הלכות עבודה זרה וחוקות הגויים ג׳Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 3

Halacha 1א׳

כָּל הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים בִּרְצוֹנוֹ בְּזָדוֹן חַיָּב כָּרֵת וְאִם הָיוּ שָׁם עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה נִסְקָל. וְאִם עָבַד בִּשְׁגָגָה מֵבִיא קָרְבַּן חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה:

Whoever worships an idol of his own free will and wilfully, incurs the (divine) penalty of excision. If witnesses were present and there had been previous warning, he is stoned. If one worshipped an idol in error, he brings the prescribed sin-offering.

Halacha 2ב׳

עֲבוֹדוֹת הַרְבֵּה קָבְעוּ עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים לְכָל צֶלֶם וְצֶלֶם וּלְכָל צוּרָה וְצוּרָה וַעֲבוֹדַת זֶה אֵינָהּ כַּעֲבוֹדַת זֶה כְּגוֹן פְּעוֹר שֶׁעֲבוֹדָתוֹ שֶׁפּוֹעֵר אָדָם עַצְמוֹ לוֹ וּמַרְקוּלִיס שֶׁעֲבוֹדָתוֹ שֶׁיִּזְרֹק לוֹ אֲבָנִים אוֹ יְסַקֵּל מִלְּפָנָיו אֲבָנִים וְהַרְבֵּה עֲבוֹדוֹת כְּגוֹן אֵלּוּ תִּקְּנוּ לִשְׁאָר צְלָמִים. לְפִיכָךְ הַפּוֹעֵר עַצְמוֹ לְמַרְקוּלִיס אוֹ שֶׁזָּרַק אֶבֶן לִפְעוֹר פָּטוּר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲבֹד אוֹתוֹ דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב ל) "אֵיכָה יַעַבְדוּ הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה אֶת אֱלֹהֵיהֶם וְאֶעֱשֶׂה כֵּן גַּם אָנִי". וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה הָעִנְיָן צְרִיכִין בֵּית דִּין לֵידַע דַּרְכֵי הָעֲבוֹדוֹת, שֶׁאֵין סוֹקְלִין עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים עַד שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ שֶׁזּוֹ הִיא דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ:

Several modes of worship were instituted by the idolaters for each image and figure. The mode of worship for one idol is not the same as that for another idol. For example, the worship of Peor consists in indecent exposure of the person before the idol; the worship of Mercury consists in casting stones towards the idol or removing stones from before it. Many modes of worship, similar to these, were instituted for other idols. Hence, he who exposes his person in worship of Mercury or casts a stone before Peor, does not incur the penalty for idolatry. He is only liable, if he worships an idol in accordance with its special ritual, as it is said, "How do these nations serve their gods ? Even so will I do likewise" (Deut. 12:30). The Court must therefore be acquainted with the diverse idolatrous rituals, for no Israelite, (charged with worshipping an idol), is stoned, unless the Court knows that he observed the ritual appropriate to that idol.

Halacha 3ג׳

וְאַזְהָרָה שֶׁל עֲבוֹדוֹת אֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן הוּא מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב (שמות כ ה) "וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם". בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּשְׁאָר עֲבוֹדוֹת חוּץ מִמִּשְׁתַּחֲוְה וְזוֹבֵחַ וּמַקְטִיר וּמְנַסֵּךְ. אֲבָל הָעוֹבֵד בְּאַחַת מֵעֲבוֹדוֹת אֵלּוּ לְאֶחָד מִכָּל מִינֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים חַיָּב וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בְּכָךְ. כֵּיצַד. הֲרֵי שֶׁנִּסֵּךְ לִפְעוֹר אוֹ שֶׁזָּבַח לְמַרְקוּלִיס חַיָּב שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב יט) "זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יָחֳרָם בִּלְתִּי לַה' לְבַדּוֹ". זְבִיחָה בִּכְלַל עֲבוֹדָה הָיְתָה וְלָמָּה יָצָאת לוֹמַר לְךָ מַה זְּבִיחָה מְיֻחֶדֶת שֶׁעוֹבְדִין בָּהּ לַשֵּׁם וְחַיָּב הַזּוֹבֵחַ לְאֵל אַחֵר סְקִילָה עָלֶיהָ בֵּין הָיְתָה דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בִּזְבִיחָה אוֹ אֵינָהּ בִּזְבִיחָה. אַף כָּל עֲבוֹדָה שֶׁהִיא מְיֻחֶדֶת לַשֵּׁם אִם עָבַד בָּהּ לְאֵל אַחֵר בֵּין שֶׁהָיְתָה דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בְּכָךְ בֵּין שֶׁאֵינָהּ בְּכָךְ חַיָּב עָלֶיהָ. לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר (שמות לד יד) "לֹא תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לְאֵל אַחֵר" לְחַיֵּב עַל הַהִשְׁתַּחֲוָיָה אֲפִלּוּ אֵין דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בְּכָךְ. וְהוּא הַדִּין לִמְקַטֵּר וּמְנַסֵּךְ. וְזוֹרֵק וּמְנַסֵּךְ אֶחָד הוּא:

