בראשית רבה צ״חBereshit Rabbah 98

Section 4ד׳

רְאוּבֵן בְּכֹרִי אַתָּה (בראשית מט, ג), רַבִּי הָיָה אוֹמֵר בּוֹ דָּבָר לְשֶׁבַח וְדָבָר לִגְנַאי, אַתְּ בְּכוֹר וְעֵשָׂו בְּכוֹר (בראשית כז, ה): וַיֵּלֶךְ עֵשָׂו הַשָּׂדֶה לָצוּד צַיִד, אִם מָצָא מוּטָב וְאִם לָאו (בראשית כז, ה): לְהָבִיא מִן הַגְּזֵלוֹת וּמִן הַחֲמָסִים. וְאַתְּ (בראשית ל, יד): וַיֵּלֶךְ רְאוּבֵן בִּימֵי קְצִיר חִטִּים וגו'. (בראשית מט, ג): כֹּחִי וְרֵאשִׁית אוֹנִי, אֵלּוּ זַעְקָפֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה. (בראשית מט, ג): יֶתֶר שְׂאֵת וְיֶתֶר עָז, (דברי הימים א יב, ח): וּפְנֵי אַרְיֵה פְּנֵיהֶם. וְהָיָה אוֹמֵר בּוֹ דָּבָר לִגְנַאי רְאוּבֵן בְּכֹרִי אַתָּה, אַתְּ בְּכוֹר וַאֲנִי בְּכוֹר, אֲנִי בֶּן שְׁמוֹנִים וְאַרְבַּע שָׁנָה לֹא רָאִיתִי טִפַּת קֶרִי, וְאַתְּ (בראשית לה, כב): וַיֵּלֶךְ וַיִּשְׁכַּב אֶת בִּלְהָה. כֹּחִי וְרֵאשִׁית אוֹנִי, שֵׁרוּי חֵילִי וְשֵׁרוּי צַעֲרִי. (בראשית מט, ג): יֶתֶר שְׂאֵת וְיֶתֶר עָז, הַבְּכוֹרָה הָיְתָה שֶׁלְךָ וְהַכְּהֻנָּה הָיְתָה שֶׁלְךָ וְהַמַּלְכוּת הָיְתָה שֶׁלְךָ, וְעַכְשָׁיו שֶׁחָטָאתָ נִתְּנָה הַבְּכוֹרָה לְיוֹסֵף, וְהַכְּהֻנָּה לְלֵוִי, וְהַמַּלְכוּת לִיהוּדָה. אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא לֹא שֶׁלְךָ הָיְתָה הַבְּכוֹרָה, כְּלוּם הָלַךְ יַעֲקֹב אֵצֶל לָבָן אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִיל רָחֵל, כָּל הַחֲרִישׁוֹת שֶׁחָרַשְׁתִּי בְאִמְךָ לֹא בְרָחֵל הָיִיתִי רָאוּי לְחָרְשָׁן, עַכְשָׁיו חָזְרָה הַבְּכוֹרָה לִבְעָלֶיהָ. (בראשית לה, ד): פַּחַז כַּמַּיִם אַל תּוֹתַר, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אָמַר פָּחַזְ"תָּ חָטָא"תָ זָנִי"תָ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אָמַר פָּרַקְ"תָּ עֹל, חִלַּלְ"תָּ יְצוּעִי, זָ"ע יִצְרְךָ עָלֶיךָ. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אָמַר פָּסַעְ"תָּ עַל דָּת, חַבְתָּ"ה בִּבְכוֹרָתְךָ, זָ"ר נַעֲשֵׂיתָ לְמַתְּנוֹתֶיךָ. אָמְרוּ עַד עַכְשָׁיו אָנוּ צְרִיכִין לְמוֹדָעִי, בָּא רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַמּוֹדָעִי וּפֵרַשׁ, זַעְ"תָּ חָרַדְ"תָּ פָּרַ"ח חֵטְא מֵעַל רֹאשֶׁךָ. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּינְחָס עָשִׂיתָ כַּפֶּחָזִים שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּבְּרוּ שׁוֹקֵיהֶן בַּמַּיִם. כַּמַּיִם, רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי אַתָּה חָטָאתָ בְּמַיִם יָבוֹא מָשׁוּי מִמַּיִם וִיקָרְבֶךָ. (דברים לג, ו): יְחִי רְאוּבֵן וְאַל יָמֹת. כַּמַּיִם, מַה מַּיִם נִתָּרִין מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם כָּךְ הֻתְּרָה לָךְ. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַמּוֹדָעִי אוֹמֵר אֵין עוֹשִׂין מִקְוֶה שֶׁל יַיִן שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן אֶלָּא שֶׁל מַיִם, כָּךְ עָשִׂיתָ לְךָ מִקְוֶה שֶׁל מַיִם וְטִהַרְתָּ עַצְמְךָ בּוֹ. אַל תּוֹתַר, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ תַּרְוֵיהוֹן אָמְרֵי כָּךְ לֹא וִתַּרְתָּ לְךָ כְּלוּם. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַמּוֹדָעִי אוֹמֵר אַל יְהִי לָךְ וִתָּרוֹן עָוֹן שֶׁלְּךָ. כִּי עָלִיתָ, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ תַּרְוֵיהוֹן אָמְרֵי כִּי עָלִיתָ בְּוַדַּאי. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר כִּי עָלִיתָ, הֵיכָן בַּדּוּדָאִים. מִשְׁכְּבֵי אָבִיךָ, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה מִשְׁכַּב אָבִיךָ אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן אֶלָּא מִשְׁכְּבֵי אָבִיךָ, מִשְׁכַּב בִּלְהָה וּמִשְׁכַּב זִלְפָּה. רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ וְאָמְרֵי לָהּ רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חִיָּא רַבָּה וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי, תְּנֵינַן הַחָשׁוּד עַל דָּבָר לֹא דָּנוֹ וְלֹא מְעִידוֹ, אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהוּא עָתִיד לִהְיוֹת בְּשִׁשָּׁה שְׁבָטִים הָעוֹמְדִים בְּרֹאשׁ הַר עֵיבָל וְאוֹמְרִין (דברים כז, כ): אָרוּר שֹׁכֵב עִם אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו, וְהוּא עוֹשֶׂה הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה, אֶלָּא עֶלְבּוֹן אִמּוֹ תָּבַע, שֶׁכָּל יָמִים שֶׁהָיְתָה רָחֵל קַיֶּימֶת הָיָה מִטָּתָהּ נְתוּנָה אֵצֶל מִטָּתוֹ שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁמֵּתָה רָחֵל נָטַל יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ מִטָּתָהּ שֶׁל בִּלְהָה וּנְתָנָהּ אֵצֶל מִטָּתוֹ. אָמַר לֹא דַּיָּה לְאִמָּא לְאִתְקְנָא בְּחַיֵּי אֲחוֹתָהּ אֶלָּא אַף לְאַחַר מוֹתָהּ, עָלָה וְקִלְקֵל אֶת הַיְצוּעִין. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן פָּלִיג עֲלֵיהּ, וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי לְאֶחָד שֶׁחֲשָׁדוּהוּ מוֹכֵר תְּרוּמָה בְּשֶׁל חֻלִּין, בִּקְּשׁוּ אַחֲרָיו וְרָאוּ וְלֹא מָצְאוּ בַּדְבָרִים מַמָּשׁ, וּמִנּוּ אוֹתוֹ מְשַׁעֵר בַּשּׁוּק. אָז חִלַּלְתָּ, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ תַּרְוֵיהוֹן אָמְרִין אָז חִלַּלְתָּ וַדַּאי. עָלָה, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ תַּרְוֵיהוֹן אָמְרִין עָלָה מֵחַטָּאתֶיךָ, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר הַמּוֹדָעִי אָמַר עָלָה מִמַּתְּנוֹתֶיךָ. רַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי אֵינִי לֹא מְרַחֶקְךָ וְלֹא מְקָרֶבְךָ, אֶלָּא הֲרֵי אֲנִי תּוֹלֶה אוֹתְךָ בְּרִפְיוֹן, עַד שֶׁיָּבוֹא משֶׁה שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ (שמות יט, ג): וּמשֶׁה עָלָה אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים, מַה שֶּׁדַּעְתּוֹ רוֹאָה לַעֲשׂוֹת בְּךָ עוֹשֶׂה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּא משֶׁה הִתְחִיל מְקָרְבוֹ (דברים לג, ו): יְחִי רְאוּבֵן. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי כָּךְ הָיְתָה עֲדָתוֹ שֶׁל קֹרַח [היך דכתיב לעיל].

