בראשית רבה י״טBereshit Rabbah 19

Section 1א׳

וְהַנָּחָשׁ הָיָה עָרוּם (בראשית ג, א), כְּתִיב (קהלת א, יח): כִּי בְּרֹב חָכְמָה רָב כָּעַס וְיוֹסִיף דַּעַת יוֹסִיף מַכְאוֹב, עַל יְדֵי שֶׁאָדָם מַרְבֶּה עָלָיו חָכְמָה הוּא מַרְבֶּה עָלָיו כַּעַס, וְעַל יְדֵי שֶׁהוּא מוֹסִיף דַּעַת הוּא מוֹסִיף עָלָיו מַכְאוֹב, אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהִרְבֵּיתִי עָלַי חָכְמָה הִרְבֵּיתִי עָלַי כַּעַס, וְעַל יְדֵי שֶׁהוֹסַפְתִּי עָלַי דַּעַת הוֹסַפְתִּי עָלַי מַכְאוֹב, שָׁמַעְתָּ מִיָּמֶיךָ אוֹמֵר חֲמוֹר זֶה יוֹצֵא צִינָה עָלָיו, כַּמָּה חֲכָכִים בָּאָה עָלָיו, וְהֵיכָן הֵן יִסּוּרִין מְצוּיִין, עַל בְּנֵי אָדָם. רַב אָמַר אֵין תַּלְמִיד חָכָם צָרִיךְ הַתְרָאָה, אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן כִּכְלֵי פִּשְׁתָּן הַדַּקִּים הַבָּאִים מִבֵּית שְׁאָן אִם מִתְפַּחֲמִין קִמְעָא הֵן אֲבוּדִין, אֲבָל כְּלֵי פִּשְׁתָּן הָאַרְבֵּלִיִּין, כַּמָּה הֵן וְכַמָּה דְּמֵיהֶם. תָּנֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל לְפוּם גַּמְלָא שִׁחֲנָא, בְּנוֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי אָדָם נִכְנָסִין לִקְפִילִין, חַד אֲמַר אַיְיתֵי קוּפָר צָלִי, וּפִתָּא נְקִיָּה, וַחֲמַר טַב. וְחַד אֲמַר אַיְיתֵי פִּתָּא וּתְרָדִין. דֵּין אָכַל וּמִתְנַזֵּק, וְדֵין אָכַל וְלָא מִתְנַזֵּק, הֱוֵי עַל דֵּין הִיא רַבָּה וְעַל אוֹחֲרָן לֵית הִיא רַבָּה. תָּנֵי בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי מֵאִיר, לְפִי גְּדֻלָּתוֹ שֶׁל נָחָשׁ הָיָה מַפַּלְתּוֹ, עָרוּם מִכֹּל, אָרוּר מִכֹּל. רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא רַבָּה אָמַר דִּקְרָטִים הָיָה עוֹמֵד כְּקָנֶה וְרַגְלַיִם הָיוּ לוֹ. רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר אֶפִּיקוֹרֶס הָיָה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אָמַר כְּגַמָּל הָיָה, טוֹבָה גְּדוֹלָה חָסַר הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁאִלְמָלֵא כֵּן הָיָה אָדָם מְשַׁלֵּחַ פְּרַגְמַטְיָא בְּיָדוֹ וְהָיָה הוֹלֵךְ וּבָא.

“The serpent was more cunning than any beast of the field that the Lord God had made. It said to the woman: Did God actually say: You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?” (Genesis 3:1). “The serpent was…cunning” – it is written: “For with great wisdom is great anger, and he who increases knowledge increases pain” (Ecclesiastes 1:18). By increasing wisdom a person increases anger against himself; by increasing knowledge he brings pain upon himself. Solomon said: Because I increased wisdom for myself I increased anger against myself, and because I increased my knowledge I brought pain upon myself. Have you ever heard anyone say: ‘This donkey is afflicted by a cold?’ [Or:] ‘So many inflammations afflict him.’ [Of course not.] Where is suffering found? It is among human beings. Rav said: A Torah scholar does not require forewarning. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is like fine linen garments that come from Beit She’an; if they get a bit dirty they are ruined [and it is a great loss]. But the linen garments of Arbel, what is their quality, and what is their value? Rabbi Yishmael taught: In accordance with the camel, so is its burden. This is the ordinary way of the world : If two people enter a restaurant, and one says: ‘Bring me a piece of roast meat, white bread, and fine wine,’ and the other says: ‘Give me bread and beets.’ This one ]the first man] eats and suffers, and that one [the second man] eats and does not suffer. The food is too much for this one, but it is not too much for that one. It is taught in the name of Rabbi Meir: The downfall of the serpent was in accordance with its greatness – The more cunning, the more cursed. Rabbi Hoshaya Rabba said: It [the serpent] stood erect like a reed, and it had legs. Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar said: It was a heretic. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar said: It was like a camel. The world lost a great benefit, as were it not so [that the serpent was punished], man would have been able to send merchandise with it and it would have been able to come and go [by itself].

