הלכות שגגות ד׳Offerings for Unintentional Transgressions 4

Halacha 1א׳

הָעוֹשֶׂה עֲבֵרוֹת הַרְבֵּה בְּהֶעְלֵם אַחַת חַיָּב חַטָּאת עַל כָּל אַחַת וְאַחַת אֲפִלּוּ עָשָׂה הָאַרְבָּעִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ אֵלּוּ שֶׁמָּנִינוּ בְּהֶעְלֵם אַחַת חַיָּב אַרְבָּעִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ חַטָּאוֹת. וְכֵן אִם עָשָׂה מַעֲשֶׂה אֶחָד שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב עָלָיו מִשּׁוּם שֵׁמוֹת הַרְבֵּה חַיָּב עַל כָּל שֵׁם וְשֵׁם וְהוּא שֶׁהָיוּ הָאִסּוּרִין כֻּלָּן בָּאִין כְּאַחַת אוֹ אִסּוּר מוֹסִיף אוֹ אִסּוּר כּוֹלֵל. כֵּיצַד. הַשּׁוֹחֵט בֶּהֱמַת קָדָשִׁים חוּץ לָעֲזָרָה בְּשַׁבָּת לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה חַיָּב שָׁלֹשׁ חַטָּאוֹת. מִשּׁוּם שׁוֹחֵט קָדָשִׁים בַּחוּץ וּמִשּׁוּם מְחַלֵּל שַׁבָּת וּמִשּׁוּם עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁהֲרֵי שְׁלֹשֶׁת הָאִסּוּרִין בָּאִין כְּאַחַת. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּאוֹמֵר בִּגְמַר זְבִיחָה הוּא עוֹבֵד אוֹתָהּ. אֲבָל אִם לֹא הָיְתָה כַּוָּנָתוֹ לְכָךְ מִשֶּׁיִּשְׁחֹט בָּהּ מְעַט לְשֵׁם עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה תֵּאָסֵר וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם שְׁחוּטֵי חוּץ עַד שֶׁיִּשְׁחֹט שְׁנַיִם אוֹ רֹב שְׁנַיִם. וְנִמְצָא כְּשֶׁגָּמַר הַשְּׁחִיטָה שָׁחַט בְּהֵמָה הָאֲסוּרָה לְקָרְבָּן שֶׁאֵינוֹ חַיָּב עָלֶיהָ מִשּׁוּם שׁוֹחֵט בַּחוּץ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. הָיְתָה חַטָּאת הָעוֹף וְהָיָה חֲצִי קָנֶה שֶׁלָּהּ פָּגוּם וְהוֹסִיף בּוֹ כָּל שֶׁהוּא בְּשַׁבָּת לְשֵׁם עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה חַיָּב שָׁלֹשׁ חַטָּאוֹת שֶׁהֲרֵי שְׁלֹשֶׁת הָאִסּוּרִין בָּאִים כְּאַחַת. וְכֵן הָעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת חַיָּב שְׁתֵּי חַטָּאוֹת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁשְּׁנֵי הָאִסּוּרִין בָּאִין כְּאַחַת. הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אָחִיו הַקַּיָּם כְּשֶׁהִיא נִדָּה מֵבִיא שָׁלֹשׁ חַטָּאוֹת מִשּׁוּם אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ וּמִשּׁוּם אֵשֶׁת אָח וְהֵן שְׁנֵי אִסּוּרִין הַבָּאִין כְּאַחַת וּמִשּׁוּם נִדָּה שֶׁהוּא אִסּוּר מוֹסִיף שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ שֶׁנִּתְוַסֵּף בָּהּ אִסּוּר זֶה לְבַעְלָהּ נוֹסַף לִיבָמָהּ. וְכֵן כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. הַבָּא עַל אָבִיו חַיָּב שְׁתַּיִם אַחַת מִשּׁוּם (ויקרא יח ז) "עֶרְוַת אָבִיךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה" וּמִשּׁוּם (ויקרא יח כב) "וְאֶת זָכָר לֹא תִשְׁכַּב". וְכֵן הַבָּא עַל אֲחִי אָבִיו חַיָּב שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יח יד) "עֶרְוַת אֲחִי אָבִיךָ לֹא תְגַלֵּה". הַבָּא עַל הַזָּכוּר וְהֵבִיא זָכוּר עָלָיו בְּהֶעְלֵם אַחַת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן שְׁנֵי גּוּפִין אֵינוֹ חַיָּב אֶלָּא חַטָּאת אַחַת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְאֶת זָכָר לֹא תִשְׁכַּב הַשּׁוֹכֵב וְהַנִּשְׁכָּב שֵׁם אֶחָד הוּא. וְכֵן הַבָּא עַל הַבְּהֵמָה וְהֵבִיא בְּהֵמָה עָלָיו בְּהֶעְלֵם אַחַת אֵינוֹ חַיָּב אֶלָּא חַטָּאת אַחַת. עָשׂוּ הַשּׁוֹכֵב וְהַנִּשְׁכָּב בִּבְהֵמָה וְזָכוּר כִּבְעִילָה אַחַת:

