בראשית רבה כ׳Bereshit Rabbah 20

Section 4ד׳

כִּי עָשִׂיתָ זֹּאת (בראשית ג, יד), אָמַר רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא בִּשְׁבִיל זוֹ, כָּל פְּעֻלָּה שֶׁלָּךְ לֹא בִּשְׁבִיל זוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא מִתְּחִלַּת הַסֵּפֶר וְעַד כָּאן שִׁבְעִים וְאֶחָד אַזְכָּרוֹת, מַגִּיד שֶׁנִּדּוֹן בְּסַנְהֶדְרִין שְׁלֵמָה. רַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי, אֵרֲרוֹ בְּצָרַעַת. הָלֵין סַלְעַיָא דְּבֵיהּ צָרַעַן אִינוּן. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר רָאִיתָ מִיָּמֶיךָ מֵאַחַר שֶׁאָדָם מַכֶּה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ בְּמַקֵּל הוּא חוֹזֵר וּמַכֶּה אוֹתוֹ בִּרְצוּעָה, כָּךְ אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל הַבְּהֵמָה כָּל שֶׁכֵּן מִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה. תָּנֵי בְּהֵמָה גַסָּה טְהוֹרָה יוֹלֶדֶת לְתִשְׁעָה חֳדָשִׁים, בְּהֵמָה גַּסָּה טְמֵאָה יוֹלֶדֶת לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֳדָשִׁים, בְּהֵמָה דַּקָּה טְהוֹרָה יוֹלֶדֶת לַחֲמִשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים, וְהַכֶּלֶב לַחֲמִשִּׁים יוֹם, וְהֶחָתוּל לַחֲמִשִּׁים וּשְׁנַיִם, וְהַחֲזִיר לְשִׁשִּׁים יוֹם, וְהַנְּמִיָּה לְשִׁבְעִים יוֹם, הַצְּבִי וְהַשּׁוּעָל לְשִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים, וּשְׁאָר כָּל הַשְּׁרָצִים לְשִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים, וְהָאֲרִי וְהַדֹּב וְהַנָּמֵר וְהַפִּיל וְהַקּוֹף, הַקִּפּוֹד לְשָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים, וְהַנָּחָשׁ לְשֶׁבַע שָׁנִים, וְהָאֶפְעֶה לְשִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה. פִּילוֹסוֹפוּס אֶחָד בִּקֵּשׁ לֵידַע לְכַמָּה הַנָּחָשׁ מוֹלִיד, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה אוֹתָם מִתְעַסְּקִין זֶה עִם זֶה, נְטָלָן וּנְתָנָן בְּחָבִית וְהָיָה מַסְפִּיק לָהֶם מְזוֹנוֹת עַד שֶׁיָּלְדוּ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁעָלוּ הַזְּקֵנִים לְרוֹמִי, שָׁאַל אֶת רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אָמַר לוֹ לְכַמָּה הַנָּחָשׁ מוֹלִיד, וְלֹא יָכוֹל לְהָשִׁיבוֹ, וְנִתְכַּרְכְּמוּ פָּנָיו, פָּגַע בּוֹ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּפָנָיו חוֹלָנִית, אָמַר לוֹ לָמָּה פָּנֶיךָ חוֹלָנִית, אָמַר לוֹ שְׁאֵלָה אַחַת נִשְׁאַלְתִּי וְלֹא יָכַלְתִּי לַהֲשִׁיבוֹ, אָמַר לוֹ מַה הִיא, אָמַר לְכַמָּה נָחָשׁ מוֹלִיד, אָמַר לוֹ לְשֶׁבַע שָׁנִים, אָמַר לוֹ מְנָא לָךְ, אָמַר לוֹ הַכֶּלֶב חַיָּה טְמֵאָה וּמוֹלִיד לַחֲמִישִׁים יוֹם, וּבְהֵמָה טְמֵאָה יוֹלֶדֶת לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, וּכְתִיב אָרוּר אַתָּה מִכָּל הַבְּהֵמָה וּמִכֹּל חַיַּת הַשָׂדֶה, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁהַבְּהֵמָה אֲרוּרָה מִן הַחַיָּה שִׁבְעָה, כָּךְ נָחָשׁ אָרוּר מֵהַבְּהֵמָה שִׁבְעָה. כְּמִפְּנֵי רַמְשָׁא סְלֵק וַאֲמַר לֵיהּ, הִתְחִיל מֵטִיחַ רֹאשׁוֹ לַכֹּתֶל, אָמַר כָּל מַה שֶּׁעָמַלְתִּי שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים בָּא זֶה וְהוֹשִׁיטוֹ לִי בְּקָנֶה אֶחָד.