Section 2ב׳

וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל הָאִשָּׁה אַף כִּי אָמַר אֱלֹהִים (בראשית ג, א), אָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן סַנְסָן אַרְבָּעָה הֵן שֶׁפָּתְחוּ בְּאַף וְנֶאֶבְדוּ בְּאַף, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן, נָחָשׁ, וְשַׂר הָאוֹפִים, וַעֲדַת קֹרַח, וְהָמָן. נָחָשׁ (בראשית ג, א): וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל הָאִשָּׁה אַף. שַׂר הָאוֹפִים (בראשית מ, טז): אַף אֲנִי בַּחֲלוֹמִי. עֲדַת קֹרַח (במדבר טז, יד): אַף לֹא אֶל אֶרֶץ. הָמָן (אסתר ה, יב): אַף לֹא הֵבִיאָה אֶסְתֵּר.

“It said to the woman: Did [af] God actually say…” – Rabbi Ḥanina ben Sansan said: There are four people who began a statement with af and perished by [divine] wrath [af], and they are: The serpent, the baker [in prison with Joseph], the congregation of Koraḥ, and Haman. The serpent – “It said to the woman: Did [af] God actually say…” The baker – “I, too [af], in my dream…” (Genesis 40:16). The congregation of Koraḥ – “Moreover, [af] not to a land…” (Numbers 16:14). Haman – “Moreover, [af] Esther did not bring…” (Esther 5:12).

Section 3ג׳

וַתֹּאמֶר הָאִשָּׁה אֶל הַנָּחָשׁ (בראשית ג, ב), וְהֵיכָן הָיָה אָדָם בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה, אַבָּא בַּר קוֹרְיָיה אָמַר נִתְעַסֵּק בְּדֶרֶךְ אֶרֶץ וְיָשַׁן לוֹ. רַבָּנָן אַמְרֵי נְטָלוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְהֶחֱזִירוֹ בְּכָל הָעוֹלָם כֻּלּוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ כָּאן בֵּית נֶטַע, כָּאן בֵּית זֶרַע, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ירמיה ב, ו): בְּאֶרֶץ לֹא עָבַר בָּהּ אִישׁ וְלֹא יָשַׁב אָדָם שָׁם, לֹא יָשַׁב אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן שָׁם. וּמִפְּרִי הָעֵץ אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ הַגָּן וגו' וְלֹא תִגְעוּ בּוֹ (בראשית ג, ג), הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי ל, ו): אַל תּוֹסְףְ עַל דְּבָרָיו פֶּן יוֹכִיחַ בְּךָ וְנִכְזָבְתָּ. תָּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּא שֶׁלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה אֶת הַגָּדֵר יוֹתֵר מִן הָעִקָּר שֶׁלֹא יִפֹּל וְיִקְצֹץ הַנְּטִיעוֹת. כָּךְ אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (בראשית ב, יז): כִּי בְּיוֹם אֲכָלְךָ מִמֶּנּוּ וגו', וְהִיא לֹא אָמְרָה כֵּן, אֶלָא (בראשית ג, ג): אָמַר אֱלֹהִים לֹא תֹאכְלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ וְלֹא תִגְּעוּ בּוֹ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה אוֹתָהּ עוֹבֶרֶת לִפְנֵי הָעֵץ נְטָלָהּ וּדְחָפָהּ עָלָיו, אָמַר לָהּ הָא לָא מִיתַת, כְּמָה דְּלָא מִיתַת בְּמִקְרְבֵיהּ, כֵּן לָא מִיתַת בְּמֵיכְלֵיהּ, אֶלָּא (בראשית ג, ה): כִּי יֹדֵעַ אֱלֹהִים כִּי בְּיוֹם וגו'.

“The woman said to the serpent: From the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat” (Genesis 3:2). “The woman said to the serpent” – where was Adam at that time? Abba bar Korya said: He had engaged in the way of nature and he was sleeping. The Rabbis say: The Holy One blessed be He was taking him and circulating throughout the entire world [telling him]: ‘This is a good place to plant, this is a good place to sow.’ That is what is written: “In a land that no man has ever crossed, and where no person [adam] has ever dwelled” (Jeremiah 2:6) – Adam the first man did not dwell there. “But from the fruit of the tree that is in the midst of the garden, God said: You shall not eat of it, nor shall you touch it, lest you die” (Genesis 3:3). “But from the fruit of the tree that is in the midst of the garden…nor shall you touch it” – that is what is written: “Do not add to His words, lest He rebuke you, and you will be found to be false” (Proverbs 30:6). Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: [This teaches] that you should not make the fence [around an orchard] taller than the main object [being protected], so it should not fall and sever the saplings. So, the Holy One blessed be He said [merely]: “As on the day that you eat of it [you shall die]” (Genesis 2:17). But she did not say that, rather [she added on to it and said:] “God said: You shall not eat of it, nor shall you touch it.” When it saw her passing before the tree, it took hold of her and pushed her onto it. It said to her: ‘See, you did not die. Just as you did not die from touching it, so you will not die from eating of it. Rather [the real reason God forbade you to eat of it is:] “for God knows that on the day [you eat from it…you will be as God, knowing good from evil]”’ (Genesis 3:5).