בבא בתרא ג׳Bava Batra 3

Mishnah

משנה: חֶזְקַת הַבָּתִּים בּוֹרוֹת שִׁיחִין וּמְעָרוֹת וּמֶרְחֲצָאוֹת וְשׁוֹבָכוֹת בֵּית הַבַּדִּין בֵּית הַשְּׁלָחִין וְהָעֲבָדִים וְכָל שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה פֵירוֹת תָּדִיר חֶזְקָתָן שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם. שְׂדֵה הַבַּעַל חֶזְקָתָהּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים וְאֵינָהּ מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם.

MISHNAH: Confirmation of claim of undisturbed possession of houses, cisterns, ditches, and caverns, and bath houses, and dove-cotes, oil presses, irrigated land, and slaves, and everything which yields continuously is three years from day to day. The claim of undisturbed possession of an unirrigated field is three years, but not from day to day.

Halakhah

הלכה: חֶזְקַת הַבָּתִּים בּוֹרוֹת שִׁיחִין וּמְעָרוֹת כול׳. מְנַיִין לַחֲזָקוֹת. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. שָׁמַעְנוּ מֵהוֹלְכֵי אוּשָׁא מִשּׁוֹר הַמּוּעָד לָמְדוּ. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. מָאן אִית לֵיהּ שׁוֹר הַמּוּעָד לְג̇ יָמִים. לֹא רִבִּי יוּדָה. דְּתַנִּינָן תַּמָּן. רִבִּי יוּדָה אוֹמֵר. לֹא אָמְרוּ ג̇ שָׁנִים אֶלָּא כְדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא בְאִיסְפַּמְיָא וְיַחֲזִיק שָׁנָה וְיֵלְכוּ וְיוֹדִיעוּהוּ שָׁנָה וְיָבוֹא שָׁנָה.

HALAKHAH: “The claim of undisturbed possession of houses, cisterns, ditches, and caverns,” etc. From where confirmation of claims of undisturbed possession? Rebbi Joḥanan said, we heard from those who went to Usha that they learned it from the notorious bull. Rebbi Yose said, who holds that a bull becomes notorious after three days? Not Rebbi Jehudah? As we stated there: “Rebbi Jehudah said, they said three years only for the case that if he is in Spain, he should be in possession for one year; they went and told him during one year, and he returns within one year.”

שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר וָוא בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. הַמּוֹכֵר בַּיִת לַחֲבֵירוֹ כֵּיוָן שֶׁמָּסַר לוֹ מַפְתֵּחַ קָנָה. רִבִּי אִמִּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. הַמּוֹכֵר בַּיִת לַחֲבֵירוֹ כֵּיוָן שֶׁצָּבַר לְתוֹכוֹ פֵירוֹת קָנָה. אָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק. וּבִלְבַד פֵּירוֹת שֶׁרְאוּיִין לִיצָּבֵר. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יַנַּאי. הַמּוֹכֵר בּוֹר לַחֲבֵירוֹ כֵּיוָן שֶׁמָּסַר לוֹ דְלָיָיו קָנָה. רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי בְשֵׁם רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ. הַמּוֹכֵר צֹאן לַחֲבֵירוֹ כֵּיוָן שֶׁמָּסַר לוֹ מַשְׁכּוֹכִית קָנָה. מַאי מַשְׁכּוֹכִית. אִית דָּמְרִין. חוּטְרָא. וְאִית דָּמְרִין. פַּנְדוּרָא. וְאִית דַּמְרִין. תַּיָישָׁא רַבָּא. רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ בְּשֵׁם בַּר קַפָּרָא. הַמּוֹכֵר קֶבֶר לַחֲבֵירוֹ כֵּיוָן שֶׁקָּבַר מֵת אֶחָד בְּכוּךְ חֲזָקָה לְכָל הַכּוּךְ. קָבַר ג̇ מֵתִים בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה כוּכִין חֲזָקָה לְכָל הַקֶּבֶר.

Simeon bar Abba in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: If someboldy is selling a house to another, when he delivered the key [the buyer] took possession. Rebbi Immi in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: If somebody is selling a house to another, when [the buyer] stored produce there, he took possession. Rebbi Samuel bar Rav Isaac said, only produce usually stored. Rebbi Joḥanan in the name of Rebbi Yannai: If somebody is selling a cistern to another, when he handed over its pails [the buyer] took possession. Rebbi Joshua ben Levi in the name of Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish: If somebody sold a flock to another person, when [the seller] delivered the maškokît, [the buyer] took possession. What is maškokît? Some say, the shepherd’s staff. But some say, a pandura. And some say, the bell-wether. Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish in the name of Bar Qappara: If somebody is selling a burial chamber to another, when that one buried there one dead it is confirmation of claim for the entire chamber. When he buried three dead in three chambers, it is confirmation of claim for the entire burial cavern.

וַעֲבָדִים. רִבִּי סִימוֹן אַחֲוֵי דְּרִבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר זַבְדִּי בְשֵׁם רַב. תִּינּוֹק כָּל זְמַן שֶׁמּוּשְׁלָךְ בַּשּׁוּק אָבִיו אוֹ אִמּוֹ מְעִידִין עָלָיו. נֶאֱסַף מִן הַשּׁוּק צָרִיךְ שְׁנֵי עֵדִים וְאָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ נַעֲשִׂין לוֹ כִשְׁנֵי עֵדִים. אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ. וְחָשׁוּד אָדָם לוֹמַר עַל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ בְנוֹ שֶׁהוּא בְנוֹ. דִּילְמָא בְנִיכְסֵי הַגֵּר אִתְאֲמָרַת. אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ. הֲרֵי כָל רַבּוֹתֵינוֹ בַגּוֹלָה מְעִידִין עָלֵינוּ שֶׁכָּךְ שֶׁמַעְנוּהָ מִפִּי רַב אָדָא בַּר אָבוּהּ. אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא. הָדָא דְתֵימַר בְּתִינּוֹק שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַרְגִּיעַ. אֲבָל בְּתִינּוֹק הַמַּרְגִּיעַ הָדָא הִיא דָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. עֲגָלִים וְסַיָיחִים הַמְקַפְּצִין מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם אֵין לָהֶן חֲזָקָה.

“And slaves.” Rebbi Simon the brother of Rebbi Jehudah bar Zavdi in the name of Rav: As long as a baby lies in the public domain, his father or his mother can testify about him. Once he has been collected from the public domain, one needs two witnesses and its father and mother are like two witnesses. Rebbi Abbahu said, can a person be suspected to say about one who is not his son that he is his son? Maybe it was said about the property of a convert? He told him, but all our teachers in the Diaspora testify that in this form we heard it from Rav Ada bar Abuh. Rav Ḥisda said: That is, if the baby is not moving. But [the case of] a baby which is moving refers to what Rebbi Joḥanan said: property rights on jumping calves and lambs which move from place to place cannot be proven by possession.

