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The Jerusalem Talmud

בבא מציעא ז׳Bava Metzia 7

Perek 7 of 10 in Bava Metzia — 7 halakhot

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Halakhah 1א׳

Mishnah

משנה: הַשּׂוֹכֵר אֶת הַפּוֹעֲלִין וְאָמַר לָהֶן לְהַשְׁכִּים וּלְהַעֲרִיב מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לְהַשְׁכִּים וּלְהַעֲרִיב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְכוֹפָן. מְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לָזוּן יָזִין לְסַפֵּק מְתִיקָה יְסַפֵּק הַכֹּל כְּמִנְהַג הַמְּדִינָה. מַעֲשֶׂה בְרִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן מַתְיָא שֶׁאָמַר לִבְנוֹ צֵא שְׂכוֹר לָנוּ פוֹעֲלִין וּפָסַק לָהֶן מְזוֹנוֹת. וּכְשֶׁבָּא אֵצֶל אָבִיו אָמַר לוֹ אֲפִילוּ אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה לָהֶן כִּסְעוּדַת שְלֹמֹה בְשָׁעָתוֹ לֹא יָצָאתָ יְדֵי חוֹבָתָךְ עִמָּהֶן שֶׁהֵן בְּנֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב אֶלָּא עַד שֶׁלֹּא יַתְחִילוּ בַמְּלָאכָה צֵא וֶאֱמוֹר לָהֶן עַל מְנָת שֶׁאֵין לָכֶם אֶלָּא פַת וְקִטְנִית בִּלְבַד. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר לֹא הָיָה צָרִיךְ הַכֹּל כְּמִנְהַג הַמְּדִינָה.

MISHNAH: One who hires workers and tells them to start early and work late, at a place where it is not customary to start early or work late cannot force them to do so. At a place where it is customary to feed them, he has to feed them; to supply a snack, he has to supply it, always following local custom. It happened that Rebbi Joḥanan ben Matthew said to his son, go and hire workers for us. He awarded them food, but when he returned to his father, the latter told him, even if you serve them Solomon’s meal in his time you did not fulfill your pledge since they are descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. But before they start work go and tell them: On condition that your only claim be for bread and legumes. Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel said, that was unnecessary; one always follows local custom.

Halakhah

הלכה: הַשּׂוֹכֵר אֶת הַפּוֹעֲלִין כול׳. אָמַר רַב הוֹשַׁעְיָה. זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת. הַמִּנְהַג מְבַטֵּל אֶת הַהֲלָכָה. אָמַר רִבִּי אִימִּי. כָּל הַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵירוֹ עָלָיו לְהָבִיא רְאָיָיה חוּץ מִזּוֹ.

HALAKHAH: “One who hires workers,” etc. Rav Hoshaia said, this means that usage supersedes practice. Rebbi Immi said, everywhere the burden of proof is on the claimant except here.