One who commits many transgressions in a single lapse of awareness is liable to a sin-offering for each and every one; even if he committed in a single lapse the forty-three we have enumerated, he is liable to forty-three sin-offerings. So too if he performed a single act for which he is liable on several counts, he is liable for each and every count — and that is when all the prohibitions came upon him at once, or where there is an added prohibition or an inclusive prohibition. How so? One who slaughters a consecrated animal outside the Temple courtyard on the Sabbath for the sake of idolatry is liable to three sin-offerings: for slaughtering consecrated animals outside, for profaning the Sabbath, and for worshipping an idol, since the three prohibitions came upon him at once. To what does this apply? Where he says that it is by the completion of the slaughtering that he worships it. But if his intent was not so, then from the moment he cuts a little of it for the sake of idolatry it becomes forbidden; and he is not liable for slaughtering outside until he cuts through both organs or the greater part of both, so that when he completed the slaughtering he was slaughtering an animal forbidden as an offering, for which he is not liable as one who slaughters outside, as we have explained. If it was a bird sin-offering and half its windpipe was already severed and he added the smallest amount to it on the Sabbath for the sake of idolatry, he is liable to three sin-offerings, since the three prohibitions came at once. So too one who does work on the Day of Atonement that fell on the Sabbath is liable to two sin-offerings, since the two prohibitions came at once. One who has intercourse with the wife of his living brother while she is a menstruant brings three sin-offerings: for a married woman and for a brother's wife, which are two prohibitions coming at once; and for a menstruant, which is an added prohibition, for since this prohibition was added upon her toward her husband, it was added toward her brother-in-law also. And so in like cases. One who has intercourse with his father is liable for two: one for (Leviticus 18:7), "The nakedness of your father you shall not uncover," and one for (Leviticus 18:22), "And with a male you shall not lie." So too one who has intercourse with his father's brother is liable for two, as it is said (Leviticus 18:14), "The nakedness of your father's brother you shall not uncover." One who has intercourse with a male and had a male have intercourse with him in a single lapse of awareness — although these are two bodies, he is liable to only one sin-offering, as it is said, "And with a male you shall not lie": the one who lies and the one lain with are one category. So too one who has intercourse with an animal and had an animal come upon him in a single lapse of awareness is liable to only one sin-offering; they made the one who lies and the one lain with, in the case of an animal and of a male, as a single act of intercourse.