רִבִּי יָסָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. שְׁתֵּי שָׂדוֹת בְּנִיכְסֵי הַגֵּר הַמֵּיצַר בֵּנְתַיִים. תָּלַשׁ מֵאַחַת מֵהֶן לִקְנוֹת חֲבֵירָתָהּ וְלֹא לִקְנוֹת הַמֵּיצַר. הִיא נִקְנֵית וַחֲבֵירָתָהּ אֵינָהּ נִקְנֵית. רִבִּי זֵירָא בְעָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יָסָא. נִתְכַּוֵון לִקְנוֹת [מִן] הַמֵּיצַר. וּשְׁרַע מִינָּהּ. אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא. בְּנִיכְסֵי הַגֵּר תָּלַשׁ צְפוֹנָהּ שֶׁלַּשָּׂדֶה לִקְנוֹת דְּרוֹמָהּ וְלֹא אֶמְצַעִיתָהּ. צְּפוֹנָהּ נִקְנֵית דְּרוֹמָהּ לֹא נִקְנֵית תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. אִם הָיָה מְחוּבָּר לַקַּרְקַע וְתָלַשׁ כָּל שֶׁהוּא קָנָה. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר. לֹא קָנָה אֶלָּא מַה שֶׁתָּלַשׁ. אָמַר רִבִּי אֶבְדַּומָא נְחוּתָה בְּנִיכְסֵי הַגֵּר אִתְאֲמַר. רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר רִבִּי יִצְחָק. בְּגִין דְּלָא תֵימַר קַשְׁיָא לִשְׁמוּאֵל אַתֲּ מַר בְּנִיכְסֵי הַגֵּר אִיתְאֲמָרַת.

Rebbi Yasa in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: If two fields of a proselyte were involved, with a boundary strip in between. If he cut off from one of them with the intent of taking possession also of the other but not the boundary strip in between, the one was acquired by him but not the other. Rebbi Ze‘ira asked before Rebbi Yasa: If he intended to acquire starting [from] the boundary strip and below? Rav Ḥisda said, property of a proselyte which he took possession of in the North by cutting off with the intent of also acquiring the one to the South, but did not have the intent of acquiring the strip in the middle, he acquired the one to the North but not the one to the South. There, we have stated: “If it was connected to the ground and he cut off anything, he acquired.” Samuel said, he acquired only what he cut off. Rebbi Eudaimon the Emigrant said, this was said concerning the property of a proselyte. Rav Ḥisda said, Rebbi Isaac: It was reported that this was said concerning the property of a proselyte, so it should present no difficulty for Samuel.

רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר. מְשֹׁךְ בְּהֵמָה זוֹ לִקְנוֹת קָנָה. לִקְנוֹת וְולָדוֹתֶיהָ [לֹא] קָנָה. לִקְנוֹת הִיא וּוְלָדוֹתֶיהָ (לֹא) קָנָה. אָמַר רִבִּי נָסָה. הָדָא דְתֵימַר. בְּשֶׁלֹּא הָיְתֵה עוֹבָרָה. אֲבָל אִם הָיְתֵה עוֹבָרָה עָשׂוּ אוֹתָהּ כְּאֶחָד מֵאֵיבָרֶיהָ. וְהָתַנֵּי. הַמּוֹכֵר עוֹבָרֵי בְהֶמְתּוֹ לַחֲבֵירוֹ לֹא עָשָׂה כְלוּם. וְולָדֵי שִׁפְחָתוֹ לַחֲבֵירוֹ לֹא עָשָׂה כְלוּם. מַעְשְׂרוֹת שָׂדֵהוּ לַחֲבֵירוֹ לֹא עָשָׂה כְלוּם. אַוֵּיר חוֹרֵבָתוֹ לַחֲבֵירוֹ לֹא עָשָׂה כְלוּם. אֶלָּא מוֹכֵר לוֹ בְהֵמָה וּמְשַׁיֵיר לוֹ עוֹבָרָהּ. מוֹכֵר לוֹ שִׁפְחָה וּמְשַׁיֵיר לוֹ וְולָדָהּ. מוֹכֵר לוֹ שָׂדֶה וּמְשַׁיֵיר לוֹ מַעְשְׂרוֹת. מוֹכֵר לוֹ חוֹרֵבָה וּמְשַׁיֵיר לוֹ אַוֵּירָהּ.

Rav Ḥisda said, “draw this animal close to you in order to take possession,” he took possession. “To take possession of its offspring,” he did [not] take possession. “To take possession of it together with its offspring,” he did (not) take possession. Rebbi Nasa said, that is, if it was not pregnant. But if it was pregnant, they treated [the fetus] as one of its limbs, as we did state: He who sells the fetus of his animal to another person did not do anything; the future children of his slave girl to another person, he did not do anything; the tithes of his field to another person, he did not do anything; the airspace of his dry land to another person, he did not do anything. But he may sell him an animal and reserve her fetus for himself, sell him a slave girl and reserve her children for himself, sell him a field and reserve the tithes for himself, sell him dry land and reserve the airspace for himself.

רִבִּי בָּא בְשֵׁם רַב חִסְדָּא. שְׁלֹשָׁה הֵן שֶׁהֵן נֶאֱמָנִין לְאַלְתָּר. הַחַיָּה וְהַשְּׁיָירָה וְהַמְטָהֶרֶת חֲבֵרוֹתֶיהָ. הַחַיָּה בְשָׁעָה שֶׁיּוֹשֶׁבֶת עַל הַמַּשְׁבֵּר. מֵהָדָא דִכְתִיב וַתִּקַּח הַמְיַלֶּדֶת וִתִּקְשֹׁר וגו׳. שְׁיָירָא. כַּיי דָּמַר רִבִּי סִימוֹן אַחֲוֵי דִיהוּדָה בַּר זַבְדִּי בְשֵׁם רַב. [תִּינּוֹק] כָּל זְמַן שֶׁמּוּשְׁלָךְ לַשּׁוּק אוֹ אָבִיו אוֹ אִמּוֹ מְעִידִין עָלָיו. נֶאֱסַף צָרִיךְ שְׁנֵי עֵדִים וְאָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ נַעֲשִׂין לוֹ כִשְׁנֵי עֵדִים. וְהַמְטָהֶרֶת חֲבֵרוֹתֶיהָ. כַּיי דְתַנִּינָן תַּמָּן. שָׁלֹשׁ נָשִׁים שֶׁהָיוּ יְשֵׁינוֹת בְּמִיטָּה וְנִמְצָא דָם תַּחַת אַחַת מֵהֶן כּוּלָּן טְמֵאוֹת. בָּדְקָה אַחַת וּמְצָתָה טָמֵא הִיא טְמֵאָה וְכוּלָּן טְהוֹרוֹת. אָמַר רִבִּי בָּא. וּבִלְבַד מֵעֵת לָעֵת.

Rebbi Abba in the name of Rav Ḥisda: Three are trustworthy immediately: a midwife, a caravan, and the one who purifies her colleagues. A midwife as long as [the woman] sits on the birthing chair, from the verse: “The midwife took and wound, etc.” A caravan, as Rebbi Simon, the brother of Rebbi Jehudah bar Zavdi, said in the name of Rav: As long as [a baby] lies in the public domain, either its father or its mother can testify about him. Once he has been collected from the public domain, one needs two witnesses; its father and mother may become its two witnesses. The one who purifies her colleagues, as we have stated there: “Three women sleep on one bed. If blood was found under one of them, all three are impure. If one of them checked herself out and found herself impure, she is impure and the other two are pure.” Rebbi Abba said, only within 24 hours.