“Because you did this [zot]” – Rabbi Hoshaya said: It was because of this woman. Was every action that you took not because of her? Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said in the name of Rabbi Hoshaya: From the beginning of the book until here there are seventy-one mentions of God’s name. This tells you that it [the serpent] was judged before an entire Sanhedrin. Rabbi Hoshaya of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: He cursed it [the serpent] with leprosy. Those stone-shaped blotches on it are leprous. Rabbi Elazar said: Have you ever seen that after a person strikes another with a rod he then strikes him with a strap? So, “cursed are you from all the animals” (Genesis 3:14), all the more so [was it cursed] “from all the beasts of the field” (Genesis 3:14). It was taught: A large kosher animal gives birth after nine months [of gestation], a large non-kosher animal gives birth after twelve months; a small kosher animal gives birth at five months, and the dog at fifty days, the cat at fifty-two, the pig at sixty days, the mongoose at seventy days, the deer and the fox at six months, and all the other swarming creatures at six months, the lion, the bear, the tiger, the elephant, the monkey, the hedgehog at three years, the serpent at seven years, and the adder at seventy years. A certain scholar once sought to ascertain after how long the serpent bears an offspring. When he saw them mating with one another, he took them and placed them in a barrel, and provided them with sustenance until they gave birth. When the elders once traveled to Rome, he [the scholar] asked Rabban Gamliel: After how long does the serpent bear an offspring? He was unable to answer him and his face turned pallid. Rabbi Yehoshua encountered him and his face was sickly. He said to him: ‘Why is your face sickly?’ He said to him: ‘I was asked a question and I was unable to answer it.’ He said to him: ‘What was it?’ He said: ‘After how long does the serpent bear an offspring?’ He said to him: ‘After seven years.’ He said to him: ‘From where do you know this?’ He said to him: ‘The dog is a non-kosher beast and bears offspring after fifty days. A non-kosher animal gives birth at twelve months. It says [of the serpent]: “Cursed are you from all the animals and from all the beasts of the field.” Just as the animal is seven times more cursed than the beast [dog], so, the serpent is seven times more cursed than the animal.’ Towards evening, he [Rabban Gamliel] ascended and said it to him [the scholar]. He began banging his head against the wall. He said: ‘After everything that I toiled for seven years, this man comes and presented it to me with a reed.’