The prohibition of these and similar modes of worship is inferred from the text "Nor serve them" (Ex. 20:5). This refers to all modes of worship with the exception of bowing down, sacrificing, offering incense or libation. He who uses any of these modes in the worship of any idol is liable to the penalty for idolatry, even if such is not the mode of worship peculiar to the particular idol worshipped. For example, if one pours forth a libation to Peor, or sacrifices to Mercury, he is liable, as it is said "He that sacrificeth unto the gods, save unto the Lord only, shall be utterly destroyed" (Ex. 22:19). Since sacrifice is included in the modes of worship, why is it especially mentioned in this text? To indicate that even as sacrifice is a mode of worship appropriate to the service of God, and one who offers up sacrifices to another deity incurs the penalty of stoning, irrespective of whether sacrifice is or is not the special mode of worshipping that particular deity, so every mode of worship appropriate to the service of God, if used in the worship of an idol,—whether that is or is not its special mode or worship—renders the worshipper liable as an idolater. It is therefore said, "Thou shalt not bow down to another god" (Ex. 34:14), in order to render one who bows down to an idol liable, even if such an act is not its mode of worship. The same rule applies to the offering of incense or libation. Sprinkling (of blood) and Pouring out Libations are regarded as identical.

Halacha 4ד׳

סָפַת לָהּ צוֹאָה אוֹ שֶׁנִּסֵּךְ לָהּ עֲבִיט שֶׁל מֵי רַגְלַיִם חַיָּב. שָׁחַט לָהּ חָגָב פָּטוּר אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיְתָה עֲבוֹדָתָהּ בְּכָךְ. וְכֵן אִם שָׁחַט לָהּ בְּהֵמָה מְחֻסֶּרֶת אֵיבָר פָּטוּר אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיְתָה דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתָהּ בְּכָךְ. עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁעוֹבְדִין אוֹתָהּ בְּמַקֵּל. שָׁבַר מַקֵּל בְּפָנֶיהָ חַיָּב וְנֶאֱסֶרֶת. זָרַק מַקֵּל בְּפָנֶיהָ חַיָּב וְאֵינָהּ נֶאֱסֶרֶת. שֶׁאֵין זְרִיקַת הַמַּקֵּל כְּעֵין זְרִיקַת הַדָּם שֶׁהֲרֵי הַמַּקֵּל כְּמוֹ שֵׁהוּא וְהַדָּם מִתְפַּזֵּר. הַמְקַבֵּל עָלָיו אֶחָד מִכָּל מִינֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים בֵּאלוֹהַּ חַיָּב סְקִילָה. וַאֲפִלּוּ הִגְבִּיהַּ לְבֵנָה וְאָמַר לָהּ אֵלִי אַתָּה וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בְּדִבּוּר זֶה חַיָּב. וַאֲפִלּוּ חָזַר בּוֹ בְּתוֹךְ כְּדֵי דִּבּוּר וְאָמַר אֵין זֶה אֵלִי אֵין חֲזָרָתוֹ כְּלוּם אֶלָּא נִסְקָל:

If one offers ordure to an idol, or makes a libation to it of a pot filled with urine, he is liable to the penalty for idolatry. One who slays a grasshopper (to an idol) is not liable, unless such is its mode of worship. Thus also, to slay a beast that is short of a limb (as a sacrifice to an idol), does not render the slayer liable unless this was its special mode of worship. If an idol is worshipped by means of a stick, one who broke a stick before it, is liable and the stick may not be used. But if one threw a stick before it, he is liable, but the stick is not inhibited from use. The reason for the distinction is that throwing a stick is not analogous to sprinkling blood; because the stick, after being thrown, is unimpaired, while the blood, after it had been sprinkled, has been dispersed. Whoever accepts any one of the various classes of idols as a god, incurs the penalty of stoning. Even if a man takes up a brick and addresses it thus: 'Thou art my god', or words of similar import, he is liable. And though he retracts immediately and adds 'This is not my god', his retraction is of no avail and he is stoned.

Halacha 5ה׳

הָעוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים כְּדַרְכָּהּ וַאֲפִלּוּ עָשָׂה דֶּרֶךְ בִּזָּיוֹן חַיָּב. כֵּיצַד. הַפּוֹעֵר עַצְמוֹ לִפְעוֹר כְּדֵי לְבַזּוֹתוֹ אוֹ זָרַק אֶבֶן לְמַרְקוּלִיס כְּדֵי לְבַזּוֹתוֹ הוֹאִיל וַעֲבוֹדָתוֹ בְּכָךְ חַיָּב. וּמֵבִיא קָרְבָּן עַל שִׁגְגָתוֹ:

Whoever worships an idol in accordance with its special ritual, even if he does so contemptuously, is liable. For example, if one exposes his person before Peor, in order to show contempt for it, or casts a stone towards Mercury to show his contempt for it, he is liable—these being the respective modes of worshipping those idols—and he should accordingly bring a sacrifice in atonement for his error.

