דברים רבה ב׳Devarim Rabbah 2

Section 1א׳

וָאֶתְחַנַּן אֶל ה', הֲלָכָה אָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהָיָה עוֹמֵד וּמִתְפַּלֵּל, מַהוּ שֶׁיְּהֵא מֻתָּר לוֹ לְהִתְפַּלֵּל בְּקוֹל גָּדוֹל, כָּךְ שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים (גמרא ברכות לא-א): הָיָה עוֹמֵד וּמִתְפַּלֵּל יָכוֹל יַשְׁמִיעַ קוֹלוֹ, כְּבָר פֵּרְשָׁה חַנָּה (שמואל א א, יג): וְחַנָּה הִיא מְדַבֶּרֶת עַל לִבָּהּ, יָכוֹל יְהֵא מִתְפַּלֵּל שְׁלָשְׁתָּן כְּאַחַת, כְּבָר פֵּרַשׁ בְּדָנִיֵּאל (דניאל ו, יא): וְזִמְנִין תְּלָתָה בְיוֹמָא הוּא בָּרֵךְ עַל בִּרְכוֹהִי וּמְצַלֵּא וּמוֹדֵא קֳדָם אֱלָהֵהּ. יָכוֹל יְהֵא מִתְפַּלֵּל בְּכָל שָׁעָה שֶׁיִּרְצֶה, כְּבָר פֵּרַשׁ דָּוִד (תהלים נה, יח): עֶרֶב וָבֹקֶר וְצָהֳרַיִם אָשִׂיחָה וְאֶהֱמֶה וְיִשְׁמַע קוֹלִי, יָכוֹל יְהֵא תּוֹבֵעַ צְרָכָיו וְיוֹצֵא לוֹ, כְּבָר פֵּרַשׁ שְׁלֹמֹה (מלכים א ח, כח): לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶל הָרִנָּה וְאֶל הַתְּפִלָּה, רִנָּה זוֹ קִלּוּסוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וּתְפִלָּה, לִצְרָכָיו שֶׁל אָדָם. אַבָּא שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר, זֶה סִימָן לִתְפִלָּה, אִם כִּוֵּן אָדָם לִבּוֹ לִתְפִלָּה, יְהֵא מֻבְטָח שֶׁתְּפִלָּתוֹ נִשְׁמַעַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים י, יז): תָּכִין לִבָּם תַּקְשִׁיב אָזְנֶךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן עֲשָׂרָה לְשׁוֹנוֹת נִקְרֵאת תְּפִלָּה, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: שַׁוְעָה, צְעָקָה, נְאָקָה, רִנָּה, פְּגִיעָה, בִּצּוּר, קְרִיאָה, נִפּוּל וּפִלּוּל וְתַחֲנוּנִים. שַׁוְעָה צְעָקָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ב, כג): וַיֵּאָנְחוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִן הָעֲבֹדָה וַיִּזְעָקוּ וגו'. נְאָקָה, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים י, כד): וַיִּשְׁמַע אֱלֹהִים אֶת נַאֲקָתָם. רִנָּה וּפְגִיעָה, דִּכְתִיב (ירמיה ז, טז): אַל תִּתְפַּלֵּל בְּעַד הָעָם הַזֶּה וְאַל תִּשָֹּׂא בַּעֲדָם רִנָּה וּתְפִלָּה וְאַל תִּפְגַּע בִּי. בִּצּוּר וּקְרִיאָה, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים יח, ז): בַּצַּר לִי אֶקְרָא ה'. נִפּוּל, דִּכְתִיב (דברים ט, יח): וָאֶתְנַפַּל לִפְנֵי ה'. פִּלּוּל, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים קו, ל): וַיַּעֲמֹד פִּינְחָס וַיְפַלֵּל. וְתַחֲנוּנִים, דִּכְתִיב: וָאֶתְחַנַּן אֶל ה'. וּמִכֻּלָּן לֹא נִתְפַּלֵל משֶׁה אֶלָּא בִּלְשׁוֹן תַּחֲנוּנִים. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, מִכָּאן אַתָּה לָמֵד, שֶׁאֵין לִבְרִיָה כְּלוּם אֵצֶל בּוֹרְאָה, שֶׁהֲרֵי משֶׁה רַבָּן שֶׁל כָּל הַנְּבִיאִים לֹא בָא אֶלָּא בִּלְשׁוֹן תַּחֲנוּנִים. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי, לָמָּה לֹא בָא משֶׁה אֶלָּא בִּלְשׁוֹן תַּחֲנוּנִים, הַמָּשָׁל אוֹמֵר הֱוֵי זָהִיר שֶׁלֹא תִּתָּפֵס מְקוֹם דִּבּוּרָךְ, כֵּיצַד, כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה (שמות לג, יט): וְחַנֹּתִי אֶת אֲשֶׁר אָחֹן, אָמַר לוֹ, מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ בְּיָדִי, (שמות לג, יט): וְרִחַמְתִּי, בְּמִדַּת הָרַחֲמִים אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה עִמּוֹ. וּמִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בְּיָדִי, וְחַנֹּתִי, בְּמַתְּנַת חִנָּם אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה עִמּוֹ, וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיָה משֶׁה מְבַקֵּשׁ לִכָּנֵס לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (דברים ג, כו): רַב לָךְ, אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם לֹא כָךְ אָמַרְתָּ לִי, כָּל מִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בְּיָדִי וְחַנֹּתִי, בְּמַתְּנַת חִנָּם אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה עִמּוֹ, עַכְשָׁו אֵינִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁמִּתְבַּקֵּשׁ לִי אֶצְלְךָ מְאוּמָה, אֶלָּא חִנָּם עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי, מִנַּיִן, מִמַּה שֶׁקָּרֵינַן בָּעִנְיָן, וָאֶתְחַנַּן אֶל ה'.