Mishnah

משנה: רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר ג̇ חֳדָשִׁים בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּשְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה וּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ בָּאֶמְצָע הֲרֵי שְׁמוֹנָה עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. רִבִּי עֲקִיבָה אוֹמֵר חֹדֶשׁ בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וְחֹדֶשׁ בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה וּשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ בָּאֶמְצָע הֲרֵי אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ. אָמַר רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּשְׂדֵה הַלָּבָן אֲבָל בִּשְׂדֵה הָאִילָן כָּנַס אֶת תְּבוּאָתוֹ מָסַק אֶת זֵיתָיו כָּנַס אֶת קֵייצוֹ הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים.

MISHNAH: Rebbi Ismael says, three months in the first and three months in the last with twelve months in the middle, for a total of eighteen months. Rebbi Aqiba says, one month in the first and one month in the last with twelve months in the middle, for a total of fourteen months. Rebbi Ismael said, when has this been said? A field of grain. But for an orchard, if he harvested his yield, lifted his olives, and collected his cut figs it counts for three years.

Halakhah

הלכה: רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר. שְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים כול׳. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר. זוֹ דִבְרֵי רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְרִבִּי עֲקִיבָה. אֲבָל חֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים. ג̇ שָׁנִים קָצִיר. ג̇ שָׁנִים בָּצִיר. ג̇ שָׁנִים מָסִיק. רַב אָמַר. זוֹ דִבְרֵי רִבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְרִבִּי עֲקִיבָה. אֲבָל חֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים. ג̇ שָׁנִים מֵעֵת לָעֵת. רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁחֲלוּקִין כָּאן כָּךְ חֲלוּקִין בִּשְׁנֵי אֱלִיָּהוּ.

HALAKHAH: “Rebbi Ismael says, the first three months,” etc. Samuel said, these are the words of Rebbi Ismael and Rebbi Aqiba. But the Sages say, three years grain cutting, three years grape harvesting, three years olive harvesting. Rav said, these are the words of Rebbi Ismael and Rebbi Aqiba. But the Sages say, three years from day to day. Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman in the name of Rebbi Jonathan: Just as they disagree here, so they disgree about Elijah’s years.

Mishnah

משנה: שָׁלֹשׁ אֲרָצוֹת לַחֲזָקָה יְהוּדָה וְעֵבֶר הַיַּרְדֵּן וְהַגָּלִיל. הָיָה בִיהוּדָה וְהֶחֱזִיק בַּגָּלִיל בַּגָּלִיל וְהֶחֱזִיק בִּיהוּדָה אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא עִמּוֹ בַּמְּדִינָה. אָמַר רִבִּי יְהוּדָה לֹא אָמְרוּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים אֶלָּא כְדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא בְאִיסְפַּמְיָא וְיַחֲזִיק שָׁנָה וְיֵלְכוּ וְיוֹדִיעוּהוּ שָׁנָה וְיָבוֹא לַשָּׁנָה הָאַחֶרֶת.

MISHNAH: There are three regions for claims of undisturbed possession: Judea, Transjordan, and Galilee. If he was in Judea and somebody claimed undisturbed possession in Galilee, or in Galilee and somebody claimed undisturbed possession in Judea, it is not undisturbed possession unless he be in the same province. Rebbi Jehudah said, they said three years only for the case that if he is in Spain, he should be in possession for one year; they went and told him during one year, and he returns within one year.

Halakhah

הלכה: שָׁלֹשׁ אֲרָצוֹת לַחֲזָקָה כול׳ רַב אָמַר. בְּשָׁעַת הַחֵירוּם שָׁנוּ.

HALAKHAH: “There are three regions for claims of undisturbed possession,” etc. Rav said, this was taught in emergency situations.

אָמַר רִבִּי חֲנִינָה. שְׁנֵי עָרְלָה בֵּינֵיהוֹן.

Rebbi Ḥanina said, the years of ‘orlah are in dispute between them.

רַב אָמַר. אֵין חֲזָקָה לַבּוֹרֵחַ וְלֹא מֵאֶרֶץ לְאֶרֶץ. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר. יֵשׁ חֲזָקָה לַבּוֹרֵחַ וְיֵשׁ חֲזָקָה מֵאֶרֶץ לְאֶרֶץ. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר רַב יִצְחָק. קַרְיָיא מְסַיֵיעַ לְמַה דָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל. וַיִּתֵּן לָהּ הַמֶּלֶךְ סְרִיס אֶחָד וגו׳.

Rav said, there can be no claim of undisturbed possession from a fugitive, nor one made from one country to another. Samuel said, there can be a claim of undisturbed possession from a fugitive, and a claim of undisturbed possession made from one country to another. Rav Naḥman bar Rav Isaac said, a verse supports what Samuel said: “The king gave her an adjutant,” etc.

אָמַר רִבִּי לָעְזָר. וַאֲפִילוּ שְׁתֵּי אבטיניות כְּגוֹן שלומי ונבירו וְהַיַּרְדֵּן מַפְסִיק בֵּנְתַיִים וְעוֹמֵד שָׁם וְרוֹאֶה אֶחָד הַמַּחֲזִיק בַּשָּׂדֶה וּמַחֲזִיק בְּשֶׁלּוֹ אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה עַד שֶתְּהֵא עִמּוֹ בְּאוֹתָהּ הָעִיר וּבְאוֹתָהּ הַמְּדִינָה.

Rebbi Eleazar said: Even two אבטיניות, e. g., שלומי and נבירו separated by the Jordan and a person may see another taking possession of the field, his property, there is no creation of a claim of undisturbed possession unless he was in the same locality, in the same province.

רַב אָמַר. עִיקַּר חֲזָקָה הַכְנָסַת פֵּירוֹת. לֹא מוֹדֶה רַב בִּמְנַכֵּשׁ וּבִמְעַדֵּר. מוֹדֶה רַב בִּמְנַכֵּשׁ וּבִמְעַדֵּר. מָהוּ דְאָמַר רַב. עִיקַּר חֲזָקָה הַכְנָסַת פֵּירוֹת. אֶלָּא שֶׁאִם רָאוּ אוֹתוֹ חוֹרֵשׁ וְקוֹצֵר וּמְעַמֵּר וְדָשׁ וּבוֹרֵר וְלֹא רָאוּהוּ מַכְנִיס פֵּירוֹת אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה אֶלָּא הַכְנָסַת פֵּירוֹת.

Rav said, the main confirmation of a claim of possession is storing the produce. Does Rav not agree about weeding and turning the soil? Rav agrees about weeding and turning the soil. What does it mean that Rav said, the main indication of a claim of possession is storing the produce? That if they saw him ploughing, and harvesting, and binding into sheaves, and threshing, and grading, but did not see him storing the produce, there is no claim of possession without storing the produce.