Halacha 6ו׳

הָעוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים מֵאַהֲבָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁחָשַׁק בְּצוּרָה זוֹ מִפְּנֵי מְלַאכְתָּהּ שֶׁהָיְתָה נָאָה בְּיוֹתֵר. אוֹ שֶׁעֲבָדָהּ מִיִּרְאָתוֹ לָהּ שֶׁמָּא תָּרֵעַ לוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁהֵן מְדַמִּים עוֹבְדֶיהָ שֶׁהִיא מֵיטִיבָה וּמְרֵעָה. אִם קִבְּלָהּ עָלָיו בֵּאלוֹהַּ חַיָּב סְקִילָה וְאִם עֲבָדָהּ דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתָהּ אוֹ בְּאַחַת מֵאַרְבַּע עֲבוֹדוֹת מֵאַהֲבָה אוֹ מִיִּרְאָה פָּטוּר. הַמְגַפֵּף עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים וְהַמְנַשֵּׁק לָהּ וְהַמְכַבֵּד וְהַמְרַבֵּץ לְפָנֶיהָ וְהַמַּרְחִיץ לָהּ וְהַסָּךְ וְהַמַּלְבִּישׁ וְהַמַּנְעִיל וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בְּדִבְרֵי כָּבוֹד הָאֵלּוּ עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְלֹא תָעָבְדֵם, וּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ בִּכְלַל עֲבוֹדָה הֵן. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה עַל אַחַת מֵהֶן לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָן בְּפֵרוּשׁ. וְאִם הָיְתָה דֶּרֶךְ עֲבוֹדָתָהּ בְּאֶחָד מִכָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ וַעֲשָׂהוּ לְעָבְדָהּ חַיָּב:

If one worships an idol, out of love, as for instance, if a particular image fills him with delight by its beautiful craftmanship, or, if one worships an idol, out of fear of it, because he apprehends that it might do him harm—like the idolaters who imagine that the idol has power to benefit or injure—he is liable to stoning, provided that he accepted it as a god. But if he worshipped it with the ritual peculiar to it, or with one of the four modes appropriate to the worship of God, and his motive is only love of the idol or fear of it, he is not liable. He who embraces an idol, kisses it, sweeps the ground or lays the dust in front of it, washes it, anoints it, clothes it, puts shoes on its feet, or performs similar offices of respect, violates a prohibition, for it is said, "Nor serve them" (Ex. 20:5). These acts come under the category of worship, but stripes are not inflicted for any of them, since they do not constitute worship explicitly. If any of these acts is a ritual peculiar to an idol, and one performs it with intent to worship, he is liable for idolatry.

Halacha 7ז׳

יָשַׁב לוֹ קוֹץ בְּרַגְלוֹ לִפְנֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים לֹא יָשֹׁחַ וְיִטְּלֶנּוּ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כְּמִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לָהּ. נִתְפַּזְּרוּ לוֹ מָעוֹת בְּפָנֶיהָ לֹא יָשֹׁחַ וְיִטְּלֵם מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כְּמִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לָהּ אֶלָּא יֵשֵׁב וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִטּל:

If a thorn lodged in a person's foot while he was standing in front of an idol, he is not to bend down in order to remove it, because it would look as if he were bowing down to the idol. If coins, belonging to a person, had been scattered in front of it, he is not to bend down to pick them up, because it would look as if he were bowing down to the idol. But he is to sit down and then extract the thorn or pick up the coins.

Halacha 8ח׳

פַּרְצוּפוֹת הַמְקַלְּחוֹת מַיִם בִּפְנֵי עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים לֹא יַנִּיחַ פִּיו עַל פִּיהֶם וְיִשְׁתֶּה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כִּמְנַשֵּׁק לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים:

Where there are figures in front of an idol, which discharge water, one may not place his mouth over the opening of any of them and drink, because it would look as if he were kissing an idol.

