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The Rambam · Sefer Madda

הלכות עבודה זרה וחוקות הגויים ג׳Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 3

Chapter 3 of 12 in Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations — 11 halachot

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Halacha 1א׳

כָּל הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים בִּרְצוֹנוֹ בְּזָדוֹן חַיָּב כָּרֵת וְאִם הָיוּ שָׁם עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה נִסְקָל. וְאִם עָבַד בִּשְׁגָגָה מֵבִיא קָרְבַּן חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה:

Whoever worships an idol of his own free will and wilfully, incurs the (divine) penalty of excision. If witnesses were present and there had been previous warning, he is stoned. If one worshipped an idol in error, he brings the prescribed sin-offering.

Halacha 2ב׳

עֲבוֹדוֹת הַרְבֵּה קָבְעוּ עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים לְכָל צֶלֶם וְצֶלֶם וּלְכָל צוּרָה וְצוּרָה וַעֲבוֹדַת זֶה אֵינָהּ כַּעֲבוֹדַת זֶה כְּגוֹן פְּעוֹר שֶׁעֲבוֹדָתוֹ שֶׁפּוֹעֵר אָדָם עַצְמוֹ לוֹ וּמַרְקוּלִיס שֶׁעֲבוֹדָתוֹ שֶׁיִּזְרֹק לוֹ אֲבָנִים אוֹ יְסַקֵּל מִלְּפָנָיו אֲבָנִים וְהַרְבֵּה עֲבוֹדוֹת כְּגוֹן אֵלּוּ תִּקְּנוּ לִשְׁאָר צְלָמִים. לְפִיכָךְ הַפּוֹעֵר עַצְמוֹ לְמַרְקוּלִיס אוֹ שֶׁזָּרַק אֶבֶן לִפְעוֹר פָּטוּר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲבֹד אוֹתוֹ דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב ל) "אֵיכָה יַעַבְדוּ הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה אֶת אֱלֹהֵיהֶם וְאֶעֱשֶׂה כֵּן גַּם אָנִי". וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה הָעִנְיָן צְרִיכִין בֵּית דִּין לֵידַע דַּרְכֵי הָעֲבוֹדוֹת, שֶׁאֵין סוֹקְלִין עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים עַד שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ שֶׁזּוֹ הִיא דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ:

Several modes of worship were instituted by the idolaters for each image and figure. The mode of worship for one idol is not the same as that for another idol. For example, the worship of Peor consists in indecent exposure of the person before the idol; the worship of Mercury consists in casting stones towards the idol or removing stones from before it. Many modes of worship, similar to these, were instituted for other idols. Hence, he who exposes his person in worship of Mercury or casts a stone before Peor, does not incur the penalty for idolatry. He is only liable, if he worships an idol in accordance with its special ritual, as it is said, "How do these nations serve their gods ? Even so will I do likewise" (Deut. 12:30). The Court must therefore be acquainted with the diverse idolatrous rituals, for no Israelite, (charged with worshipping an idol), is stoned, unless the Court knows that he observed the ritual appropriate to that idol.

Halacha 3ג׳

וְאַזְהָרָה שֶׁל עֲבוֹדוֹת אֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן הוּא מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב (שמות כ ה) "וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם". בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּשְׁאָר עֲבוֹדוֹת חוּץ מִמִּשְׁתַּחֲוְה וְזוֹבֵחַ וּמַקְטִיר וּמְנַסֵּךְ. אֲבָל הָעוֹבֵד בְּאַחַת מֵעֲבוֹדוֹת אֵלּוּ לְאֶחָד מִכָּל מִינֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים חַיָּב וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בְּכָךְ. כֵּיצַד. הֲרֵי שֶׁנִּסֵּךְ לִפְעוֹר אוֹ שֶׁזָּבַח לְמַרְקוּלִיס חַיָּב שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב יט) "זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יָחֳרָם בִּלְתִּי לַה' לְבַדּוֹ". זְבִיחָה בִּכְלַל עֲבוֹדָה הָיְתָה וְלָמָּה יָצָאת לוֹמַר לְךָ מַה זְּבִיחָה מְיֻחֶדֶת שֶׁעוֹבְדִין בָּהּ לַשֵּׁם וְחַיָּב הַזּוֹבֵחַ לְאֵל אַחֵר סְקִילָה עָלֶיהָ בֵּין הָיְתָה דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בִּזְבִיחָה אוֹ אֵינָהּ בִּזְבִיחָה. אַף כָּל עֲבוֹדָה שֶׁהִיא מְיֻחֶדֶת לַשֵּׁם אִם עָבַד בָּהּ לְאֵל אַחֵר בֵּין שֶׁהָיְתָה דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בְּכָךְ בֵּין שֶׁאֵינָהּ בְּכָךְ חַיָּב עָלֶיהָ. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר (שמות לד יד) "לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לְאֵל אַחֵר" לְחַיֵּב עַל הַהִשְׁתַּחֲוָיָה אֲפִלּוּ אֵין דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בְּכָךְ. וְהוּא הַדִּין לִמְקַטֵּר וּמְנַסֵּךְ. וְזוֹרֵק וּמְנַסֵּךְ אֶחָד הוּא:

The prohibition of these and similar modes of worship is inferred from the text "Nor serve them" (Ex. 20:5). This refers to all modes of worship with the exception of bowing down, sacrificing, offering incense or libation. He who uses any of these modes in the worship of any idol is liable to the penalty for idolatry, even if such is not the mode of worship peculiar to the particular idol worshipped. For example, if one pours forth a libation to Peor, or sacrifices to Mercury, he is liable, as it is said "He that sacrificeth unto the gods, save unto the Lord only, shall be utterly destroyed" (Ex. 22:19). Since sacrifice is included in the modes of worship, why is it especially mentioned in this text? To indicate that even as sacrifice is a mode of worship appropriate to the service of God, and one who offers up sacrifices to another deity incurs the penalty of stoning, irrespective of whether sacrifice is or is not the special mode of worshipping that particular deity, so every mode of worship appropriate to the service of God, if used in the worship of an idol,—whether that is or is not its special mode or worship—renders the worshipper liable as an idolater. It is therefore said, "Thou shalt not bow down to another god" (Ex. 34:14), in order to render one who bows down to an idol liable, even if such an act is not its mode of worship. The same rule applies to the offering of incense or libation. Sprinkling (of blood) and Pouring out Libations are regarded as identical.

…and 6 more halachot in this chapter.

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Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: The Mishneh Torah by Maimonides, tr. Moses Hyamson, 1937-1949 — public domain