“Reuben, you are my firstborn” – Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] would say [an interpretation] of this as praise and [an interpretation] as criticism. You are firstborn, and Esau is firstborn. “Esau went to the field to hunt game [to bring]” (Genesis 27:5) – if he found, fine; if not, “to bring” from what he stole or took by force. But you, “Reuben went during the days of wheat harvest [and found mandrakes in the field and brought them to his mother Leah]” (Genesis 30:14). “My strength, and the first of my potency” – these are the vanguard in the battle. “Greater honor and greater power” – “their faces were like the faces of lions” (I Chronicles 12:9). He would say [an interpretation] about this as criticism – “Reuben, you are my firstborn” – you are firstborn and I am firstborn. I, at the age of eighty-four years old, had never seen a drop of seminal emission, but you: “[Reuben] went and lay with Bilha” (Genesis 35:22). “My strength, and the first of my potency” – the first of my toil and the first of my travail. “Greater honor and greater power” – the birthright was yours, the priesthood was yours, the kingship was yours, but now that you sinned, the birthright was given to Joseph, the priesthood to Levi, and the kingship to Judah. Rabbi Aḥa said: The birthright was not yours. Is it not so that Jacob went to Laban only for Rachel? All the furrows that I plowed in your mother; was it not in Rachel that they should have been plowed? Now, the birthright has returned to its owner. "Impetuous as water, you shall not excel; because you mounted your father's bed; then you desecrated, he who ascended my couch” (Genesis 49:4). “Impetuous as water, you shall not excel” – Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua: Rabbi Eliezer said: You were impetuous [paḥazta], you sinned [ḥatata], you engaged in harlotry [zanita]. Rabbi Yehoshua said: You rebelled [parakta ol], you desecrated [ḥilalta] my couch, your evil inclination stirred [za] within you. Rabbi Eliezer ben Yaakov said: You trampled [pasata] the law, you forfeited [ḥavta] your birthright, you became a stranger [zar] vis-à-vis your gifts. They said: Even now, we still need the Moda’i. Rabbi Eliezer HaModa’i came and explained: You shuddered [zata], you trembled [ḥaradta], the sin flew [paraḥ] from upon your head. Rabbi Pinḥas said: You acted like those impetuous ones who break their shins in the water. “As water” – the Rabbis say: You sinned through water, let the one who was drawn from water come and draw you near: “May Reuben live and not die” (Deuteronomy 33:6). “As water” – just as water is released from place to place, so, you have been released. Rabbi Eliezer HaModa’i says: One does not make a ritual bath of wine or of oil, but rather of water; so, you made yourself a ritual bath of water and you purified yourself in it. “You shall not excel [totar]” – Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua, both of them said this: Nothing was relinquished [vitarta] for you. Rabbi Eliezer HaModa’i says: There will be nothing remaining [vitaron] for you from your sin. “Because you mounted [alita]” – Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua, both of them said: Because you mounted in its plain sense. Rabbi Elazar said: Because you mounted [alita] – where? In the case of the mandrakes. “Your father’s bed [mishkevei avikha]” – Rabbi Berekhya said: It is not written here: Your father’s bed [mishkav] , but rather, “your father’s beds [mishkevei]” – the bed of Bilha and the bed of Zilpa. Rabbi Abbahu, and some say Rabbi Yaakov, in the name of Rabbi Ḥiyya Rabba, and Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: We learned: One who is suspect in some matter neither judges in its regard nor testifies in its regard. Is it possible that he is destined to be one of the six tribes that were standing on Mount Eval and saying: “Cursed is one who lies with his father’s wife” (Deuteronomy 27:20), and he performed this very act? Rather, he was defending his mother’s honor. All the days that Rachel was alive, her bed was situated alongside the bed of Jacob our patriarch. When Rachel died, Jacob our patriarch took Bilha’s bed and placed it alongside his bed. [Reuben] said: Is it not enough that my mother was jealous during her sister’s lifetime, that she must be so even after her death? He rose and rearranged the beds. Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon disagrees with this and [says that] Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi [said] in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: This is analogous to one who was suspected of selling teruma as non-sacred produce. They investigated him and inspected, but did not find any substance to these claims, and they appointed him in charge of setting prices in the marketplace. “Then you desecrated” – Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua, both of them said: “Then you desecrated” – in its plain sense. “Ascended” – Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua, both of them said: You ascended from your sin. Rabbi Eliezer HaModa’i said: You ascended from your gifts. The Rabbis say: I am neither distancing you nor drawing you near. Instead I am leaving you in loose abeyance until Moses, in whose regard it is written: “And Moses ascended to God” (Exodus 19:3), comes, and does with you what he perceives to be correct. When Moses came, he began to draw him near: “May Reuben live” (Deuteronomy 33:6). The Rabbis say: The same was true of the congregation of Koraḥ, .

Section 5ה׳

שִׁמְעוֹן וְלֵוִי אַחִים (בראשית מט, ה), אַחִים לְדִינָה וְלֹא לְיוֹסֵף. (בראשית מט, ה): כְּלֵי חָמָס מְכֵרֹתֵיהֶם, אָמַר לָהֶם הַכֵּלִים הַלָּלוּ שֶׁבְּיֶדְכֶן גְּזוּלִים הֵם בְּיֶדְכֶם, לְמִי הֵם רְאוּיִים לִמְכֵרוֹתֵיהֶן, לְעֵשָׂו שֶׁמָּכַר אֶת הַבְּכוֹרָה. (בראשית מט, ו): בְּסֹדָם אַל תָּבֹא נַפְשִׁי, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהֵן בָּאִים לִטֹּל עֵצָה בַּשִּׁטִים. (בראשית מט, ו): בִּקְהָלָם אַל תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהֵם נִקְהָלִין עַל משֶׁה בַּעֲדַת קֹרַח, בִּקְהָלָם אַל תֵּחַד כְּבֹדִי, אֲבָל לַדּוּכָן יִזָּכֵר שְׁמִי, כְּשֶׁבָּנָיו עוֹמְדִין עַל הַדּוּכָן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים א ו, יח): וְאֵלֶּה הָעֹמְדִים וגו' וּבְנֵיהֶם הֵימָן וגו', רַבִּי הוּנָא וְרַבִּי חֲנִינָא וְרַבִּי פִּינְחָס תְּלָתֵיהוֹן אָמְרֵי (דברי הימים א ו, כג): בֶּן יִצְהָר בֶּן קְהָת בֶּן לֵוִי בֶּן יִשְׂרָאֵל. (בראשית מט, ו): כִּי בְאַפָּם הָרְגוּ אִישׁ, זֶה חֲמוֹר אֲבִי שְׁכֶם. עִקְּרוּ שׁוֹר, עֲקַרְתּוּן שׁוּרָן שֶׁל גֵּרִים. רַבִּי חוּנְיָא וְרַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֲחִיָא בַּר אַבָּא דִּכְתִיב: וּבִרְצֹנָם עִקְּרוּ שׁוֹר, בִּשְׁבִיל לַעֲשׂוֹת רְצוֹן יִצְרְכֶם עֲקַרְתֶּם שׁוּרָן שֶׁל גֵּרִים. עִקְּרוּ אֵבוּס, זֶה אֶחָד מֵהַדְּבָרִים שֶׁשִּׁנּוּ לְתַלְמַי הַמֶּלֶךְ. (בראשית מט, ז): אָרוּר אַפָּם כִּי עָז, רַבִּי חוּנְיָא וְרַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן רִבָּה בָּהֶן בּוֹהַקְנִין מַעֲלֶה חֵמָה, הֲדָא אָמְרָה עַל מִי שֶׁהוּא בַּהֲקָן שֶׁהוּא מַעֲלֶה חֵמָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֵּן, וְצָפָה הַמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁהַנָּחָשׁ עָתִיד לִשֹּׁךְ אֶת בְּנוֹ, אָמַר יְהִי לִיט חִוְיָא דְּבָעֵי לְמִכַּת יַת בְּרִי. כָּךְ בָּא לְקַלְּלָן וְקִלֵּל אֶת אַפָּם, אָרוּר אַפָּם כִּי עָז וְעֶבְרָתָם כִּי קָשָׁתָה, וַעֲבֵרָתָם כִּי קָשָׁתָה. (בראשית מט, ז): אֲחַלְקֵם בְּיַעֲקֹב, זֶה שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי (במדבר יח, ע): אֲנִי חֶלְקְךָ וְנַחֲלָתְךָ. וַאֲפִיצֵם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, זֶה שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל שִׁמְעוֹן, הֲדָא אָמְרָה רֻבָּן שֶׁל עֲנִיִּים מִשֵּׁבֶט שִׁמְעוֹן הָיוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא אַף עַל גַּב דְּאָנוּ מְפָרְשִׁין וְאָמְרִין (במדבר לה, ח): וְהֶעָרִים אֲשֶׁר תִּתְּנוּ מֵאֲחֻזַּת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁשָּׁה עִיר אֶתְהֶן וְאֶת מִגְרְשֵׁיהֶם, כֻּלָּן מִשֶּׁל שִׁמְעוֹן הָיוּ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאוּ אוֹתוֹ שֶׁהוּא מְקַנְטְרָן הִתְחִילוּ מִסְתַּלְּקִין לַזָּוִיּוֹת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה שֶׁהֵן מִסְתַּלְּקִין לַזָּוִיּוֹת הִתְחִיל קוֹרֵא לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד.