Halacha 9ט׳

הָעוֹשֶׂה עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים לְעַצְמוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאָהּ בְּיָדוֹ וְלֹא עֲבָדָהּ לוֹקֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ ד) "לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה לְךָ פֶסֶל וְכָל תְּמוּנָה". וְכֵן הָעוֹשֶׂה עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים בְּיָדוֹ לַאֲחֵרִים אֲפִלּוּ עֲשָׂאָהּ לְעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים לוֹקֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט ד) "וֵאלֹהֵי מַסֵּכָה לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ לָכֶם". לְפִיכָךְ הָעוֹשֶׂה עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים בְּיָדוֹ לְעַצְמוֹ לוֹקֶה שְׁתַּיִם:

If one acquires an idol for himself, he is punished with stripes, even though he did not make it with his own hand and did not worship it, as it is said, "Thou shalt not make unto thee a graven image nor any manner of likeness" (Ex. 20:4). So too, if one makes an idol with his hands for others, even if he makes it for an idolater, he is punished with stripes, as it is said, "Nor make unto yourselves molten gods" (Lev. 19:4). Hence, one who makes an idol with his own hand and for himself, is punished with stripes twice.

Halacha 10י׳

אָסוּר לַעֲשׂוֹת צוּרוֹת לְנוֹי וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָהּ עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ כ) "לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי" כְּלוֹמַר צוּרוֹת שֶׁל כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב שֶׁאֵינָם אֶלָּא לְנוֹי כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִטְּעוּ בָּהֶן הַטּוֹעִים וִידַמּוּ שֶׁהֵם לַעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים. וְאֵין אִסּוּר לָצוּר לְנוֹי אֶלָּא צוּרַת הָאָדָם בִּלְבַד. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין מְצַיְּרִים לֹא בְּעֵץ וְלֹא בְּסִיד וְלֹא בְּאֶבֶן צוּרַת הָאָדָם. וְהוּא שֶׁתִּהְיֶה הַצּוּרָה בּוֹלֶטֶת כְּגוֹן הַצִּיּוּר וְהַכִּיּוּר שֶׁבַּטְּרַקְלִין וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן וְאִם צָר לוֹקֵה. אֲבָל אִם הָיִתָה הַצּוּרָה מֻשְׁקַעַת אוֹ צוּרָה שֶׁל סַמָּנִין כְּגוֹן הַצּוּרוֹת שֵׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַלּוּחוֹת וִהַטַּבְלִיּוֹת אוֹ צוּרוֹת שֶׁרוֹקְמִין בָּאָרִיג הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מֻתָּרוֹת:

It is forbidden to make figures for purposes of ornament, even if they are not idolatrous, as it is said, "Ye shall not make with Me gods of gold and silver" (Ex. 20:23); that is to say, figures of gold and silver which only serve as ornaments; so that those likely to err shall not err and imagine that these figures serve idolatrous purposes. The prohibition of making ornamental figures only applies to representation of the human form. Hence, a figure of a human being must not be made in wood, clay or stone; provided that the figure is in high relief like sculptures and figures in palaces and the like places; and whoever makes such is punished with stripes. But if a figure is in bas-relief or painted, such as pictures on boards and tablets, or woven in tapestry—it is permitted.

Halacha 11י״א

טַבַּעַת שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָלֶיהָ חוֹתָם שֶׁהוּא צוּרַת אָדָם אִם הָיְתָה הַצּוּרָה בּוֹלֶטֶת אָסוּר לְהַנִּיחָהּ וּמֻתָּר לַחְתֹּם בָּהּ. וְאִם הָיְתָה הַצּוּרָה שׁוֹקַעַת מֻתָּר לְהַנִּיחָהּ וְאָסוּר לַחְתֹּם בָּהּ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַנָּחָתָם תַּעֲשֶׂה בּוֹ הַצּוּרָה בּוֹלֶטֶת. וְכֵן אָסוּר לָצוּר דְּמוּת חַמָּה וּלְבָנָה כּוֹכָבִים מַזָּלוֹת וּמַלְאָכִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כ כ) "לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי" (גמרא ראש השנה כד ב) "לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כִּדְמוּת שְׁמָשַׁי הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁין לְפָנַי בַּמָּרוֹם" וַאֲפִלּוּ עַל הַלּוּחַ. צוּרוֹת הַבְּהֵמוֹת וּשְׁאָר נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה חוּץ מִן הָאָדָם וְצוּרוֹת הָאִילָנוֹת וּדְשָׁאִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מֻתָּר לָצוּר אוֹתָם וַאֲפִלּוּ הָיְתָה הַצּוּרָה בּוֹלֶטֶת:

If a signet ring has a human figure on it, and the figure is in high-relief, it is forbidden to wear the ring, but it may be used as a seal. If the figure is in bas-relief, the ring may be worn but may not be used for sealing, because the impression it would make would be in high-relief. It is also forbidden to make figures of the sun, moon, stars, constellations, or angels, for it is said, "Ye shall not make with Me" (Ex. 20:20); that is, 'ye shall not make figures representing My ministers that minister before Me on high'; and such figures may not be made even on tablets. Figures of quadrupeds and of other animals—with the exception of Man,—and of trees and plants, etc., may be made, even if the figures are in relief.