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The Rambam · Sefer Madda

הלכות עבודה זרה וחוקות הגויים י׳Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations 10

Chapter 10 of 12 in Foreign Worship and Customs of the Nations — 6 halachot

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Halacha 1א׳

אֵין כּוֹרְתִין בְּרִית לְשׁבְעָה עֲמָמִין כְּדֵי שֶׁנַּעֲשֶׂה עִמָּהֶן שָׁלוֹם וְנָנִיחַ אוֹתָם לַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ז ב) "לֹא תִכְרֹת לָהֶם בְּרִית" אֶלָּא יַחְזְרוּ מֵעֲבוֹדָתָם אוֹ יֵהָרְגוּ. וְאָסוּר לְרַחֵם עֲלֵיהֶם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ז ב) "וְלֹא תְחָנֵּם". לְפִיכָךְ אִם רָאָה מֵהֶם אוֹבֵד אוֹ טוֹבֵעַ בַּנָּהָר לֹא יַעֲלֶנּוּ. רָאָהוּ נָטוּי לָמוּת לֹא יַצִּילֶנּוּ. אֲבָל לְאַבְּדוֹ בְּיָדוֹ אוֹ לְדָחֳפוֹ לַבּוֹר וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה אָסוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה עִמָּנוּ מִלְחָמָה. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּשִׁבְעָה עֲמָמִין אֲבָל הַמּוֹסְרִים וְהָאֶפִּיקוֹרוֹסִין מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל הָיָה דִּין לְאַבְּדָן בְּיָד וּלְהוֹרִידָן עַד בְּאֵר שַׁחַת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיוּ מְצֵרִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וּמְסִירִין אֶת הָעָם מֵאַחֲרֵי ה':

No covenant is to be made with idolaters, with the purpose of making peace with them and permitting them to worship idols, as it is said "thou shalt make no covenant with them" (Deut. 7:2); but they must either renounce their idolatry or suffer death. It is forbidden to show them mercy, as it is said, "nor show mercy unto them" (ibid.). Hence, if one sees a heathen who worships idols perishing or drowning, one is not to save him. If he was observed to be dying, he is not to be rescued. It is forbidden however, actively to destroy him, or thrust him into a pit or do any thing similar, since he is not waging war against us. These rules apply to a heathen. But as regards informers and Israelite infidels, it is a duty to take active measures to destroy them and hurl them into the pit of destruction—the reason being that they persecute Israelites and turn the people away from following God.

Halacha 2ב׳

מִכָּאן אַתָּה לָמֵד שֶׁאָסוּר לְרַפְּאוֹת עַכּוּ"ם אֲפִלּוּ בְּשָׂכָר. וְאִם הָיָה מִתְיָרֵא מֵהֶן אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה חוֹשֵׁשׁ מִשּׁוּם אֵיבָה מְרַפֵּא בְּשָׂכָר אֲבָל בְּחִנָּם אָסוּר. וְגֵר תּוֹשָׁב הוֹאִיל וְאַתָּה מְצֻוֶּה לְהַחֲיוֹתוֹ מְרַפְּאִים אוֹתוֹ בְּחִנָּם:

Hence you learn that it is forbidden to heal idolaters even for a fee. But if one is afraid of them or apprehends that refusal might cause ill-will, medical treatment may be given for a fee but not gratuitously. A "denizen proselyte",** Who observes the 7 Noachide precepts. whose life we are commanded to preserve, is to be healed without charge.

Halacha 3ג׳

אֵין מוֹכְרִין לָהֶם בָּתִּים וְשָׂדוֹת בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. וּבְסוּרְיָא מוֹכְרִין לָהֶם בָּתִּים אֲבָל לֹא שָׂדוֹת. וּמַשְׂכִּירִין לָהֶם בָּתִּים בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשׂוּ שְׁכוּנָה וְאֵין שְׁכוּנָה פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה. וְאֵין מַשְׂכִּירִין לָהֶם שָׂדוֹת. וּבְסוּרְיָא מַשְׂכִּירִין לָהֶם שָׂדוֹת. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה הֶחְמִירוּ בְּשָׂדֶה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ שְׁתַּיִם, מַפְקִיעָהּ מִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת וְנוֹתֵן לָהֶם חֲנִיָּה בַּקַּרְקַע. וּמֻתָּר לִמְכֹּר לָהֶם בָּתִּים וְשָׂדוֹת בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינָהּ אַרְצֵנוּ:

Houses and fields are not sold to them in Palestine. In Syria, houses are sold to them, but not fields. Houses are let to them in Palestine, provided they do not form a settlement; less than three families (living in one location) do not constitute a settlement. Fields are not let to them there; but in Syria they are let to them. And why were they (the Sages) so stringent with a field ? Because it would have two consequences: The land would be exempted from the payment of tithes; and it would give idolaters advantages from the soil of Palestine. Outside that land, houses and fields may be sold to them—it not being our country.

…and 1 more halacha in this chapter.

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Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: The Mishneh Torah by Maimonides, tr. Moses Hyamson, 1937-1949 — public domain