רַב אָמַר. עִיקַּר חֲלִיצָה הַתָּרַת רְצוּעוֹת. לֹא כֵן אָמַר רִבִּי בָּא בְשֵּׁם רַב יְהוּדָה. רִבִּי זְרִיקָן מָטֵי בָהּ בְּשֵּׁם רַב. דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים. חָלְצָה וְלֹא רָקְקָה רָקְקָה וְלֹא חָלְצָה. חֲלִיצָתָהּ פְּסוּלָה עַד שֶׁתַּחֲלוֹץ וְתָרוֹק. מוֹדֶה רַב עַד שֶׁתַּחֲלוֹץ וְתָרוֹק. מֵהָדָא דְאָמַר רַב. עִיקַּר חֲלִיצָה הַתָּרַת רְצוּעוֹת.

Rav said, the essence of ḥalîṣah is the untying of the shoelace. Did not Rebbi Abba say in the name of Rav Jehudah, Rebbi Zeriqan turns to it in the name of Rav: The words of the Sages: If she slips off but did not spit, or spat but did not take off, the ḥaliṣah is invalid unless she slips off and spits. Rav agrees “unless she slips off and spits”; it is implied by what Rav said, the essence of slipping off is untying the shoelaces.

רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲנִינָה שָׁאַל לְרִבִּי יוֹחָנַן. עֶרֶר מָהוּ שֶׁיַּצְרִיךְ בֵּית דִּין. רִבִּי יוֹסֵה בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. עֶרֶר אֵין צָרִיךְ בֵּית דִּין. וְאִית דָּמְרִין. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲנִינָה שָׁאַל לְתַלְמִידוֹי דְרִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. עֶרֶר מָהוּ שֶׁצָּרִיךְ בֵּית דִּין. רִבִּי חִיָיה בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. עֶרֶר צָרִיךְ בֵּית דִּין. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר. אֲפִילוּ עָרַר עִמּוֹ בִּפְנֵי פוֹעֲלִין עֶרֶר הוּא. וְצָרִיךְ לְעוֹרֵר עַל כַּל שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים. גִּידּוּל בַּר מִינְיָימִין הֲוָה לֵיהּ עוֹבְדָא וַהֲווּ דַיָינֵיהּ חִלְקִיָּה בַּר טוֹבִי וְרַב הוּנָא וְחִיָיה בַּר רַב. אָמַר לוֹן חִיָיה בַּר רַב. כֵּן אָמַר אַבָּא. מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁעָרַר עִמּוֹ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים הָרִאשׁוֹנוֹת עוֹד אֵין צָרִיךְ לְעוֹרֵר עָלָיו. וְתַנֵּי כֵן. הָיָה אוֹכֵל שֶׁלּוֹ שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים. עָרַר שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים הָרִאשׁוֹנוֹת. אָמַר לוֹ. אַתָּה מָכַרְתָּה לִי אַתָּה נָתַתָּה לִי מַתָּנָה. אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה. מַחֲמַת טַעֲנָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה. שֶׁכָּל חֲזָקָה שֶׁאֵין עִמָּהּ טַעֲנָה אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר. אִם כְּזוֹ אֵין אָנוּ מְנִיחִין לִגְדּוֹלֵי אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּלוּם.

Rebbi Yose ben Ḥanina asked Rebbi Joḥanan: Must a protest be filed before a court? Rebbi Yose in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: a protest does not have to be filed before a court. But some say, Rebbi Yose ben Ḥanina asked Rebbi Joḥanan’s student: Must a protest be filed before a court? Rebbi Ḥiyya in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: a protest must be filed before a court. Samuel said, even if he protested against him in front of workers, it is a protest, but he has to protest in each one of the three years. Giddul ben Minyamin had a case; his judges were Ḥilqiah bar Tobi, Rav Huna, and Ḥiyya bar Rav. Ḥiyya bar Rav told them, so said my father: Once he protested the first three years, he is not required to protest further. It was stated thus: “If he ate it as his own for six years, he protested against him the first three years; then he said, you sold it to me, you gave it to me as a gift, there is no claim of undisturbed possession. Because of an initial claim it would have been a claim of undisturbed possession since any claim of undisturbed possession not accompanied by a claim of legal ownership is not a claim of undisturbed possession.” Samuel said, if it is so, nothing would be left for the great people of the Land of Israel.

Mishnah

משנה: כָּל חֲזָקָה שֶׁאֵין עִמָּהּ טַעֲנָה אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה. כֵּיצַד אָמַר לוֹ מָה אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה בְתוֹךְ שֶׁלִּי. שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר לִי אָדָם דָּבָר מֵעוֹלָם אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה. אַתָּה מָכַרְתָּה לִי אַתָּה נָתַתָּה לִי מַתָּנָה הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה. וְהַבָּא מִשּׁוּם יְרוּשָּׁה אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ טַעֲנָה.

MISHNAH: Any claim of undisturbed possession not accompanied by a claim of legal ownership is not a claim of undisturbed possession. How is this? He said to him, what are you doing on my property? Nobody ever said anything to me is not a claim of undisturbed possession. You sold it to me, you gave it to me as a gift, is a claim of undisturbed possession. A person entering because of inheritance does not need a claim.

Halakhah

הלכה: כָּל חֲזָקָה שֶׁאֵין עִמָּהּ טַעֲנָה כול׳. וְצָרִיךְ חֲזָקָה. תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. מוֹדֶה רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֶירוֹ. שָׂדֶה זוֹ כול׳. כְּהָדָא. רְאוּבֵן אוֹכֵל שָׂדֶה בְּחֶזְקַת שֶׁהִיא שֶׁלּוֹ וְהֵבִיא שִׁמְעוֹן עֵדִים שֶׁמֵּת אָבִיו מִתּוֹכָהּ. מַפְקִין לָהּ מֵרְאוּבֵן וִיהָבִין לְשִׁמְעוֹן. אֶלָּא הָלַךְ רְאוּבֵן וְהֵבִיא עֵדִים שֶׁלֹּא מֵת אָבִיו מִתּוֹכָהּ. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יַעֲקֹב. אֲנָא אַפִּיקְתֵּיהּ מֵרְאוּבֵן אֲנָא מַחֲזִרֶנָּה לֵיהּ. רַב אָמַר. כְּשֶׁנָּתַתָּהּ עַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין נָתַתַּה. מִיכָּן וָהֵילָךְ הַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵירוֹ עָלָיו הָרְאָיָיה.

HALAKHAH: “Any claim of undisturbed possession not accompanied by a claim of legal ownership,” etc. But it needs proof of undisturbed possession. There, we have stated: “Rebbi Joshua agrees that if somebody says to anothet, ‘this field’, etc.” As the following. Reuben ate from a field claiming that it was his. Simeon brought witnesses that his father died in possession. One removes [the field] from Reuben and hands it over to Simeon. Reuben went and brought witnesses that [Simeon’s] father did not die in possession. Rebbi Naḥman ben Jacob said, I took it from Reuben, I am returning it to him. Rav said, when you gave it to him, you gave it on the basis of a court decree. From there on the burden of proof is on the claimant.