“I pleaded with the Lord at that time, saying” (Deuteronomy 3:23). “I pleaded with the Lord” – halakha: If a person of Israel is standing and praying, is it permitted for him to pray in a loud voice? So taught our Sages: If one was standing and praying, may he, perhaps, make his voice heard? Hannah already articulated this: “Hannah, she was speaking in her heart” (I Samuel 1:13). May he, perhaps, recite all three as one? This was already articulated in Daniel: “And three times a day he knelt on his knees, and prayed, and gave thanks before his God” (Daniel 6:11). May he, perhaps, pray at any time that he wishes? David already articulated: “Evening and morning and noon, I speak and cry aloud, and He hears my voice” (Psalms 55:18). May he, perhaps, demand [that God provide for] his needs and leave? Solomon already articulated: “To hear the cry and the prayer” (I Kings 8:28); “cry” – this is praise of the Holy One blessed be He; “and prayer” – for a person’s needs. Abba Shaul says: This is an indicator regarding prayer – if a person focused his heart for prayer, he may be certain that his prayer is heard, as it is stated: “You will focus their heart; You will incline Your ear” (Psalms 10:17). Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Prayer is called by ten expressions, and these are: Shava, tze’aka, ne’aka, rina, pegia, bitzur, keria, nipul, pilul, and taḥanunim. Shava and tze’aka, as it is stated: “The children of Israel sighed due to the work, and they cried out [vayizaku] [and their plea [shavatam] rose to God]” (Exodus 2:23). Ne’aka, as it is written: “God heard their groan [naakatam]” (Exodus 2:24). Rina and pegia, as it is written: “Do not pray on behalf of this people, and do not lift up a cry [rina] or a prayer on their behalf, and do not plead [tifga] with Me, [for I am not listening to you]” (Jeremiah 7:16). Bitzur and keria, as it is written: “In my distress [batzar] I called [ekra] to the Lord” (Psalms 18:7). Nipul, as it is written: “I threw myself down [va’etnapal] before the Lord” (Deuteronomy 9:18). Pilul, as it is written: “Pinḥas stood and prayed [vayfalel]” (Psalms 106:30). Taḥanunim, as it is written: “I pleaded [va’etḥanan] with the Lord.” Of all of them Moses prayed only with the expression of plea [taḥanunim]. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: From here you learn that no creature has any claim on its Creator, as Moses, the master of all the prophets, came only with an expression of plea. Rabbi Levi said: Why did Moses come only with an expression of plea [taḥanunim]? The parable says: Be careful not to be caught in a contradiction. How so? So said the Holy One blessed be He to Moses: “I will favor [veḥanoti] whom I favor” (Exodus 33:19). [God] said to him: ‘Upon one who has [credit] with Me, “I will have mercy” (Exodus 33:19); I will act with him with the attribute of mercy. One who does not have [credit] with Me, “veḥanoti” – I will act [mercifully] with him as a free [ḥinam] gift.’ When Moses sought to enter the Land of Israel, the Holy One blessed be He said to him: “It is enough for you; [do not continue speaking to Me about this matter]” (Deuteronomy 3:26). [Moses] said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, did You not say this to me: One who does not have [credit] with Me, “veḥanoti” – I will act [mercifully] with him as a free [ḥinam] gift? Now I am not saying that anything is due to me from You, but act with me with grace [ḥinam].’ From where is this derived? From what we read regarding the matter: “I pleaded [va’etḥanan] with the Lord.”

Section 2ב׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וָאֶתְחַנַּן אֶל ה', זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים לט, יב): בְּתוֹכָחוֹת עַל עָוֹן יִסַּרְתָּ אִישׁ וַתֶּמֶס כָּעָשׁ חֲמוּדוֹ אַךְ הֶבֶל כָּל אָדָם, מַהוּ בְּתוֹכָחוֹת עַל עָוֹן, עַל יְדֵי עָוֹן אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה בְּיַד משֶׁה שֶׁהוֹכִיחַ אֶת בָּנֶיךָ וְאָמַר לָהֶם (במדבר כ, י): שִׁמְעוּ נָא הַמֹּרִים, יִסַּרְתָּ אוֹתוֹ וְהוֹכַחְתָּ אוֹתוֹ. וְאֵין אִישׁ אֶלָּא משֶׁה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר יב, ג): וְהָאִישׁ משֶׁה עָנָו מְאֹד. מַהוּ וַתֶּמֶס כָּעָשׁ חֲמוּדוֹ, כָּל חֶמְדָה שֶׁהָיָה מִתְאַוֶּה משֶׁה לִכָּנֵס לָאָרֶץ, הֵמַסְתָּ אוֹתוֹ כָּעָשׁ הַזֶּה שֶׁנִּכְנַס בַּכֵּלִים וּמַרְקִיבָן. וְאֵין חֲמוּדוֹ אֶלָּא אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה ג, יט): וְאֶתֶּן לָךְ אֶרֶץ חֶמְדָּה וגו', וְאִם כָּךְ הִגִּיעַ לְמשֶׁה הַצַּדִּיק, עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה שְׁאָר כָּל הַבְּרִיּוֹת שֶׁהֵם מְתֻקָּנִין לַהֶבֶל וּמְתֻקָּנִין לְיוֹם הַדִּין, אַךְ הֶבֶל כָּל אָדָם, אָמַר רַב אַחָא שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה אֱלוֹהַּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ז, א): רְאֵה נְתַתִּיךָ אֱלֹהִים לְפַרְעֹה, עַכְשָׁו הוּא מִתְחַנֵּן וּמִתְחַבֵּט וָאֶתְחַנַּן אֶל ה'.

Another matter: “I pleaded with the Lord” – this is what the verse said: “You chastise a man with punishments for iniquity, consuming his delight like a moth. Surely man is mere nothingness” (Psalms 39:12). What is “with punishments for iniquity”? Because of one iniquity that Moses performed, that he chastised Your children and said to them: “Hear now defiant ones” (Numbers 20:10), You afflicted him and rebuked him. “A man” is none other than Moses, as it is stated: “The man Moses was very humble” (Numbers 12:3). What is “consuming his delight like a moth”? All the delight that Moses desired, to enter the Land [of Israel], You caused to be consumed, like a moth that gets into garments and causes them to rot. “His delight” is nothing other than the Land of Israel, like the matter that is stated: “And give you a land of delight…” (Jeremiah 3:19). If that is what befell the righteous Moses, all the more are the rest of the people destined for nothingness and destined for the Day of Judgment. “Surely man is mere nothingness” – Rav Aḥa said: He that became a god [elo’ah], as it is stated: “I have put you as a god [elohim] for Pharaoh” (Exodus 7:1), is now pleading and prostrating himself: “I pleaded with the Lord.”

Section 3ג׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, וָאֶתְחַנַּן, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (דניאל ב, כא): וְהוּא מְהַשְּׁנֵא עִדָּנַיָא וְזִמְנַיָא וגו', אָמַר רַבִּי אָבִין לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ אָהוּב וְהוּא מְמַנֶּה דֻּכָּסִין וְאִפַּרְכִין וְאִסְטְרַטְלִיטִין, לְאַחַר יָמִים רָאוּ אוֹתוֹ שֶׁהָיָה מְבַקֵּשׁ מִן הַשּׁוֹעֵר לִכָּנֵס לַפָּלָטִין וְאֵינוֹ מַנִּיחַ לוֹ, הָיוּ הַכֹּל תְּמֵהִין וְאוֹמְרִין אֶתְמוֹל הָיָה מְמַנֶּה דֻּכָּסִין וְאִפַּרְכִין וְאִסְטְרַטְלִיטִין, וְעַכְשָׁו הוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ מִן הַשּׁוֹעֵר לִכָּנֵס לַפָּלָטִין וְאֵינוֹ מַנִּיחַ לוֹ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ שַׁעְתָּא עָבְרַת. כָּךְ משֶׁה גּוֹזֵר עַל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְהוּא מְקַיֵּם, (במדבר י, לה): קוּמָה ה', (במדבר י, לו): שׁוּבָה ה', (במדבר טז, ל): וְאִם בְּרִיאָה יִבְרָא ה', אִם נִבְרָא לָהּ פֶּה מִשֵּׁשֶׁת יְמֵי בְרֵאשִׁית הֲרֵי מוּטָב וְאִם לָאו יִבְרָא ה', וְעַכְשָׁו מִתְחַנֵּן וּמִתְחַבֵּט לִכָּנֵס לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֵינוֹ מִתְקַבֵּל, שַׁעְתָּא עָבְרַת, (דברים ג, כג): בָּעֵת הַהִוא לֵאמֹר.

Another matter: “I pleaded” – this is what the verse said: “He changes the times and the seasons…” (Daniel 2:21). Rabbi Avin said: To what is the matter comparable? To a king who had a close friend who would appoint generals, governors, and commanders. Sometime later, they saw that he was requesting from the gatekeeper to enter the palace, but he would not let him. Everyone was astonished and said: Yesterday he was appointing generals, governors, and commanders, and now he requests from the gatekeeper to enter the palace, and he does not let him? They would say to him [the questioner]: ‘His time has passed.’ So, Moses would issue a decree on the Holy One blessed be He, and He would fulfill it: “Arise Lord” (Numbers 10:35), “return Lord” (Numbers 10:36), “but if the Lord creates a creation [yivra Hashem]” (Numbers 16:30) – if an opening was created for it from the six days of Creation, that is fine, but if not, “may the Lord, create [yivra Hashem].” But now, he is pleading and prostrating himself [in prayer] to enter the Land of Israel, but his [request]is not accepted; his time has passed: “At that time, saying.”