בְּנֵי טִבֵּרִיָּא לֹא מַשְׁכִּימִין וְלֹא מַעֲרִיבִין. בְּנֵי בֵית מָעוֹן מַשְׁכִּימִין וּמַעֲרִיבִין. בְּנֵי טִיבֵּרִיָּא שֶׁעָלוּ לִשְׂכַר בֵּית מָעוֹן נִשְׂכָּרִין כְּבֵית מָעוֹן. בְּנֵי בֵית מָעוֹן שֶׁיָּרְדוּ לִשְׂכַר בְּטִיבֵּרִיָּא נִשְׂכָּרִין כְּטִיבֵּרִיָּא. אֲבָל שֶׁעוֹלֶה מִטִּיבֵּרִיָּא לִשְׂכֹר פּוֹעֲלִין מִבֵּית מָעוֹן יְכִילוּ מֵימַר לוֹן. כֵּן סָלְקָת בְּמַחְשַׁבְתְּכוֹן דְּלָא הְוִינָא מַשְׁכַּח מֵיגַר פּוֹעֲלִין מִטִּיבֵּרִיָּא. אֶלָּא בְגִין דְּשָׁמְעִית עֲלֵיכוֹן דְּאַתּוּן מַשְׁכִּימִין וּמַעֲרִיבִין בְּגִין כֵּן סָלְקִית הָכָא. מְקוֹם שֶׁאֵין מִנְהַג. יְהוּדָה בֶּן בּוּנִי רִבִּי אִמִּי רַב יְהוּדָה. תְּנַיי בֵּית דִּין הוּא שֶׁתְּהֵא הַשְׁכָּמָה שֶׁלְּפוֹעֲלִין וְהַעֲרָבָה שֶׁלְּבַעַל הַבַּיִת. וּמַה טַעֲמָא. תָּשֵׁת חוֹשֶׁךְ וִיְהִי לָיְלָה. הַכְּפִירִים שׁוֹאֲגִים לַטָּרֶף. תִּתֵּן לָהֶם יִלְקוֹטוּן. תִּזְרַח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ יֵאָסֵפוּן. יֵצֵא אָדָם לְפָעֳלוֹ. (עַרְבִית) [עַרְבֵי שַׁבָּתוֹת] בֵּין הַשְׁכָּמָה בֵין הַעֲרָבָה מִשֶּׁלְּבַעַל הַבַּיִת. עַד אֵיכָן. עַד כְּדֵי לִמַלְאוֹת לוֹ חָבִית מַיִם וְלִצְלוֹת לוֹ דָגָה וּלְהַדְלִיק לוֹ נֵר.

In Tiberias one does not work early or late. In Bet Ma‘on one works early and late. People from Tiberias who climb up to be hired in Bet Ma‘on are hired on the terms of Bet Maon. People from Bet Ma‘on who descend to Tiberias are hired on the terms of Tiberias. But an employer from Tiberias who climbs up to hire workers in Bet Maon can tell them, you should not think that I could not find workers to hire in Tiberias but came up because I heard that you start early and work late. At a place where there is no common usage, Jehudah ben Buni, Rebbi Immi, Rav Jehudah: It is a stipulation of the court that the early part of morning belong to the workers and the late part of evening to the employer. What is the reason? “You make darkness, there is night; the young lions roar for prey; You give to them, they are collecting; the sun shines, they return; man leaves for his work.” (In the evening) [Fridays] both early rising and late going is at the employer’s expense. How much? That he may fill an amphora of water, fry himself a fish, and light the candle.

עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן מִתְיָה. אָדָם שֶׁהָלַךְ לְקַדֵּשׁ אִשָּׁה מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר צָרִיךְ לְהַתְנוֹת עִמָּהּ וְלוֹמַר לָהּ. עַל מְנָת דְּתַעַבְדִּי כֵן וְכֵן וְתֹאכְלִי כֵן וְכֵן.

In the opinion of Rebbi Joḥanan ben Matthew, a man who goes to another place to preliminarily marry a woman has to stipulate with her and tell her, on condition that you work so and so much and eat for such and such costs.

Halakhah 2ב׳

Mishnah

משנה: אֵילּוּ אוֹכְלִין מִן הַתּוֹרָה. הָעוֹשֶׂה בִמְחוּבָּר לַקַּרְקַע בְּשָׁעַת גְּמַר מְלָאכָה וּבְתָלוּשׁ מִן הַקַּרְקַע עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתָּן וּבְדָבָר שֶׁגִּידּוּלָיו מִן הָאָרֶץ. וְאֵילּוּ שֶׁאֵינָן אוֹכְלִין. הָעוֹשֶׂה בִמְחוּבָּר לַקַּרְקַע בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ גְּמַר מְלָאכָה וּבְתָלוּשׁ מִן הַקַּרְקַע מֵאַחַר שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתָּן וּבְדָבָר שֶׁאֵין גִּידּוּלָיו מִן הָאָרֶץ. הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה בְיָדוֹ אֲבָל לֹא בְרַגְלָיו בְּרַגְלָיו אֲבָל לֹא בְיָדָיו אֲפִילוּ בִּכְתֵיפוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה אוֹכֵל. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּי רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה בְיָדָיו וּבְרַגְלָיו.

