הלכות תמורה ב׳Substitution 2

Halacha 1א׳

הַתְמוּרָה הוּא שֶׁיֹּאמַר בַּעַל הַקָּרְבָּן עַל בֶּהֱמַת חֻלִּין שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ הֲרֵי זוֹ תַּחַת זוֹ. אוֹ הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲלִיפַת זוֹ. וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר אִם אָמַר הֲרֵי זוֹ תַּחַת חַטָּאת זוֹ אוֹ תַּחַת עוֹלָה זוֹ שֶׁהִיא תְּמוּרָה. וְכֵן אִם אָמַר הֲרֵי זוֹ תַּחַת חַטָּאת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת אוֹ תַּחַת עוֹלָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בְּמָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי הֲרֵי זוֹ תְּמוּרָה וְהוּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ. אֲבָל אִם אָמַר עַל בֶּהֱמַת חֻלִּין הֲרֵי זוֹ תַּחַת עוֹלָה אוֹ הֲרֵי זוֹ תַּחַת חַטָּאת לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם. וְכֵן אִם אָמַר הֲרֵי זוֹ מְחֻלֶּלֶת עַל זוֹ אֵינָהּ תְּמוּרָה:

Substitution is where the owner of an offering says of an unconsecrated animal that he has, "This one in place of that one," or "This one is the exchange of that one." And it goes without saying that if he said, "This one in place of this sin-offering," or "in place of this burnt-offering," it is a substitution. So too if he said, "This one in place of a sin-offering that I have inside the house," or "in place of a burnt-offering that I have in such a place," it is a substitution — and that is where he does have one. But if he said of an unconsecrated animal, "This one in place of a burnt-offering," or "This one in place of a sin-offering," he has said nothing. So too if he said, "This one is redeemed upon that one," it is no substitution.

Halacha 2ב׳

הָיוּ לְפָנָיו שְׁתֵּי בְּהֵמוֹת אַחַת חֻלִּין וְאַחַת הֶקְדֵּשׁ שֶׁנָּפַל בָּהּ מוּם. הִנִּיחַ יָדוֹ עַל בֶּהֱמַת חֻלִּין וְאָמַר הֲרֵי זוֹ תַּחַת זוֹ הֲרֵי זוֹ תְּמוּרָה וְלוֹקֶה. הִנִּיחַ יָדוֹ עַל בֶּהֱמַת הֶקְדֵּשׁ וְאָמַר הֲרֵי זוֹ תַּחַת זוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה חִלְּלָהּ עַל בֶּהֱמַת הַחֻלִּין וְאֵין זוֹ תְּמוּרָה אֶלָּא כְּפוֹדֶה בַּעֲלַת מוּם בְּזוֹ הַבְּהֵמָה:

If two animals were before him, one unconsecrated and one consecrated in which a blemish had arisen: if he placed his hand upon the unconsecrated animal and said, "This one in place of that one," it is a substitution and he is flogged. If he placed his hand upon the consecrated animal and said, "This one in place of that one," he has thereby transferred its sanctity onto the unconsecrated animal, and this is no substitution but is as one who redeems a blemished animal with this animal.

Halacha 3ג׳

הָיוּ לְפָנָיו שָׁלֹשׁ בְּהֵמוֹת קָדְשֵׁי מִזְבֵּחַ וְאַחַת מֵהֶן בַּעֲלַת מוּם שֶׁהֲרֵי הִיא עוֹמֶדֶת לְפִדְיוֹן וְשָׁלֹשׁ בְּהֵמוֹת תְּמִימוֹת חֻלִּין וְאָמַר הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ תַּחַת אֵלּוּ. הֲרֵי שְׁתַּיִם מִן הַחֻלִּין תַּחַת שְׁתַּיִם הַתְּמִימוֹת תְּמוּרָתָן תְּמוּרָה וְלוֹקֶה עֲלֵיהֶם שְׁתַּיִם. וְהַבְּהֵמָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית הִיא תַּחַת בַּעֲלַת מוּם שֶׁנִּתְחַלְּלָה עָלֶיהָ וּלְחַלְּלָהּ נִתְכַּוֵּן וְלֹא לְהָמִיר בָּהּ. שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ לְפָנָיו דֶּרֶךְ אִסּוּר וְהִיא הַתְּמוּרָה וְדֶרֶךְ הֶתֵּר וְהוּא הַחִלּוּל חֲזָקָה הִיא שֶׁאֵין אָדָם מַנִּיחַ הַהֶתֵּר וְעוֹשֶׂה הָאִסּוּר וּלְפִיכָךְ אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה שָׁלֹשׁ מַלְקִיּוֹת. וְכֵן אִם אָמַר עֶשֶׂר בְּהֵמוֹת אֵלּוּ תַּחַת עֶשֶׂר בְּהֵמוֹת אֵלּוּ וְאַחַת מֵהֶן בַּעֲלַת מוּם אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה אֶלָּא תֵּשַׁע מַלְקִיּוֹת שֶׁהַבְּהֵמָה הָעֲשִׂירִית לְחַלְּלָהּ נִתְכַּוֵּן וְלֹא לְהָמִיר בָּהּ. שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֻחְזַק זֶה בְּמַלְקִיּוֹת הַרְבֵּה הוֹאִיל וְיֵשׁ שָׁם דֶּרֶךְ הֶתֵּר אֵינוֹ מַנִּיחַ דְּבַר הַהֶתֵּר וְעוֹשֶׂה הָאִסּוּר. שְׁתֵּי בְּהֵמוֹת שֶׁל הֶקְדֵּשׁ וְאַחַת מֵהֶן בַּעֲלַת מוּם וּשְׁתֵּי בְּהֵמוֹת שֶׁל חֻלִּין וְאַחַת מֵהֶן בַּעֲלַת מוּם וְאָמַר הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ תַּחַת אֵלּוּ הֲרֵי הַתְּמִימָה תְּמוּרַת הַתְּמִימָה וְלוֹקֶה אַחַת וּבַעֲלַת הַמּוּם מְחֻלֶּלֶת עַל בַּעֲלַת הַמּוּם שֶׁאֵינוֹ מֵנִיחַ הַהֶתֵּר וְעוֹשֶׂה הָאִסּוּר:

If three animals consecrated for the altar were before him, one of them blemished, so that it stands to be redeemed, and three unblemished unconsecrated animals, and he said, "These in place of these" — then two of the unconsecrated ones are in place of the two unblemished ones, and their substitution is a substitution, and he is flogged twice for them; and the third animal is in place of the blemished one, whose sanctity has been transferred onto it, for it was to transfer the sanctity that he intended, and not to substitute for it. Since there is before him a forbidden way, which is substitution, and a permitted way, which is the transfer of sanctity, it is presumed that a man does not leave what is permitted and do what is forbidden; therefore he does not receive three floggings. So too if he said, "These ten animals in place of these ten animals," and one of them is blemished, he is flogged only nine times, for as to the tenth animal it was to transfer sanctity that he intended and not to substitute for it. For although he is thereby held liable to many floggings, since there is a permitted way there, he does not leave what is permitted and do what is forbidden. Two consecrated animals, one of them blemished, and two unconsecrated animals, one of them blemished, and he said, "These in place of these" — the unblemished one is a substitute for the unblemished one and he is flogged once, and the blemished one has its sanctity transferred onto the blemished one, since he does not leave what is permitted and do what is forbidden.