מִי מוֹדִיעַ. אָמַר רִבִּי בָּא. עֵידֵי מִיתָה מוֹדִיעִין. הַגַּע עַצְמָךְ שֶׁאֵין הָעֵדִים יוֹדְעִין. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. לְעוֹלָם הַשָּׂדֶה בְחֶזְקַת בְּעָלֶיהָ. מִיכָּן וָהֵילָךְ הַמּוֹצִיא מֵחֲבֵירוֹ עָלָיו הָרְאָיָיה.

Who informs? Rebbi Abba said, the witnesses to the death inform. Think of it, if the witnesses did not know! Rebbi Yose said, the field always is in the possession of its owner. From there on the burden of proof is on the claimant.

Mishnah

משנה: הַשּׁוּתָפִין וְהָאֲרִיסִין וְהָאֶפִּיטְרוֹפִּין אֵין לָהֶן חֲזָקָה. אֵין לָאִישׁ חֲזָקָה בְּנִכְסֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ וְלֹא לָאִשָּׁה בְּנִכְסֵי בַעְלָהּ וְלֹא לָאָב בְּנִכְסֵי הַבֵּן וְלֹא לַבֵּן בְּנִכְסֵי הָאָב. בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בַּמַּחֲזִיק. אֲבָל בְּנוֹתֵן מַתָּנָה וְהָאַחִים שֶׁחָלְקוּ וְהַמַּחֲזִיק בְּנִכְסֵי הַגֵּר נָעַל גָּדַר וּפָרַץ כָּל שֶׁהוּא הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה.

MISHNAH: Partners and sharecroppers have no claim of undisturbed possession. A husband has no claim of undisturbed possession in his wife’s property, nor a wife in her husband’s property, nor a father in his son’s property, nor the son in his father’s property. When has this been said? For one who claims undisturbed possession. But if one is given a gift, or brothers distributed the estate, one takes possession of a convert’s property, when he locked, fenced in, or made any breach that is a legal form of taking in possession.

Halakhah

הלכה: הַשּׁוּתָפִין וְהָאֲרִיסִין כול׳. שׁוּתָף. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר. לֵית כָּן שׁוּתָף. שׁוּתָף אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה. לֹא כֵן אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל. שׁוּתָף שֶׁיָּרַד וְנָטַע כְּנוֹטֵעַ בִּרְשׁוּת. הֵן דְּתֵימַר. שׁוּתָף שֶׁיָּרַד וְנָטַע כְּנוֹטֵעַ בִּרְשׁוּת. בְּאוֹתוֹ שֶׁעוֹמֵד שָׁם. וְהֵן דְּתֵימַר. שׁוּתָף אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה. בְּשֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹמֵד שָׁם. מָהוּ מַיְיתֵי תְחוֹתֵיהּ. הָאוּמָּנִין וְהַגּוֹזָלִין אֵין לָהֶן חֲזָקָה. רָאָה עַבְדּוֹ אֶל הָאוּמָן וְכֵילָו אֶל הַכּוֹבֵס. אָמַר לוֹ. תֵּן לִי עַבְדִּי תֵּן לִי כֵילַיי. אָמַר לוֹ. אַתָּה נְתַתּוֹ לִי בְמַתָּנָה אַתָּה מְכַרְתּוֹ לִי. אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה. אַתָּה אָמַרְתָּ לִי לְמוֹכְרוֹ לִי אַתָּה אָמַרְתָּ לִיתְנוֹ לִי מַתָּנָה. הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה.

HALAKHAH: “Partners and sharecroppers,” etc. “A partner.” Samuel said, “partner” is not mentioned here. Does the partner not have a claim to undisturbed possession? Did not Samuel say that the partner who went and planted, planted with permission? When you say, the partner who went and planted, planted with permission, if he was there. When you say, the partner has no claim of undisturbed possession, if he was not there. What does he include in his stead? Artisans and robbers have no claim of undisturbed possession. “If somebody saw his slave at an artisan’s, or his garments at the washer’s, and told him, give me my slave, give me my garments, but he answered him, you gave him to me as a gift; you sold him to me; this is no claim of undisturbed possession. You told me to sell him; you instructed to give him to me as a gift, this is a claim of undisturbed possession.”

הָאֲרִיסִים. רַב הוּנָא אָמַר. בָּאֲרִיס לְעוֹלָם. אֲבָל בָּאֲרִיס לְשָׁעָה יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ תְּרֵיהוֹן מָרִין. אֲפִילוּ בָּאֲרִיס לְשָׁעָה אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה. דְּנֵימַר. נְחַת רוּחֵיהּ מִינֵּיהּ וְשָׁבְקֵיהּ. תַּמָּן אָמְרִין. אֲרִיס אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה. בֶּן אֲרִיס יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמְרִין. אַף אֲרִיס וּבֶן אֲרִיס אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה. דְּנֵימַר. נְחַת רוּחֵיהּ מֵאָבוֹי וּשְׁבַק בְּרֵיהּ. דָּמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. אֲרִיס שֶׁהוֹרִיד אֲרִיס אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה. שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ אֲרִיס לְהוֹרִיד אֲרִיס.

“Sharecroppers.” Rav Huna said, a permanent sharecropper, but a temporary sharecropper has a claim of undisturbed possession. Rebbi Joḥanan and Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish both teach that even a temporary sharecropper has no claim of undisturbed possession, for we may say that he is satisfied with him and let him have it. There, they say that a sharecropper has no claim of undisturbed possession but a sharecropper’s son has a claim of undisturbed possession; Rebbi Joḥanan and Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish say, neither a sharecropper nor a sharecropper’s son have a claim of undisturbed possession, for we may say that he was satisfied with his father and let the son have it. As Rebbi Joḥanan said, a sharecropper who engaged another sharecropper has no claim of undisturbed possession since it is common for sharecroppers to engage sub-sharecroppers.

אֲבָל אָדָם שֶׁמְפַקֵּחַ עַל נִיכְסֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה. שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַבְּעָלִים לְפַקֵּחַ עַל נִיכְסֵי נְשׁוֹתֵיהֶן. אֵין לָאִישׁ חֲזָקָה בְּנִיכְסֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ. בְּחַיֵּי אִשְׁתּוֹ. אֲבָל אַחַר מִיתָתָהּ יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה. וְלֹא לָאִשָּׁה בְּנִיכְסֵי בַעְלָהּ. בְּחַיָּיו. אֲבָל לְאַחַר מוֹתוֹ יֵשׁ לָהּ חֲזָקָה. וְלֹא לַבֵּן בְּנִיכְסֵי הָאָב. בְּחַיָּיו. אֲבָל לְאַחַר מִיתַת הָאָב יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה. וְלֹא לָאָב בְּנִיכְסֵי הַבֵּן. בְּחַיָּיו. אֲבָל לְאַחַר מִיתַת הַבֵּן יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה.

