דברים רבה א׳Devarim Rabbah 1

Section 1א׳

אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים (דברים א, א), הֲלָכָה אָדָם מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל מַהוּ שֶׁיְהֵא מֻתָּר לוֹ לִכְתֹּב סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן וכו', כָּךְ שָׁנוּ חֲכָמִים אֵין בֵּין סְפָרִים לִתְפִלִּין וּמְזוּזוֹת אֶלָּא שֶׁהַסְּפָרִים נִכְתָּבִים בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן. רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר אַף הַסְּפָרִים לֹא הִתִּירוּ שֶׁיִּכָּתְבוּ אֶלָּא יְוָנִית. וּמַה טַּעְמוֹ שֶׁל רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל שֶׁאוֹמֵר מֻתָּר לִכְתֹּב סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה יְוָנִית, כָּךְ לָמְדוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ, אָמַר בַּר קַפָּרָא דִּכְתִיב (בראשית ט, כז): יַפְתְּ אֱלֹהִים לְיֶפֶת וְיִשְׁכֹּן בְּאָהֳלֵי שֵׁם, שֶׁיִּהְיוּ דְּבָרָיו שֶׁל שֵׁם נֶאֱמָרִין בִּלְשׁוֹנוֹתָיו שֶׁל יֶפֶת, לְכָךְ הִתִּירוּ שֶׁיִּכָּתְבוּ בְּלָשׁוֹן יְוָנִית. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא רְאֵה לְשׁוֹנָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה מַה חֲבִיבָה שֶׁמְרַפֵּא אֶת הַלָּשׁוֹן, מִנַּיִן, שֶׁכֵּן כְּתִיב (משלי טו, ד): מַרְפֵּא לָשׁוֹן עֵץ חַיִּים, וְאֵין עֵץ חַיִּים אֶלָּא תּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ג, יח): עֵץ חַיִּים הִיא לַמַּחֲזִיקִים בָּהּ. וּלְשׁוֹנָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה מַתִּיר אֶת הַלָּשׁוֹן, תֵּדַע לְךָ לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַעֲלֶה מִגַּן עֵדֶן אִילָנוֹת מְשֻׁבָּחִים, וּמָה הוּא שִׁבְחָן, שֶׁהֵן מְרַפְּאִין אֶת הַלָּשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל מז, יב): וְעַל הַנַּחַל יַעֲלֶה עַל שְׂפָתוֹ מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה וגו'. מִנַּיִן שֶׁהִיא רְפוּאָה שֶׁל לָשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל מז, יב): וְהָיָה פִרְיוֹ לְמַאֲכָל וְעָלֵהוּ לִתְרוּפָה. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי חַד אָמַר לִתְרַפְיוֹן, וְחַד אָמַר כָּל שֶׁהוּא אִלֵּם וְלוֹעֵט הֵימֶנּוּ לְשׁוֹנוֹ מִתְרַפֵּא וּמְצַחְצְחָה מִיָּד בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה, שֶׁכָּךְ כְּתִיב: מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה, וְאֵין מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה אֶלָּא תוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, טו): מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה הֵם כְּתֻבִים. רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר מַה לָּנוּ לִלְמֹד מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר נִלְמַד מִמְּקוֹמוֹ, הֲרֵי משֶׁה עַד שֶׁלֹא זָכָה לַתּוֹרָה כְּתִיב בּוֹ (שמות ד, י): לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי, כֵּיוָן שֶׁזָּכָה לַתּוֹרָה נִתְרַפֵּא לְשׁוֹנוֹ וְהִתְחִיל לְדַבֵּר דְּבָרִים, מִנַיִן, מִמַּה שֶּׁקָּרִינוּ בָּעִנְיָן, אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר משֶׁה.

“These are the words that Moses spoke to all Israel beyond the Jordan; in the wilderness, in the Arava, opposite the Red Sea, between Paran and Tofel, and Laban, and Hatzerot, and Di Zahav” (Deuteronomy 1:1). “These are the words” – halakha: Is it permissible for a person of Israel to write a Torah scroll in any language? This is what the sages taught: The difference between Torah scrolls and phylacteries and mezuzot is only that Torah scrolls may be written in any language. Rabban Gamliel says: Even Torah scrolls, the Sages permitted to be written only in Greek. What is the source for Rabban Gamliel who says that it is permitted to write a Torah scroll in Greek? This is what our Rabbis learned: Bar Kappara said: It is written: “May God expand Yefet, and may he dwell in the tents of Shem” (Genesis 9:27) – let the words of Shem be stated in the language of Yefet. That is why they permitted them to write it in Greek. The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘See the language of the Torah, how dear it is, that it cures the tongue.’ From where is it derived? As it is written: “A healing tongue is a tree of life” (Proverbs 15:4), and a tree of life is nothing but Torah, as it is stated: “It is a tree of life for those who grasp it” (Proverbs 3:18). The language of the Torah unencumbers the tongue. Know that in the future, the Holy One blessed be He will take up excellent trees from the Garden of Eden. What is their excellence? It is that they cure the tongue, as it is stated: “Along the stream, upon its bank, on this side and on that side, [will grow every food tree]” (Ezekiel 47:12). From where is it derived that it is a cure for the tongue? As it is stated: “Its fruit will be for food and its leaf for healing” (Ezekiel 47:12). Rabbi Yoḥanan and Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, one said: ‘It is a medicine,’ and one said: ‘Anyone who is mute and tastes of it, his tongue will be cured and it will immediately articulate matters of Torah,’ as so it is written: “on this side and on that side,” and [the phrase] “on this side and on that side” is [a reference to] nothing other than Torah, as it is stated: “[Tablets that were inscribed on both sides,] from this side and from that side they were inscribed” (Exodus 32:15). Rabbi Levi said: Why should we learn from elsewhere? Let us learn from its own place, as Moses, before he was privileged to receive the Torah, it is written in his regard: “I am not a man of words” (Exodus 4:10). When he was privileged to receive the Torah, his tongue was cured and he began speaking words. From where is it derived? From what we read in this context: “These are the words that Moses spoke.”

