was sticking in his heart, one did not break its neck. Rebbi Simeon ben Ioḥai stated, one did break its neck.” But that of Rebbi Simeon ben Ioḥai is of those which are so-and-so. As Rebbi Joḥanan said, all those [statements] of Rebbi Simeon ben Ioḥai which are so-and-so are isolated opinions and one cannot rely on them.

נִמְצָא בְּעָלִיל לָעִיר הָיוּ עוֹרְפִין כְּדֵי לְקַיֵים בּוֹ מִצְוַת עִיסּוּק מְדִידָה.

If he was found at the entrance of the city one did break its neck in order to perform the commanded measurement.

רַב נְחַת לְתַמָּן אָמַר אֲנָא הוּא בֶּן עַזַּאי דְּהָכָא. אֲתָא חַד סָב שְּׁאַל לֵיהּ שְּׁנֵי הֲרוּגִין זֶה עַל גַּב זֶה. סְבַר שֶׁהֵן עוֹרְפִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ אֵין עוֹרְפִין. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. לָמָּה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. הַתַּחְתּוֹן מִשּׁוּם טָמוּן וְהָעֶלְיוֹן מִשּׁוּם צָף. כַּד סְלַק לְהָכָא אֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרִבִּי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. יְאוּת אֲמַר לָךְ. כִּי יִמָּצֵא. לֹא כִי יִמָּצְאוּ. לֹא מִסְתַּבְּרָא דְּלָאו בָּאֲדָמָה. לֹא צָף עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם. בַּשָּׂדֶה. לֹא טָמוּן בַּגַּל. וְתַנֵּיי דְבֵית רִבִּי כֵן.

When Rav descended there, he declared: I am this place’s Ben Azai. There came an old man and asked him, two slain people, one on top of the other? Rav was of the opinion that one breaks its neck. He told him, one does not break its neck. He asked him, why? He said to him, not the lower one for he is hidden, not the upper one because he floats. When he ascended here, he came to Rebbi, who told him: He told you correctly, “if he is found,” and not “if they are found.” It is reasonable to say “on the land,” not floating on the water, “on a field”, not hidden in a heap. That is how it was stated in the House of Rebbi.

מִחְלְפָא שִׁיטַּתּוֹן דְּרַבָּנִין. תַּמָּן אִינּוּן אָמְרִין. [לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַטָּמוּן]. וְכֹא אִינּוּן אָמְרִין [פְּרָט לְטָמוּן]. תַּמָּן שָׂדְךָ בְגָלוּי. פְּרָט לְטָמוּן. וּקְצִירְךָ בְגָלוּי. פְּרָט לְטָמוּן. מִיעוּט אַחַר מִיעוּט. לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַטָּמוּן. בְּרַם הָכָא בָּאֲדָמָה. לֹא צָף עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם.

The argument of the rabbis seems inverted; there they say to exclude the hidden things, but here they say to include the hidden things. There, “your field,” in the open, to exclude that which is hidden; “your harvest,” in the open, to exclude that which is hidden. It is a restriction after a restriction to add the hidden things. But here, “on the land,” not floating on the water.

נִמְצָא סָמוּךְ לכפר. אֲנִי אוֹמֵר סַרַקִיִים הָרְגוּהוּ. לְעִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ גּוֹיִם. אֲנִי אוֹמֵר. גּוֹיִם הָרְגוּהוּ. אוֹ לְעִיר שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ בֵּית דִּין. לֹא הָיוּ מוֹדְדִין אֶלָּא מֵעִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ בֵּית דִּין. דִּכְתִיב יָדֵינוּ לֹא שָׁפְכוּ אֶת הַדָּם הַזֶּה וגו׳.

“If he was found close to the border,” I say that Saracens killed him. “To a town in which Gentiles live,” I say that Gentiles killed him. “Or a town without a court, one did measure only from a town with a court,” as it is written: “Our hands did not spill this blood.”

מַה טַעֲמוֹן דְּרַבָּנִין. דִּכְתִיב וְהָיְתָה הָעִיר הַקְּרוֹבָה אֶל הֶחָלָל. מַה טַעֲמָא דְּרִבִּי אֱלִעֶזֶר. דִּכְתִיב וּמָדְדוּ אֶל הֶעָרִים אֲשֶׁר סְבִיבוֹת הֶחָלָל.

What is the reason of the rabbis? As it is written: “It shall be the town close to the slain.” What is the reason of Rebbi Eliezer? As it is written: “They shall measure to the towns which surround the slain.”

עָרֵי מִקְלָט מַה הֵן. אִין תֵּימַר. לְמַחֲלוֹקֶת נִיתְּנוּ. מֵבִיאוֹת עֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה. אִין תֵּימַר. לְבֵית דִּירָה נִיתְּנוּ. אֵינָן מֵבִיאוֹת עֶגְלָה עֲרוּפָה.

What is the status of cities of refuge? If you say, they were given as distribution, they bring a calf whose neck is broken. If you say, they were given as living quarters, they do not bring a calf whose neck is broken.

…and 12 more halakhot in this perek.

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The Jerusalem Talmud, edition by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY

English: The Jerusalem Talmud, translation by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY