SubstitutionAll 1,023 chapters of the Mishneh Torah open with Premium, from $2.60 a month.Become a premium member

The Rambam · Sefer Korbanot

הלכות תמורה א׳Substitution 1

Chapter 1 of 4 in Substitution — 21 halachot

Checking for audio…

Halacha 1א׳

כָּל הַמֵּמִיר לוֹקֶה עַל כָּל בְּהֵמָה וּבְהֵמָה שֶׁיָּמִיר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כז י) "לֹא יַחֲלִיפֶנּוּ וְלֹא יָמִיר אֹתוֹ" וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא עָשָׂה מַעֲשֶׂה. מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁכָּל מִצְוַת לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מַעֲשֶׂה אֵין לוֹקִין עָלֶיהָ חוּץ מִנִּשְׁבָּע וּמֵמִיר וּמְקַלֵּל אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ בְּשֵׁם. שְׁלֹשָׁה לָאוִין אֵלּוּ אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בָּהֶן מַעֲשֶׂה כְּלָל וְלוֹקִין עֲלֵיהֶן. וְלָמָּה לוֹקִין עַל הַתְּמוּרָה וַהֲרֵי לָאו שֶׁבָּהּ נִתָּק לַעֲשֵׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כז לג) "וְאִם הָמֵר יְמִירֶנּוּ וְהָיָה הוּא וּתְמוּרָתוֹ יִהְיֶה קֹדֶשׁ". מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ עֲשֵׂה וּשְׁנֵי לָאוִין. וְעוֹד שֶׁאֵין לָאו שֶׁבָּהּ שָׁוֶה לַעֲשֵׂה. שֶׁהַצִּבּוּר וְהַשֻּׁתָּפִין אֵין עוֹשִׂין תְּמוּרָה אִם הֵמִירוּ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן מֻזְהָרִין שֶׁלֹּא יָמִירוּ. נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר שֶׁהַיָּחִיד שֶׁהֵמִיר הֲרֵי הַתְּמוּרָה קֹדֶשׁ. וַאֲפִלּוּ הֵמִיר בְּשַׁבָּת לוֹקֶה אַרְבָּעִים. וְאֶחָד מִן הַשֻּׁתָּפִין שֶׁהֵמִיר. אוֹ מִי שֶׁהֵמִיר בְּקָרְבָּן מִקָּרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר. הוֹאִיל וְיֵשׁ לוֹ בָּהֶן שֻׁתָּפוּת הֲרֵי זֶה לוֹקֶה וְאֵין הַתְּמוּרָה קֹדֶשׁ:

Everyone who substitutes is flogged for each and every animal that he substitutes, as it is said (Leviticus 27:10), "He shall not exchange it nor substitute it" — and this even though he performed no act. From tradition they learned that for every negative commandment that involves no act one is not flogged, except for one who swears falsely, one who substitutes, and one who curses his fellow using the Name; in these three prohibitions it is impossible for there to be any act at all, and one is flogged for them. And why is one flogged for substitution — is not the prohibition in it a negative commandment remedied by a positive one, as it is said (Leviticus 27:33), "And if he does substitute it, then both it and its substitute shall be holy"? Because it contains a positive commandment and two negative ones; and further, because the prohibition in it is not coextensive with the positive commandment, for the community and partners do not effect a substitution if they substitute, even though they are warned not to substitute. It follows that when an individual substitutes, the substitute is holy; and even if he substituted on the Sabbath, he receives the forty lashes. But one of a group of partners who substituted, or one who substituted with one of the communal offerings — since he has a share in them, he is flogged, but the substitute is not holy.

Halacha 2ב׳

אֶחָד הַמֵּמִיר בְּזָדוֹן אוֹ שֶׁהֵמִיר בִּשְׁגָגָה הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹשֶׂה תְּמוּרָה וְלוֹקֶה. כֵּיצַד. הַמִּתְכַּוִּן לוֹמַר הֲרֵי זוֹ תְּמוּרַת עוֹלָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי וְאָמַר הֲרֵי זוֹ תְּמוּרַת שְׁלָמִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי. הֲרֵי זוֹ תְּמוּרָה וְלוֹקֶה. אֲבָל אִם דִּמָּה שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְהָמִיר וְהֵמִיר אוֹ שֶׁאָמַר אֶכָּנֵס לְבַיִת זֶה וְאָמִיר מִדַּעְתִּי וְנִכְנַס וְשָׁכַח וְהֵמִיר שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתּוֹ הֲרֵי זוֹ תְּמוּרָה וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה עָלֶיהָ:

It is all one whether he substituted deliberately or substituted unwittingly: he effects a substitution and is flogged. How so? If he meant to say, "This is a substitute for a burnt-offering that I have," and said, "This is a substitute for a peace-offering that I have," it is a substitution and he is flogged. But if he supposed that it is permitted to substitute and substituted, or if he said, "I will enter this house and substitute knowingly," and entered and forgot and substituted unknowingly — it is a substitution, but he is not flogged for it.

Halacha 3ג׳

אֵין אָדָם מֵמִיר בְּהֶמְתּוֹ בְּקָרְבָּן שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ. וְאִם אָמַר בַּעַל הַקָּרְבָּן כָּל הָרוֹצֶה לְהָמִיר בִּבְהֶמְתִּי יָבוֹא וְיָמִיר הֲרֵי זֶה מֵמִיר בָּהּ. הֵמִיר קָרְבָּנוֹ בִּבְהֵמָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ שֶׁלּוֹ אֵינָהּ תְּמוּרָה שֶׁאֵין אָדָם מַקְדִּישׁ דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ:

A man does not substitute his own animal for an offering that is not his. And if the owner of the offering said, "Whoever wishes to substitute for my animal, let him come and substitute," then such a one may substitute for it. If he substituted his own offering with an animal that is not his, it is no substitution, for a man does not consecrate a thing that is not his.

…and 16 more halachot in this chapter.

Become a premium member

Or start free — a free account opens your first 5 gematria searches in full. Create free account

The daily learning is free on your account, every day.

Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: rendered from the Hebrew for this app — our own, not a borrowed translation