Section 2ב׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (משלי כח, כג): מוֹכִיחַ אָדָם אַחֲרַי חֵן יִמְצָא מִמַּחֲלִיק לָשׁוֹן, רַבִּי פִּינְחָס בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא אָמַר: מוֹכִיחַ זֶה משֶׁה, אָדָם אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל לד, לא): וְאַתֵּן צֹאנִי צֹאן מַרְעִיתִי אָדָם אַתֶּם, מַהוּ אַחֲרַי, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּשְׁבִיל לַהֲבִיאָן אַחֲרַי. חֵן יִמְצָא זֶה משֶׁה, דִּכְתִיב (שמות לג, יב): וְגַם מָצָאתָ חֵן בְּעֵינָי. מִמַּחֲלִיק לָשׁוֹן, זֶה בִּלְעָם, שֶׁהֶחֱלִיק בִּנְבוּאוֹתָיו וְגָבַהּ לִבָּם וְנָפְלוּ בַּשִּׁטִּים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מוֹכִיחַ אָדָם אַחֲרַי, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן, מַהוּ אַחֲרַי, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כִּבְיָכוֹל משֶׁה הוֹכִיחַנִי אַחַר יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהוֹכִיחַ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֲרַי, לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אָמַר (שמות לב, ל): אַתֶּם חֲטָאתֶם, לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר (שמות לב, יא): לָמָּה ה' יֶחֱרֶה אַפְּךָ בְּעַמֶּךָ. מַהוּ לָמָּה, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעָשׂוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הָעֵגֶל בִּקֵּשׁ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְכַלּוֹת שׂוֹנְאֵיהֶן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לוֹ משֶׁה רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם הָעֵגֶל הַזֶּה טוֹב הוּא לְסַיֵּיעַ לְךָ, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַה מְּסַיֵּיעַ לִי, אָמַר לוֹ משֶׁה אִם אַתָּה מוֹרִיד גְּשָׁמִים הוּא מַפְרִיחַ טְלָלִים, אַתָּה מוֹצִיא אֶת הָרוּחוֹת וְהוּא אֶת הַבְּרָקִים. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אַף אַתָּה טוֹעֶה בָּעֵגֶל, אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם אֶלָּא לָמָּה ה' יֶחֱרֶה אַפְּךָ בְּעַמֶּךָ. וּלְיִשְׂרָאֵל הוּא אוֹמֵר: אַתֶּם חֲטָאתֶם חֲטָאָה גְדֹלָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁכָּעַס עַל אִשְׁתּוֹ טְרָפָהּ וְהוֹצִיאָהּ מִבֵּיתוֹ, שָׁמְעוּ בּוֹ הַשּׁוֹשְׁבִינִין הָלְכוּ אֵצֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ וְאָמְרוּ לוֹ הָא מָרִי כָּךְ אָדָם עוֹשֶׂה לְאִשְׁתּוֹ, מֶה עָשְׂתָה לְךָ. וְהָלְכוּ אֶצְלָהּ וְאָמְרוּ לָהּ עַד אֵימַת אַתְּ מַכְעֶסֶת אוֹתוֹ, קַדְמוּתֵךָ הוּא תִּנְיָנוּתֵךְ הוּא. אַף משֶׁה כְּשֶׁהָלַךְ אֵצֶל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אָמַר לוֹ: לָמָּה ה' יֶחֱרֶה אַפְּךָ בְּעַמֶּךָ, לֹא בָנֶיךָ הֵם. וּכְשֶׁהָלַךְ אֵצֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל אָמַר לָהֶן עַד אֵימַת אַתֶּם מַכְעִיסִים אוֹתוֹ, קַדְמוּתְכוֹן הוּא תִּנְיָנוּתְכוֹן הוּא. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים א, א): בַּמִּדְבָּר בָּעֲרָבָה מוֹל סוּף.