Halacha 2ב׳

יֵשׁ בּוֹעֵל בְּעִילָה אַחַת וְחַיָּב עָלֶיהָ שְׁמוֹנֶה חַטָּאוֹת. כֵּיצַד. יַעֲקֹב שֶׁהָיְתָה לוֹ בַּת מִזִּלְפָּה וּשְׁמָהּ תִּמְנַע. נָשָׂא לָבָן תִּמְנַע וְהוֹלִיד מִמֶּנָּה בַּת וּשְׁמָהּ סֶרַח. וְאֵין לְלָבָן בַּת אֶלָּא רָחֵל לְבַדָּהּ. נִמְצֵאת סֶרַח בַּת בַּת יַעֲקֹב וַאֲחוֹת אִשְׁתּוֹ מֵאָבִיהָ הֵן שְׁנֵי אִסּוּרִין הַבָּאִין כְּאַחַת. נִשֵּׂאת סֶרַח לִרְאוּבֵן וְנֶאֶסְרָה עַל שְׁאָר בְּנֵי יַעֲקֹב נוֹסָף בָּהּ אִסּוּר לְיַעֲקֹב וַהֲרֵי הִיא כַּלָּתוֹ. מֵת רְאוּבֵן אוֹ גֵּרֵשׁ וְנִשֵּׂאת סֶרַח זוֹ לַאֲחִי יַעֲקֹב מֵאִמּוֹ מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁנֶּאֶסְרָה עַל שְׁאָר אֲחֵי יַעֲקֹב נוֹסַף לְיַעֲקֹב בָּהּ אִסּוּר אֵשֶׁת אָחִיו. מֵת אוֹ גֵּרֵשׁ וְנִשֵּׂאת סֶרַח זוֹ לְיִשְׁמָעֵאל מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁנֶּאֶסְרָה עַל שְׁאָר אֲחֵי יִשְׁמָעֵאל נוֹסַף לְיַעֲקֹב בָּהּ אִסּוּר אֵשֶׁת אֲחִי אָבִיו. מֵת יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְנָפְלָה לְיִבּוּם לִפְנֵי יִצְחָק וְעָבַר יִצְחָק וְיִבְּמָהּ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא שְׁנִיָּה לוֹ מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁנֶּאֶסְרָה עַל שְׁאָר אֶחָיו נוֹסַף בָּהּ אִסּוּר לְיַעֲקֹב מִשּׁוּם אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו וּמִשּׁוּם אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ שֶׁשְּׁנֵי הָאִסּוּרִין בָּאִין כְּאַחַת. אִם שָׁגַג יַעֲקֹב וּבָא עַל סֶרַח זוֹ כְּשֶׁהִיא נִדָּה בְּחַיֵּי יִצְחָק בַּעְלָהּ וּבְחַיֵּי רָחֵל אֵשֶׁת יַעֲקֹב הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב עָלֶיהָ שְׁמוֹנֶה חַטָּאוֹת. מִשּׁוּם בַּת בִּתּוֹ. וּמִשּׁוּם אֲחוֹת אִשְׁתּוֹ. וּמִשּׁוּם כַּלָּתוֹ. וּמִשּׁוּם אֵשֶׁת אָחִיו. וּמִשּׁוּם אֵשֶׁת אֲחִי אָבִיו. וּמִשּׁוּם אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו. וּמִשּׁוּם אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ. וּמִשּׁוּם נִדָּה. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:

There is one who by a single act of intercourse is liable to eight sin-offerings. How so? Jacob, who had a daughter by Zilpah named Timna. Laban married Timna and fathered by her a daughter named Serach; and Laban has no daughter but Rachel alone. Serach is thus the daughter of Jacob's daughter, and the sister of his wife from her father — two prohibitions coming at once. Serach married Reuben and became forbidden to the rest of Jacob's sons, and thereby a prohibition was added for Jacob, since she is his daughter-in-law. Reuben died or divorced her, and this Serach married Jacob's brother from his mother; and since she became forbidden to the rest of Jacob's brothers, the prohibition of a brother's wife was added for Jacob. He died or divorced her, and this Serach married Ishmael; and since she became forbidden to the rest of Ishmael's brothers, the prohibition of the wife of a father's brother was added for Jacob. Ishmael died and she came before Isaac for levirate marriage, and Isaac transgressed and took her in levirate marriage — although she is forbidden to him as a secondary relation — and since she became forbidden to the rest of his brothers, the prohibition of a father's wife and the prohibition of a married woman were added for Jacob, these two prohibitions coming at once. If Jacob erred and had intercourse with this Serach while she was a menstruant, in the lifetime of Isaac her husband and in the lifetime of Rachel Jacob's wife, he is liable to eight sin-offerings on her account: for his daughter's daughter, for his wife's sister, for his daughter-in-law, for his brother's wife, for the wife of his father's brother, for his father's wife, for a married woman, and for a menstruant. And so in all like cases.

Halacha 3ג׳

כָּל אֵלּוּ שֶׁתֵּאָסֵר זוֹ הָעֶרְוָה עֲלֵיהֶן בְּאִסּוּר מוֹסִיף. צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים הָאֲחֵרִים מְצוּיִין בָּעוֹלָם כְּדֵי שֶׁתֵּאָסֵר עֲלֵיהֶן וּמִתּוֹךְ שֶׁתֵּאָסֵר עֲלֵיהֶן יִתְוַסֵּף אִסּוּר אַחֵר לָזֶה. אֲבָל אִם אֵינָן מְצוּיִין אֵין אוֹמְרִין הוֹאִיל אִלּוּ הָיָה לָזֶה בָּנִים אוֹ אַחִים הָיְתָה נֶאֶסְרָה עֲלֵיהֶן יִתְוַסֵּף בָּהּ אִסּוּר לַזָּקֵן. שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין שָׁם עַתָּה לֹא בֵּן וְלֹא אָח. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן:

In all these cases where this forbidden woman becomes forbidden to others by an added prohibition, it is necessary that those other men actually exist in the world, so that she may become forbidden to them, and so that through her becoming forbidden to them a further prohibition may be added for this one. But if they do not exist, we do not say: since, had this one had sons or brothers, she would have become forbidden to them, let a prohibition therefore be added for the elder man — for there is now neither son nor brother. And so in all like cases.