In truth, should a man supervising his wife’s properties have a claim of undisturbed possession, since usually husbands supervise their wife’s properties? “A husband has no claim of undisturbed possession in his wife’s property” during her lifetime. But after her death he has a claim of undisturbed possession. “Nor a wife in her husband’s property” during his lifetime. But after his death she has a claim of undisturbed possession. “Nor a son in the father’s property” during his lifetime. But after the father’s death he has a claim of undisturbed possession. “Nor the father in his son’s property” during his lifetime. But after the son’s death he has a claim of undisturbed possession.

רַב אָמַר. בְּפוֹחֵת מֵעֲשָׂרָה אוֹ מוֹסִיף עַל עֲשָׂרָה. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר. אֲפִילוּ פָרַץ מְקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לִפְרוֹץ וְגָדַר מְקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לִגְדוֹר הֲרֵי זֶה חֲזָקָה.

Rav said, if he lowered it below ten [handbreadths] or increased above ten. Samuel said, even if he made a breach at a place where a breach was irrelevant or a fence where a fence was irrelevant, it is legally taking possession.

וְהָתַנֵּי. הָמּוֹכֵר לַחֲבֵירוֹ וְנִתְעַצֵּל לוֹקֵחַ וְלֹא הֶחֱזִיק בָּהּ וְיָרַד הַמּוֹכֵר וְהֶחֱזִיק בָּהּ. בִּיטְּלָה הַחֲזָקָה אֶת הַמֶּכֶר וְאֶת הַמַּתָּנָה.

As we have stated: If somebody sells a field to another but the buyer was lazy and did not enter into possession when the seller went and legally took possession, the taking possession invalidates the sale or the gift.

Mishnah

משנה: שְׁנַיִם מְעִידִין אוֹתוֹ שֶׁאֲכָלָהּ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים וְנִמְצְאוּ זוֹמְמְין מְשַׁלְּמִין לוֹ אֶת הַכֹּל. שְׁנַיִם בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּשְׁנַיִם בַּשְּׁנִיָיה וּשְׁנַיִם בַּשְׁלִישִית מְשַׁלְּמִין בֵּינֵיהֶם. שְׁלֹשָׁה אַחִים וְאֶחָד מִצְטָרֵף עִמָּהֶן הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ שָׁלֹשׁ עֵדִיּוֹת וְהֵן עֵדוּת אַחַת.

MISHNAH: Two testify for him that he ate its yield for three years; if they are found perjured they pay everything to him. Two for the first [year], two for the second, two for the third, pay together. Three brothers and another joins them; these are three testimonies which count as one testimony.

Halakhah

הלכה: שְׁנַיִם מְעִידִין אוֹתוֹ כול׳. אָמַר לוֹ. מָה אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה בְתוֹךְ שֶׁלִּי. שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בָהּ שְׁנֵי חֲזָקָה. וְהָלַךְ וְהֵבִיא עֵדִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ בָהּ שְׁנֵי חֲזָקָה. וְהָלַךְ זֶה וְהוּזְמוּ עֵדָיו. הֲרֵי זֶה נוֹתֵן לוֹ הַשָּׂדֶה וְאוֹכֶל פֵּירוֹת שֶׁלְּג̇ שָׁנִים.

HALAKHAH: “Two testify for him,” etc. One said to another “what are you doing in my field?” “For I have the years of undisturbed possession of it.” He went and brought witnesses that he had the years of undisturbed possession of it. The first one went and proved the witnesses of the second perjured. He has to give him the field and the yield of three years.

אָמַר רִבִּי זֵירָא. הָדָא אָמְרָה. עֵד זוֹמֵם אֵין נִפְסַל בְּבֵית דִּין.

Rebbi Ze‘ira said, this implies that the perjurer is not disqualified by the court.

Mishnah

משנה: אֵילּוּ דְבָרִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶם חֲזָקָה וְאֵילּוּ דְבָרִים שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם חֲזָקָה. הָיָה מַעֲמִיד בְּהֵמָה בֶחָצֵר תַּנּוּר וְכִירַיִם וְרֵיחַיִם וּמְגַדֵּל תַּרְנְגוֹלִין וְנוֹתֵן זִבְלוֹ בֶחָצֵר אֵינָהּ חֲזָקָה. אֲבָל עָשָׂה לִבְחֶמְתּוֹ מְחִיצָה גְּבוֹהָה י̇ טְפָחִים וְכֵן לַתַּנּוּר וְכֵן לַכִּירַיִים וְכֵן לָרֵחַיִם. הִכְנִיס תַּרְנְגוֹלִין לְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת וְעָשָׂה מָקוֹם לְזִבְלוֹ עָמוֹק ג̇ אוֹ גָבוֹהַּ ג̇ הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה.

MISHNAH: The following count for a claim of undisturbed possession and the following do not count for a claim of undisturbed possession. If one put his animals into a courtyard, an oven, a cooking stove, or a grindstone, or raises chickens, or puts his manure in a courtyard, it does not count for a claim of undisturbed possession. But if he made for his animals an enclosure ten [handbreadths] high, or did it for an oven, a cooking stove, or a grindstone, brought chickens into the house, or made a place for his manure three [handbreadths] low or three high: this counts for a claim of undisturbed possession.

Halakhah

הלכה: אֵילּוּ דְבָרִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶן חֲזָקָה כול׳. אָמַר רִבִּי לָעְזָר. נָהֲגוּ הַשּׁוּתָפִין לִהְיוֹת מַתִּרִין זֶה לָזֶה בַּתַּרְנוֹגַלִּין. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. מַתְנִיתָא לֹא אָמְרָה כֵן. אֶלָּא שְׁנֵיהֶן אֲסוּרִין לְהַעֲמִיד רֵיחַיִם וְתַנּוּר וּלְגַדֵּל תַּרְנוֹגַלִּין. אָמַר רִבִּי לָעְזָר. גִּידֵּל תַּרְנָגַּלִּין בֶּחָצֶר שֶׁאֵינָהּ שֶׁלּוֹ הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. וְיֵאוּת. מַה נַפְשֵׁךְ. אִם יֵשׁ לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְגַדֵּל הֲרֵי זֶה גִידֵּל. אִם אֵין לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְגַדֵּל הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה.

HALAKHAH: “The following count for a claim of undisturbed possession,” etc. Rebbi Eleazar said, co-owners usually permit chickens to one another. Rebbi Yose said, a Mishnah says otherwise: “Both of them are forbidden to put up there a grindstone or an oven, or to raise chickens there.” Rebbi Eleazar said, if somebody raised chickens in a courtyard which is not his, it is taking in possession. Rebbi Yose said, this is correct. As you take it, if he has permission to raise chickens there, he raises them. If he does not have permission to raise, it would be legally taking in possession.

Mishnah

משנה: הַמַּרְזֵב אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה וְיֵשׁ לִמְקוֹמוֹ חֲזָקָה. הַמַּזֲחֵילָה יֵשׁ לָהּ חֲזָקָה. סוּלָּם הַמִּצְרִי אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה וְלַצּוֹרִי יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה. חַלּוֹן הַמִּצְרִית אֵין לָהּ חֲזָקָה וְלַצּוֹרִית יֵשׁ לָהּ חֲזָקָה. אֵי זוֹ הִוּא חַלּוֹן הַמִּצְרִית כָּל שֶׁאֵין רֹאשׁוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם יָכוֹל לִיכָּנֵס בְּתוֹכָהּ. רִבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר אִם יֵשׁ לָהּ מַלְבֵּן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין רֹאשׁוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם יָכוֹל לִיכָּנֵס לְתוֹכָהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲֲזָקָה.

MISHNAH: The drain pipe does not represent a right of possession; its location represents a right of possession. The leader represents a right of possession. An Egyptian ladder does not represent a right of possession; a Tyrian one represents a right of possession. An Egyptian window does not represent a right of possession; a Tyrian one represents a right of possession. What is an Egyptian window? Any where a man’s head cannot enter. Rebbi Jehudah says, if it has a wooden frame it represents a right of possession even if a man’s head cannot enter.

Halakhah

הלכה: הַמַּרְזֵב אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה כול'. רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר. לְהַאֲרִיךְ וּלְהַרְחִיב בּוֹ. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר. לְכָל אוֹתָהּ הָרוּחַ. וְהָתַנִּינָן. הַמַּזֲחֵילָה יֵשׁ לָהּ רְשׁוּת ד̇ אַמּוֹת. אִית לָךְ מֵימַר. כָּל אוֹתוֹ הָרוּחַ. וְדִכְוָותָהּ הַמַּרְזֵב אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה לְכָל אוֹתָהּ הָרוּחַ. וְתַנֵּי כֵן. מְקוֹם הַמַּרְזֵב בֶּחָצֵר יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה. מְקוֹם קִילּוּחוֹ בֶּחָצֵר אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה.

HALAKHAH: “The drain pipe does not represent a right of possession.” Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said, to lengthen and to widen it. Rebbi Joḥanan said, in all of that direction, as we have stated: the leader has a domain of four cubits. You have to say, in all this direction. Similarly, the drain tube does not represent a right of possession in all of this direction. It was stated thus: “The location of the drain tube does represent a right of possession, the location of its spout does not represent a right of possession.”

דְּבֵי רִבִּי יַנַּאי אָמְרֵי. עָד שְׁלֹשָׁה עֲוָוקִין בְּכִסֵּא. אָמַר רִבִּי לָא בְשֵׁם דְּבֵי רִבִּי יַנַּאי. לְעִנְיָין טוּמְאָה אִיתְאֲמָרַת. רִבִּי חִזְקִיָּה בְשֵׁם דְּבֵי רִבִּי יַנַּאי. לְעִנְיָין חֲזָקוֹת אִתְאֲמָרַת. רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בְשֵׁם דְּבֵי רִבִּי יַנַּאי. לְעִינְיָין שַׁבָּת אִיתְאֲמָרַת.

In the House of Rebbi Yannai they said, up to three steps it is like a chair. Rebbi La said in the name of the House of Rebbi Yannai, this was said referring to impurity. Rebbi Ḥizqiah said in the name of the House of Rebbi Yannai, this was said referring to rights of possession. Rebbi Yose in the name of the House of Rebbi Yannai, this was said referring to the Sabbath.

אָמַר רִבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָה. לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא בֶחָצֵר. אֲבָל בְּגַנּוֹת אֲפִילוּ לְמַעֲלָה מֵד̇ אַמּוֹת מְעַכְּבוֹ. [רִבִּי יִצְחָק אֲמָרָהּ קוֹמֵי רִבִּי חֲנִינָא. רִבִּי חֲנִינָה אֲמָרָהּ קוֹמֵי רִבִּי פִּינְחָס בַּר חָמָה. לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא בֶחָצֵר אֲבָל בְּגַנּוֹת אֲפִילוּ לְמַעֲלָה מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת מְעַכְּבוֹ.] שָׁמַע רִבִּי אוֹשַׁעְיָא וַהֲוָה בִישׁ לֵיהּ. אָמַר. אֲנָא אֲמָרִית שְׁמוּעָתָא וְלָא אָמְרֵית מִשְּׁמִי. לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא בֶחָצֵר אֲבָל בְּגַגּוֹת אֲפִילוּ לְמַעֲלָה מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת מְעַכְּבוֹ.

Rebbi Eleazar said, they said this only for a courtyard. But for roofs even higher than four cubits he may prevent him. [Rebbi Isaac said this before Rebbi Ḥanina, Rebbi Ḥanina said this before Rebbi Phineas bar Ḥama: They said this only for a courtyard, but for roofs even higher than four cubits he may prevent him.] Rebbi Hoshaia heard this and was offended. He said, I formulated this teaching but you did not say it in my name: They said this only for a courtyard, but for roofs even higher than four cubits he may prevent him.

Mishnah

משנה: זִיז עַד טֶפַח יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה וְיָכוֹל לְמַחוֹת. פָּחוּת מִטֶּפַח אֵין לוֹ חֲזָקָה וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְמַחוֹת.

MISHNAH: A protrusion down to one handbreadth establishes a right of possession but he can object; less than a handbreadth does not establish a right of possession but he cannot object.

Halakhah

הלכה: זִיז עַד טֶפַח יֵשׁ לוֹ חֲזָקָה כול׳. רִבִּי לָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יַנַּאי. זִיז הַיּוֹצֵא [עַד] טֶפַח מוֹצִיאוֹ אַתְּ אֲפִילוּ כַמָּה. לִמְשׁוֹךְ כַּמָּה. נָתַן ר׳ הוֹשַׁעְיָה. בְּחוֹלֵק אֶת בֵּיתוֹ.

HALAKHAH: “A protrusion down to one handbreadth establishes a right of possession,” etc. Rebbi La in the name of Rebbi Yannai: If the molding is [up to] one handbreadth wide he may extend it all the way, to draw it all the way. Nathan, Rebbi Hoshaia: About one who divides his house.

Mishnah

משנה: לֹא יִפְתַּח אָדָם חֲלוֹנוֹתָיו לַחֲצַר הַשּׁוּתָפִין. לָקַח בַּיִת בְּחָצֵר אֲחֶרֶת לֹא יִפְתָּחֶנָּה לַחֲצַר הַשּׁוּתָפִין. בָּנָה עֲלִיָיה עַל גַּבֵּי בֵיתוֹ לֹא יִפְתָּחֶנָּה לַחֲצַר הַשּׁוּתָפִין אֶלָּא אִם רָצָה בּוֹנֶה אֶת הַחֶדֶר לִפְנִים מִבֵּיתוֹ וּבוֹנֶה עֲלִיָיה עַל גַּבֵּי בֵיתוֹ וּפוֹתְחָהּ לְתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. לֹא יִפְתַּח אָדָם לַחֲצַר הַשּׁוּתָפִין פֶּתַח כְּנֶגֶד פֶּתַח חַלּוֹן כְּנֶגֶד חַלּוֹן. הָיָה קָטָן לֹא יַעֲשֶׂנּוּ גָּדוֹל אֶחָד לֹא יַעֲשֶׂנּוּ שְׁנַיִם אֲבָל פּוֹתֵחַ הוּא לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים פֶּתַח כְּנֶגֶד פֶּתַח וְחַלּוֹן כְּנֶגֶד חַלּוֹן קָטָן עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ גָּדוֹל אֶחָד עוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ שְׁנַיִם.

MISHNAH: A person may not open windows into the common courtyard. If he bought a house in another courtyard he may not open it into the common courtyard. If he built a second floor on top of his house he may not open it into the common courtyard but he may build a room inside his house or a second floor on top of his house on condition that the access to it be from within his house. In a common courtyard a person may not open a door opposite a door, a window opposite a window. If it was small, he may not enlarge it. If it was one, he may not make it double. But he may open into the public domain a door opposite a door and a window opposite a window. If it was small, he may enlarge it. If it was one, he may make it double.

Halakhah

הלכה: לֹא יִפְתַּח אָדָם חֲלוֹנוֹתָיו כול׳. הָכָא אַתָּ מַר. פֶּתַח כְּנֶגֶד פֶּתַח מוּתָּר. וְהָכָא אַתָּ מַר. פֶּתַח כְּנֶגֶד פֶּתַח אָסוּר. הֵן דְּתֵימַר. מוּתָּר. בְּמָבוֹי. וְהֵן דְּתֵימַר. אָסוּר. בַּחֲצַר הַשּׁוּתָפִין. וְהָתַנֵּי. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁבְּנֵי חָצֵר יְכוֹלִין לְמַחוֹת זֶה עַל יְדֵי זֶה בֶחָצֵר כָּךְ בְּנֵי מָבוֹי יְכוֹלִין לְמַחוֹת זֶה עַל יְדֵי זֶה בְמָבוֹי. אָמַר רִבִּי לָא. כָּאן בְּשֶׁנָּתַן רְשׁוּת כָּאן בְּשֶׁלֹּא נָתַן רְשׁוּת. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. שַׁנְיָיא הִיא בַּגַּנּוֹת שֶׁנִּיתְּנוּ לַחֲפִירָה. אָמַר רִבִּי נָסָה. וְחָרְבּוֹת לֹא נִיתְּנוּ לְהִיבָּנוֹת.

HALAKHAH: “A person may not open windows,” etc. Here you say, a door opposite a door is permitted, and there you say, a door opposite a door is forbidden. Where you say it is permitted, in an alley. And where you say it is forbidden, in a condominium courtyard. But did we not state: “Just as the inhabitants of a courtyard may object to one another, so the inhabitants of an alley may object to one another”? Rebbi La said, here when permission was given, there when permission was not given. Rebbi Joḥanan said, there is a difference because gardens are usually dug into. Rebbi Nasa said, are ruins not to be rebuilt?

אָמַר רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא. תַּנֵּי תַמָּן. הַפּוֹתֵחַ חַלּוֹן בְּכוֹתֶל חֲצֵירוֹ בְּמַעֲמַד חֲבֵירוֹ. (ד̇ אַמּוֹת) [רִבִּי אוֹמֵר]. פּוֹחֵת בִּשְׂמֹאל נוֹעֵל בְּיָמִין. הַגַּע עַצְמָךְ שֶׁהָיָה עוֹמֵד שָׁם. יְכִיל מֵימַר לֵיהּ. הֲוִינָא בְעִית לְעִי. הָיָה מוֹשִׁיט לוֹ צְרוֹרוֹת. יְכִיל מֵימַר לֵיהּ. מְגָחֵךְ הֲוִינָא בָּאוּ גַבְרָא.

Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa said that there, one states: If somebody opens a window in the wall of somebody else’s courtyard in the presence of the other (four cubits), [Rebbi says] he takes down with his left hand and closes with his right. Think of it, was he not standing there? He may tell him, I wanted to enjoy myself. If he handed him stones? He may tell him, I was making fun of this man.

הָיוּ חֲמִשָּׁה פְתָחִים זֶה לִפְנִים מִזֶּה שִׁיעוּר כּוּלָּן כִּמְלוֹא מַקְדֵּחַ. וְדָא מְסַיְיעָא לְמָאן דָּמְרִין בַּנָּאֵי. חַלּוֹן שֶׁהִיא פְתוּחָה לְאִיסְטִיב לֹא נַעֲשֵׂית אֶלָּא לְהַכְנִיס אֶת הָאוֹרָה. מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין לָהּ חֲזָקָה אֵינָהּ מֵבִיאָה אֶת הַטּוּמְאָה.

If there were five openings one inside another, the measure of all of them is a drill hole. This supports what the builders say, viz., that a window open above a stone bench is made only to let light in. Since it cannot represent a right of possession, it cannot bring impurity.

Mishnah

משנה: אֵין עוֹשִׂין חָלָל תַּחַת רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים בּוֹרוֹת שִׁיחִין וּמְעָרוֹת. רִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מַתִּיר כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא עֲגָלָה מְהַלֶּכֶת וּטְעוּנָה אֲבָנִים. אֵין מוֹצִיאִין זִיזִין וּכְּצוֹצְטֵרָאוֹת לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים אֶלָּא אִם רָצָה כּוֹנֵס לְתוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ וּמוֹצִיא. לָקַח חָצֵר וּבָהּ זִיזִין וּכְּצוֹצְטֵרָאוֹת הֲרֵי זוֹ בְחֶזְקָתָהּ.

MISHNAH: One makes no hollow under the public domain, cisterns, ditches, and caves. Rebbi Eliezer permits if a cart filled with stones can pass over it. One does not build protrusions and balconies above the public domain but if he wishes he builds inside his own property and adds them. If somebody bought a courtyard and there are protrusions and balconies, that remains a right of possession.

Halakhah

הלכה: אֵין עוֹשִׂין חָלָל כול׳. נָפְלוּ וּמְבַקֵּשׁ לִבְנוֹתָן. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר. וִויתֵּר. רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר. לֹא וִויתֵּר. מַתְנִיתָא מְסַיְיעָה לְדֵין וּמַתְנִיתָא מְסַיְיעָה לְדֵין. מַתְנִיתָא מְסַיְיעָה לְרִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. מִי שֶׁהָיְתָה דֶרֶךְ הָרַבִּים עוֹבֶרֶת בְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ וּנְטָלָהּ וְנָתַן לָהֶן מִן הַצַּד. מַה שֶׁנָּתַן נָתַן וּשֶׁלּוֹ לֹא הִגִּיעוֹ. מַתְנִיתָא מְסַיְיעָה לְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ. לָקַח חָצֵר וּבָהּ זִיזִין וּכְּצוֹצְטֵרָאוֹת וְנָפְלוּ בּוֹנֶה אוֹתָן כְּחֶזְקָתָן.

HALAKHAH: “One makes no hollow,” etc. If they collapsed and he wants to rebuild. Rebbi Joḥanan said, he gave up his rights. Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said, he did not give up his rights. A Mishnah supports one, a baraita supports the other. A Mishnah supports Rebbi Joḥanan: “If a public road went through somebody’s field and he took it and gave them on the side. What he gave, he gave, but his own did not come to him.” A baraita supports Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish: “If somebody bought a courtyard and there are protrusions and balconies, if they collapsed he rebuilds them based on his right of possession.”