Another matter: “These are the words” – this is what the verse said: “One who rebukes a man will later find more favor than one with a slippery tongue” (Proverbs 28:23). Rabbi Pinḥas said in the name of Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina: “One who rebukes” – this is Moses. “A man” – this is Israel, as it is stated: “You are My flock, flock of My pasture, you are man” (Ezekiel 34:31). What is “later [aḥarai]”? The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘In order to bring them after Me [aḥarai].’ “Will…find…favor” – this is Moses, as it is written: “And you also found favor in My eyes” (Exodus 33:12). “Than one with a slippery tongue” – this is Bilam, who was slippery-tongued in his prophecies, and they [the Israelites] became haughty and stumbled in Shitim. Another matter, “one who rebukes a man will later [aḥarai]” – Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: What is aḥarai? The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Moses, as it were, rebuked Me to follow Israel, and rebuked Israel to follow Me [aḥarai].’ To Israel, he said: “You have sinned” (Exodus 32:30). To the Holy One blessed be He, he said: “Why should Your wrath be enflamed against Your people?” (Exodus 32:11). What is “why”? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: When Israel crafted the calf, the Holy One blessed be He sought to eradicate Israel’s enemies. Moses said to Him: ‘Master of the universe, this calf is useful to assist You.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘In what way can it assist Me?’ Moses said to Him: ‘If You cause the rain to fall, it can cause the dew to rise; You can produce the winds, and it, the lightning.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘Are you, too, straying after the calf?’ Moses said before Him: ‘Then, “why should Your wrath be enflamed against Your people?”’ To Israel he said: “You have sinned a great sin” (Exodus 32:30). Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: To what is this matter comparable? To a king who became angry at his wife. He struck her and expelled her from his house. The groomsmen heard about this. They went to the king and said to him: ‘Oh, my lord, is this what a man does to his wife? What did she do to you?’ They went to her and said to her: ‘Until when will you anger him? Is it your first time? Is it your second time?’ Moses, too, when he went to the Holy One blessed be He, he said to Him: ‘“Why should your wrath be enflamed against your people,” are they not Your children?’ When he went to Israel, he said to them: ‘Until when will you anger Him? Is it your first time? Is it your second time?’ Likewise it says: “In the wilderness, in the Arava, opposite the Red Sea.”

Section 3ג׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר משֶׁה, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים נ, כא): אֵלֶּה עָשִׂיתָ וְהֶחֱרַשְׁתִּי דִּמִּיתָ הֱיוֹת אֶהְיֶה כָמוֹךָ וגו', מַהוּ אֵלֶּה עָשִׂיתָ וְהֶחֱרַשְׁתִּי, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן (שמות לב, ד): אֵלֶּה אֱלֹהֶיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל, עֲשִׂיתֶם בַּמִּדְבָּר וְהֶחֱרַשְׁתִּי לָכֶם, לָמָּה, שֶׁהָיָה משֶׁה מְפַיֵּס עָלַי וְאוֹמֵר לִי (במדבר יד, יט): סְלַח נָא, וְשָׁמַעְתִּי לוֹ. דִּמִּיתָ הֱיוֹת אֶהְיֶה כָמוֹךָ, דִּמִּיתֶם אֶת הַצּוּרָה לְיוֹצְרָהּ, וְאֶת הַנְּטִיעָה לְמִי שֶׁנְּטָעָהּ, (תהלים נ, כא): אוֹכִיחֲךָ וְאֶעֶרְכָה לְעֵינֶיךָ, תְּרֵין אָמוֹרָאִין, חַד אָמַר אֲעוֹרֵר כֹּל לְעֵינֶיךָ. וְחַד אָמַר אַסְדִּיר כֹּל לְעֵינֶיךָ. אָמַר לָהֶם משֶׁה אֵינִי מוֹכִיחַ אֶתְכֶם עַל מַה שֶּׁאַתֶּם עֲתִידִים לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶלָּא עַל מַה שֶּׁעֲשִׂיתֶם לְשֶׁעָבַר (דברים א, א): בַּמִּדְבָּר בָּעֲרָבָה מוֹל סוּף.

Another matter: “These are the words that Moses spoke” – this is what the verse said: “You have done these, and I was silent. Did you think I was like you…?” (Psalms 50:21). What is “You have done these [eleh] and I was silent”? Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: [God said:] ‘You performed [the sin of stating:] “This is [eleh] your god, Israel” (Exodus 32:4) in the wilderness and I was silent to you. Why? It is because Moses was appeasing Me and saying to Me: “Please forgive […this people]” (Numbers 14:19), and I listened to him.’ “Did you think I was like you” – you likened a form to its Creator, and the plant to the One who planted it. “[Did you think I was like you,] that I would reprove you and set it [ve’e’erkha] before your eyes?” (Psalms 50:21). Two amora’im, one said: I will arouse [a’orer] it all before you, and one said: I will arrange it all before you. Moses said to them: ‘I am not rebuking you regarding what you are destined to perform, but rather, regarding what you performed in the past – “in the wilderness, in the Arava, opposite the Red Sea.”’