Section 5ה׳

עַל גְּחֹנְךָ תֵלֵךְ (בראשית ג, יד), בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל גְּחֹנְךָ תֵלֵךְ, יָרְדוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת וְקָצְצוּ יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו, וְהָיָה קוֹלוֹ הוֹלֵךְ מִסּוֹף הָעוֹלָם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ, בָּא נָחָשׁ לְלַמֵּד עַל מַפַּלְתָּהּ שֶׁל מִצְרַיִם וְנִמְצָא לָמֵד מִמֶּנָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיה מו, כב): קוֹלָהּ כַּנָּחָשׁ יֵלֵךְ, רַבִּי יוּדָן וְרַבִּי הוּנָא, חַד מִנְהוֹן אָמַר אַתָּה גָּרַמְתָּ לַבְּרִיּוֹת שֶׁיְהוּ מְהַלְּכֵי גְּחוּנִים עַל מֵתֵיהֶם, אַף אַתָּה עַל גְּחֹנְךָ תֵלֵךְ. אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אַף קִלְּלָתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יֵשׁ בָּהּ בְּרָכָה, אָמַר אִלּוּלֵי שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל גְּחֹנְךָ תֵלֵךְ, הֵיאַךְ הָיָה בּוֹרֵחַ לַכֹּתֶל וְנִכְנַס לַחֹר וְנִצֹּל. (בראשית ג, יד): וְעָפָר תֹּאכַל כָּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ, אָמַר רַבִּי חִילְפָאי לֹא עָפָר מִכָּל צַד אֶלָּא בּוֹקֵעַ וְיוֹרֵד עַד שֶׁהוּא מַגִּיעַ לְסֶלַע וְשׁוֹמֵט גִּידִין שֶׁל אֲדָמָה וְאוֹכֵל. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא הַכֹּל מִתְרַפְּאִין חוּץ מִנָּחָשׁ וְגִבְעוֹנִים, נָחָשׁ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה סה, כה): וְנָחָשׁ עָפָר לַחְמוֹ לֹא יָרֵעוּ וְלֹא יַשְׁחִיתוּ וגו', גִּבְעוֹנִים (יחזקאל מח, יט): וְהָעֹבֵד הָעִיר יַעַבְדוּהוּ מִכֹּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, רַבִּי אָסֵי וְרַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲנִי עֲשִׂיתִיךָ מֶלֶךְ עַל הַבְּהֵמָה וְעַל הַחַיָּה וְאַתָּה לֹא בִּקַּשְׁתָּ, אֲנִי עֲשִׂיתִיךָ שֶׁתְּהֵא מְהַלֵּךְ קוֹמְמִיּוּת כְּאָדָם, וְאַתָּה לֹא בִּקַּשְׁתָּ, עַל גְּחֹנְךָ תֵלֵךְ. אֲנִי עֲשִׂיתִיךָ שֶׁתְּהֵא אוֹכֵל מַאֲכָלוֹת כְּאָדָם, וְאַתָּה לֹא בִּקַּשְׁתָּ, וְעָפָר תֹּאכַל כָּל יְמֵי חַיֶּיךָ, אַתָּה בִּקַּשְׁתָּ לַהֲרֹג אֶת הָאָדָם וְלִשָּׂא אֶת חַוָּה, וְאֵיבָה אָשִׁית בֵּינְךָ וּבֵין הָאִשָּׁה, הֱוֵי מַה שֶּׁבִּקֵּשׁ לֹא נִתַּן לוֹ, וּמַה שֶּׁבְּיָדוֹ נִטַּל מִמֶּנּוּ. וְכֵן מָצִינוּ בְּקַיִן וּבְקֹרַח וּבִלְעָם וּבְדוֹאֵג וַאֲחִיתֹפֶל וְגֵיחֲזִי וְאַבְשָׁלוֹם וּבַאֲדוֹנִיָּהוּ וּבְעֻזִּיָּהוּ וּבְהָמָן, מַה שֶׁבִּקְּשׁוּ לֹא נִתַּן לָהֶם, וּמַה שֶּׁבְּיָדָם נִטַּל מֵהֶם.

“On your belly you shall go” – when the Holy One blessed be He said to it: “On your belly you shall go,” the ministering angels descended and severed its arms and its legs, and its voice carried from the end of the world to its end. The serpent comes to shed light on the downfall of Egypt, but in the end is itself illuminated by it, as it is stated [regarding Egypt]: “Its outcry will sound out like a serpent” (Jeremiah 46:22). Rabbi Yudan and Rabbi Huna, one of them said: [God told the serpent:] ‘You caused people to walk bent over [in grief] over their dead; you, too, will go on your belly.’ Rabbi Eliezer said: Even the curse of the Holy One blessed be He contains a blessing. Had the Holy One blessed be He not said to it: “On your belly you shall go,” how would it flee into a wall, enter a hole and be saved? “And you shall eat dust all the days of your life” – Rabbi Ḥilfai said: Not the dust on all sides, but rather, it breaks through [the soil] and descends until it reaches bedrock, and it loosens soil fibers and eats. Rabbi Levi said: In the Messianic future, everyone will be cured [from their disabilities] except for the serpent and the Givonites. The serpent, as it is stated [of the Messianic future]: “A serpent, dust will be its food. None will harm or destroy [on the entire mountain of My holiness]” (Isaiah 65:25). The Givonites – “the workers of the city from all the tribes of Israel will cultivate it” (Ezekiel 48:19). Rabbi Asi and Rabbi Hoshaya said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: The Holy One blessed be He said to it [the serpent]: ‘I made you king over animal and beast, but you did not want it. I made you such that you would walk upright like man, but you did not want it; now, “on your belly you shall go.” I made you such that you would eat food like man, but you did not want it; now, “you shall eat dust all the days of your life.” You sought to kill Adam and to marry Eve; so “I will place enmity between you and the woman”’ (Genesis 3:15). That is, what it sought was not given to it, and what had been in its possession was taken from it. We find likewise regarding Cain, Koraḥ, Bilam, Doeg, Aḥitofel, Geiḥazi, Absalom, Adoniyahu, Uziyahu, and Haman. What they sought was not given to them, and what had been in their possession was taken from them.