במדבר רבה ו׳Bamidbar Rabbah 6

Section 1א׳

נָשׂא אֶת רֹאשׁ בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן וגו' (במדבר ד, כב), הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי ג, טו): יְקָרָה הִיא מִפְּנִינִים וְכָל חֲפָצֶיךָ לֹא יִשְׁווּ בָהּ, תְּנֵינַן תַּמָּן (תוספתא הוריות ב, ח): חָכָם קוֹדֵם לְמֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל, מֵת חָכָם אֵין לָנוּ כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ, מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁמֵּת כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל רְאוּיִן לְמַלְכוּת. הַמֶּלֶךְ קוֹדֵם לְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א א, לג): וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ לָהֶם קְחוּ עִמָּכֶם אֶת עַבְדֵי אֲדֹנֵיכֶם וגו'. כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל קוֹדֵם לְנָבִיא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א א, לד): וּמָשַׁח אֹתוֹ שָׁם צָדוֹק הַכֹּהֵן וְנָתָן הַנָּבִיא, צָדוֹק קוֹדֵם לְנָתָן. רַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמַר (ירושלמי הוריות ג-ה): נָבִיא כּוֹפֵף יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו וְיוֹשֵׁב לוֹ לִפְנֵי כֹּהֵן, מַה טַעַם, דִּכְתִיב (זכריה ג, ח): שְׁמַע נָא יְהוֹשֻׁעַ הַכֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל וגו', יָכוֹל בְּנֵי אָדָם הֶדְיוֹטוֹת הָיוּ, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (זכריה ג, ח): כִּי אַנְשֵׁי מוֹפֵת הֵמָּה, וְאֵין מוֹפֵת אֶלָּא נְבוּאָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יג, ב): וְנָתַן אֵלֶיךָ אוֹת אוֹ מוֹפֵת. מָשׁוּחַ בְּשֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה קוֹדֵם לִמְרֻבֶּה בְּגָדִים. נָבִיא קוֹדֵם לִמְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה, מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה קוֹדֵם לִסְגָן, סְגָן קוֹדֵם לְרֹאשׁ מִשְׁמָר, רֹאשׁ מִשְׁמָר קוֹדֵם לְרֹאשׁ בֵּית אָב, רֹאשׁ בֵּית אָב קוֹדֵם לַאֲמַרְכָּל, אֲמַרְכָּל קוֹדֵם לְגִזְבָּר, גִּזְבָּר קוֹדֵם לְכֹהֵן הֶדְיוֹט, כֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט קוֹדֵם לְלֵוִי, לֵוִי קוֹדֵם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמַמְזֵר, מַמְזֵר לְנָתִין, נָתִין לְגֵר, גֵּר לְעֶבֶד מְשֻׁחְרָר, אֵימָתַי בִּזְמַן שֶׁכֻּלָּן שָׁוִין אֲבָל אִם הָיָה מַמְזֵר תַּלְמִיד חָכָם קוֹדֵם לְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל עַם הָאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: יְקָרָה הִיא מִפְּנִינִים, סָבְרִין מֵימַר לִפְדוּת, לְהַחֲיוֹת וְלִכְסוּת, הָא לִישִׁיבָה לָא, אָמַר רַבִּי אָבִין אַף לִישִׁיבָה, מַה טַּעַם יְקָרָה הִיא מִפְּנִינִים, אֲפִלּוּ מִזֶּה שֶׁהוּא נִכְנַס לִפְנַי וְלִפְנִים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יְקָרָה הִיא מִפְּנִינִים, מְדַבֵּר בִּקְהָת וְגֵרְשׁוֹן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגֵּרְשׁוֹן בְּכוֹר וּמָצִינוּ שֶׁבְּכָל מָקוֹם חָלַק הַכָּתוּב כָּבוֹד לַבְּכוֹר, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה קְהָת טוֹעֵן הָאָרוֹן שֶׁשָּׁם הַתּוֹרָה הִקְדִּימוֹ הַכָּתוּב לְגֵרְשׁוֹן, שֶׁבַּתְּחִלָּה אָמַר (במדבר ד, ב): נָשׂא אֶת רֹאשׁ בְּנֵי קְהָת, וְאַחַר כָּךְ אוֹמֵר: נָשׂא אֶת רֹאשׁ בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן וגו', הֱוֵי: יְקָרָה הִיא מִפְּנִינִים, מִבְּכוֹר שֶׁיָּצָא רִאשׁוֹן, וְאֵין פְּנִינִים אֶלָּא תְּחִלָּה, כְּמָה דְּתֵימָא (רות ד, ז): וְזֹאת לְפָנִים בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל.