“Simeon and Levi are brothers; weapons of villainy are their heritage” (Genesis 49:5) “Simeon and Levi are brothers” – brothers of Dina but not brothers of Joseph. “Weapons of villainy are their heritage [mekheroteihem]” – he said to them: These weapons in your possession have been stolen by you. For whom are they fitting? It is for mekheroteihem – for Esau, who sold [makhar] the birthright. “Let my soul not come in their company; with their assembly let my glory not be associated; for in their anger they killed men, and with their will they hamstrung oxen” (Genesis 49:6). “Let my soul not come in their company” – when they come to take counsel in Shitim. “With their assembly let my glory not be associated” – when they assemble against Moses in the congregation of Koraḥ. “With their assembly let my glory not be associated” – but for the platform, let my name be associated, when his descendants stand on the platform, as it is stated: “These are those who stood, and their sons, [from the sons of the Kehatites:] Heiman [the singer, son of Yoel, son of Samuel]” (I Chronicles 6:18). Rabbi Huna, Rabbi Ḥanina, and Rabbi Pinḥas: The three of them said: “Son of Yitzhar, son of Kehat, son of Levi, son of Israel” (I Chronicles 6:23). “For in their anger they killed men [ish]” – this is Ḥamor father of Shekhem. “Hamstrung [ikeru] oxen [shor]” – they undermined [akartun] the security wall [shuran] of proselytes. Rabbi Ḥunya and Rabbi Yirmeya in the name of Rabbi Aḥiya bar Abba: As it is written: “And with their will they hamstrung [ikeru] oxen” – in order to fulfill the will of your inclination, you undermined [akartem] the security wall of proselytes. “Undermined a trough” – this is one of the matters that they emended for King Ptolemy. “Cursed be their anger, as it is fierce, and their wrath, as it is harsh; I will divide them in Jacob, and I will disperse them in Israel” (Genesis 49:7). “Cursed be their anger, as it is fierce” – Rabbi Ḥunya and Rabbi Azarya in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: [Jacob] increased the number of hot-tempered bohaknin among them. That is what is said regarding one who is afflicted with bohak patches, that he is hot-tempered. Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said: [This is analogous] to a king who had a son, and the king foresaw that a serpent was destined to bite his son. He said: May the serpent that seeks to bite my son be cursed. So, [Jacob] came to curse them, but he cursed their anger. “Cursed be their anger, as it is fierce, and their wrath [ve’evratam], as it is harsh” – and their transgression [vaaveratam], as it is harsh. “I will divide them [aḥalkem] in Jacob” – this is the tribe of Levi: “I am your portion [ḥelkekha] and your inheritance” (Numbers 18:20). “And I will disperse them in Israel” – this is the tribe of Simeon. That is what is said: Most of the poor were from the tribe of Simeon. Rabbi Tanḥuma said: Although we explain and say: “And the cities that you shall give from the holding of the children of Israel, [from the greater you shall increase and from the lesser you shall decrease]” (Numbers 35:8), six cities, they and their open land, all of them were from Simeon. When they saw that he was rebuking them, they began departing to the corners. When he saw that they were departing to the corners, he began calling each and every one.