MISHNAH: The following eat by Torah law: He who works on produce connected to the ground at the completion of work, or separated from the ground before the completion of work, only things grown from the earth. But the following may not eat: He who works on produce connected to the ground before the completion of work, or separated from the ground after the completion of work, or things not grown from the earth. If he was working with his hand but not with his feet, with his feet but not with his hands, even with his shoulder, he may eat. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Jehudah says, only if he works with hands and feet.

Halakhah

הלכה: אֵילּוּ אוֹכְלִין מִן הַתּוֹרָה כול׳. אָמַר רִבִּי לָא. כִּי תָבוֹא בְּכֶרֶם רֵעֶיךָ. וְכִי עָלַת עַל דַּעַת שֶׁיֹּאכַל עֵצִים וָאֲבָנִים. מַה תַלְמוּד לוֹמַר עֲנָבִים. שֶׁלֹּא יִקְלַף בַּתְּאֵינִים וִימַצְמֵץ בָּעֲנָבִים.

HALAKHAH: “The following eat by Torah law,” etc. Rebbi La said, “if you come into your neighbor’s vineyard.” Could anybody think that he would eat wood or stones? Why does the verse say “grapes”? That he may not skin figs or suck grapes.

הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה בְיָדָיו אֲבָל לֹא בְרַגְלָיו. אָמַר רִבִּי לָא. כְּתִיב כִּי תָבֹא בְקָמַת רֵעֶיךָ וגו׳. תַּנֵּי. בְּיָדָיו אוֹ אוֹגֵד בְּרַגְלָיו מְקַמֵּץ אֲפִילוּ עַל כְּתֵיפוֹ טוֹעֵן.

“If he was working with his hand but not with his feet.” Rebbi La said, it is written: “If you come into your neighbor’s standing grain,” etc. With his hands, binding. With his feet, he compresses. Even with his shoulder, he carries.

רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּי רִבִּי יוּדָה אוֹמֵר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה בְיָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו וְגוּפוֹ. יָצָא עוֹשֶׂה בְיָדָיו אֲבָל לֹא בְרַגְלָיו. בְּרַגְלָיו אֲבָל לֹא בְגוּפוֹ.

“Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Jehudah says, only if he works with hands and feet; this excludes him who works with his hands but not with his feet, with his feet but not with his hands.”

רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּירִבִּי יוּדָן אוֹמֵר דַּיִישׁ. מַה דַּיִישׁ מְיוּחָד דָּבָר שֶׁגִּידּוּלֵי קַרְקַע. יָצָא הַחוֹלֵב הַמְגַבֵּן הַמְחַבֵּץ שֶׁאֵין גִּידּוּלֵי קַרְקַע. מַה דַּיִישׁ מְיוּחָד דָּבָר שֶׁלֹֹּא נִגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתּוֹ. יָצָא הַיַּיִן מִשֶׁיִּקְפֶּה [וְהַשֶּׁמֶן] מִשֶׁיָרַד לָעוּקָה הַבּוֹדֵל בַּתְּמָרִים וְהַמְפָרֵד בַּגְּרוֹגֵרוֹת דָּבָר שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתּוֹ. מַה דַּיִישׁ שֶׁלֹּא בָא לְזִיקַת הַמַּעְשְׂרוֹת. יָצָא הַלָּשׁ וְהַמְקַטֵּף וְהָאוֹפֶה שֶׁבָּא לְזִיקַת מַעְשְׂרוֹת.

“Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Jehudah says, threshing. Since threshing is special in that it refers to something grown from the earth, this excludes the one who milks, makes cheese with rennet or with mold, which is not something grown from the earth. Since threshing is special in that it refers to something not completely processed; this excludes wine after it was fermented, [olive oil] after it descended into the vat, one who isolates dates or separates dried figs, done after complete processing. Since threshing comes before the obligation of tithes, this excludes him who kneads dough, separates into cakes, or bakes, which comes after it became obligated for tithes.”

…and 3 more halakhot in this perek.

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The Jerusalem Talmud, edition by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY

English: The Jerusalem Talmud, translation by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY