יורה דעה ר״הYoreh De'ah 205

Se’if 1א׳

הָאוֹמֵר: פֵּרוֹת אֵלּוּ עָלַי, אוֹ: מִין פְּלוֹנִי עָלַי, אוֹ: מַה שֶּׁאֹכַל עִם פְּלוֹנִי עָלַי כִּבְשַׂר חֲזִיר אוֹ כַּעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים אוֹ כִּנְבֵלוֹת וּטְרֵפוֹת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָאֵלּוּ, וְכֵן הָאוֹמֵר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ: הֲרֵי אַתְּ עָלַי כְּאִמִּי, אוֹ: כַּאֲחוֹתִי אוֹ: כְּעָרְלָה אוֹ: כְּכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מֻתָּרִים וְאֵין כָּאן נֶדֶר; וְאִם הָיָה הָאוֹמֵר עַם הָאָרֶץ, צָרִיךְ שְׁאֵלָה לְחָכָם וּמַרְאִין בְּעֵינָיו שֶׁאִשְׁתּוֹ אֲסוּרָה וְשֶׁאוֹתָם פֵּרוֹת אֲסוּרִים, וּמַחֲמִירִים עָלָיו שֶׁאֵין דַּי לוֹ בַּחֲרָטָה אֶלָּא צָרִיךְ לִפְתֹּחַ לוֹ פֶּתַח מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר וּמַתִּירִים לוֹ נִדְרוֹ, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִנְהֲגוּ קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ בִּנְדָרִים. הַגָּה: יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דְּבַזְּמַן הַזֶּה לְכֻלֵּי עָלְמָא דַּיְנִינָן לְהוּ כְּדִין עַם הָאָרֶץ, לְפִי שֶׁרֻבָּן אֵינָן בְּנֵי תּוֹרָה (תְּשׁוּבַת הָרַשְׁבָּ"א). וּמִיהוּ יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דַּאֲפִילוּ בְּעַם הָאָרֶץ אֵין צָרִיךְ שְׁאֵלָה רַק בְּאוֹסֵר אִשְׁתּוֹ עָלָיו, אֲבָל לֹא בִּשְׁאָר נְדָרִים (טוּר ועי' ס"ק ד').

One who says: these fruits are upon me, or: such-and-such a kind is upon me, or: what I eat with so-and-so is upon me, like the flesh of a pig, or like an idol, or like carrion and tereifot (animals with a fatal defect) and the like; and likewise one who says to his wife: behold, you are upon me like my mother, or: like my sister, or: like orlah (the fruit of a tree's first three years, forbidden in use), or: like the mingled seeds of a vineyard — these are permitted and there is no vow here. And if the one who said it was an am ha-aretz (one unlearned in the Torah), he requires the asking of a sage, and they make it appear in his eyes that his wife is forbidden and that those fruits are forbidden; and they are stringent with him, that regret does not suffice for him, but they must open for him an opening from another place and release him from his vow, so that they shall not treat vows with levity. Hagah [Rema]: There are those who say that in this time we judge all men by the law of an am ha-aretz, since most of them are not men of Torah (a responsum of the Rashba). But there are those who say that even in the case of an am ha-aretz the asking of a sage is required only where he forbids his wife upon himself, but not in other vows (Tur, and see se'if katan 4).

Se’if 2ב׳

הָאוֹמֵר שֶׁיְּהֵא יֵינוֹ יַיִן נֶסֶךְ וּפִתּוֹ פַּת כּוּתִים, לֹא נֶאֱסַר בְּכָךְ; אֲבָל אִם אֲמָרוֹ בְּדֶרֶךְ קְנָס, כְּגוֹן שֶׁאָמַר: אִם אֶעֱשֶׂה כָּךְ אוֹ אִם אֶעֱבֹר עַל כָּךְ יִהְיֶה פִּתִּי פַּת כּוּתִים וְיֵינִי יַיִן נֶסֶךְ, וְעָבַר, יֵשׁ אוֹסְרִים וְיֵשׁ מַתִּירִים. הַגָּה: וַאֲפִלּוּ הָכִי בְּעַם הָאָרֶץ יֵשׁ לְהַתִּירוֹ. וְכָל זֶה בְּיָחִיד שֶׁקִּבֵּל עַל עַצְמוֹ, אֲבָל רַבִּים יְכוֹלִים לִרְדּוֹת הַמּוֹרְדִים וְהַפּוֹשְׁעִים שֶׁיֵּינָם יִהְיֶה יֵין נֶסֶךְ וּפִתָּן פַּת כּוּתִים, וְכָל מַה שֶּׁגּוֹזְרִים בָּזֶה הוּא קַיָּם (תְּשׁוּבַת הָרַשְׁבָּ"א), עַיֵּן לְעֵיל סִימָן רכ"ט מִי שֶׁאָמַר: אִם אֶעֱשֶׂה דָּבָר פְּלוֹנִי לֹא אֶהְיֶה יְהוּדִי.

One who says that his wine shall be yayin nesach (wine poured out as an idolatrous libation) and his bread the bread of Kutim is not thereby forbidden; but if he said it by way of a penalty — such as where he said: if I do such a thing, or if I transgress in such a matter, my bread shall be the bread of Kutim and my wine yayin nesach — and he transgressed, there are those who forbid and there are those who permit. Hagah [Rema]: And even so, in the case of an am ha-aretz there is ground to release him. And all this is in an individual who accepted it upon himself; but the many are able to chastise the rebellious and the transgressors, that their wine shall be yayin nesach and their bread the bread of Kutim, and everything that they decree in this stands (a responsum of the Rashba). And see below, siman 229, concerning one who said: if I do such a thing I shall not be a Jew.