“Take a census of the sons of Gershon as well, by their patrilineal house, by their families” (Numbers 4:22). “Take a census of the sons of Gershon,” that is what is written: “It is more precious than pearls, and all the objects of your desire do not equal it” (Proverbs 3:15). We learned there, a Sage takes precedence over a king of Israel: If a Sage dies, we have no one like him; if a king of Israel dies, all of Israel is fit for kingship. A king takes precedence over a High Priest, as it is stated: “The king said to them: Take with you the servants of your lord, [mount Solomon my son upon my mule, and take him down to Giḥon. Tzadok the priest and Natan the prophet shall anoint him there as king over Israel]” (I Kings 1:33–34). A High Priest takes precedence over a prophet, as it is stated: “Tzadok the priest and Natan the prophet shall anoint him there as king over Israel” (I Kings 1:34); Tzadok is before Natan. Rabbi Huna said in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina: A prophet folds his arms and legs and sits before the priest, what is the source? It is written: “Hear now, Yehoshua the High Priest, [you and your colleagues who sit before you]” (Zechariah 3:8). Could it be that they were lay people? The verse states: “As they are men of distinction [mofet]” (Zechariah 3:8), and mofet is nothing other than prophecy, as it is stated: “And he will provide you with a sign or a wonder [mofet]” (Deuteronomy 13:2). A High Priest who was anointed with anointing oil takes precedence over one who was appointed with multiple vestments. A prophet takes precedence over the priest anointed for war. The priest anointed for war takes precedence over the deputy of the High Priest. The deputy takes precedence over the head of the priestly watch. The head of the priestly watch takes precedence over the head of the patrilineal house. The head of the patrilineal house takes precedence over the overseer. The overseer takes precedence over the treasurer. The treasurer takes precedence over the common priest. The common priest takes precedence over the Levite. The Levite takes precedence over the Israelite. The Israelite takes precedence over the mamzer, the mamzer over the Givonite, the Givonite over the proselyte, the proselyte over the liberated slave. When? It is when they are all equal. However, if the mamzer is a Torah scholar, he takes precedence over a High Priest who is an ignoramus, as it is stated: “It is more precious than pearls.” They thought to say: To redeem, to sustain, and to clothe [he takes precedence], but for seating, no. Rabbi Avin said: Even for seating. What is the source? “It is more precious than pearls [mipeninim]” – even than the one who enters the innermost sanctum [lifnai velifnim]. Another matter, “it is more precious than pearls,” it is speaking of Kehat and Gershon. Even though Gershon is the firstborn, and we have found everywhere that the verse has accorded honor to the firstborn, because Kehat bore the Ark inside, which was the Torah, the verse gave him precedence over Gershon, as first it said: “Take a census of the sons of Kehat” (Numbers 4:2) and then it says: “Take a census of the sons of Gershon…” (Numbers 4:22). That is, “it is more precious than pearls [mipeninim],” than the firstborn who emerged first. Peninim is nothing other than first, just as it says: “This was formerly [lefanim] in Israel” (Ruth 4:7).

Section 2ב׳

נָשׂא אֶת רֹאשׁ וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (איוב לו, ז): לֹא יִגְרַע מִצַּדִּיק עֵינָיו וגו', אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מוֹנֵעַ דּוּגְמָא דִּידְהוּ, לְפִי שֶׁמָּצִינוּ שֶׁיַּעֲקֹב חָמַד אֶת הַבְּכוֹרָה לְשֵׁם שָׁמַיִם כְּדֵי שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַקְרִיב, וּלְקָחָהּ מֵעֵשָׂו בְּדָמִים, וְהִסְכִּים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִמּוֹ, וּקְרָאוֹ (שמות ד, כב): בְּנִי בְּכֹרִי, וְנָתַן גְּדֻלָּה לַבְּכוֹרִים שֶׁיַּקְרִיבוּ לְפָנָיו, הֱוֵי: לֹא יִגְרַע מִצַּדִּיק עֵינָיו, וְאֵין עֵינָיו אֶלָּא תַּחְתָּיו, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ויקרא יג, ה): וְהִנֵּה הַנֶּגַע עָמַד בְּעֵינָיו. וּמַהוּ תַּחְתָּיו, אֵלּוּ בָּנָיו, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (תהלים מה, יז): תַּחַת אֲבֹתֶיךָ יִהְיוּ בָנֶיךָ, (איוב לו, ז): וְאֶת מְלָכִים לַכִּסֵּא, שֶׁחָלַק הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּבוֹד לַבְּכוֹרִים וְלָהֶם רָאוּי מַלְכוּת לִטֹּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב כא, ג): וְאֶת הַמַּמְלָכָה נָתַן לִיהוֹרָם כִּי הוּא הַבְּכוֹר. וְכֵן בְּדָוִד הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהלים פט, כח): אַף אָנִי בְּכוֹר אֶתְּנֵהוּ עֶלְיוֹן לְמַלְכֵי אָרֶץ, הֱוֵי: וְאֶת מְלָכִים לַכִּסֵּא (איוב לו, ז): וַיּשִׁיבֵם לָנֶצַח, שֶׁהֵם הָיוּ רְאוּיִם לִטֹּל הַכְּהֻנָּה וּמַה שֶּׁהַלְוִיִּם עוֹשִׂים אִלּוּלֵי לֹא חָטְאוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל, שֶׁבַּתְּחִלָּה הָיוּ הַבְּכוֹרִים מַקְרִיבִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כד, ה): וַיִּשְׁלַח אֶת נַעֲרֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלֹת וגו', וְכֵן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר לִרְאוּבֵן (בראשית מט, ג): רְאוּבֵן בְּכֹרִי אַתָּה וגו' שְׂאֵת זוֹ כְּהֻנָּה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (ויקרא ט, כב): וַיִּשָֹּׂא אַהֲרֹן אֶת יָדָיו אֶל הָעָם וַיְבָרֲכֵם. עָז זוֹ מַלְכוּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א ב, י): וְיִתֶּן עֹז לְמַלְכּוֹ, שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי לֹא סָרַח רְאוּבֵן בְּמַעֲשֵׂה בִּלְהָה הָיָה רָאוּי לִטֹּל כְּהֻנָּה וּמַלְכוּת, לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה בְּכוֹר, וּמִנַּיִן אַף לַעֲבוֹדַת הַלְוִיִּם הָיָה רְאוּיִין, שֶׁכֵּן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ פְּשׁוּטֵי הַלְוִיִּם תַּחַת בְּכוֹרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ג, מא): וְלָקַחְתָּ אֶת הַלְוִיִּם לִי אֲנִי ה' תַּחַת כָּל בְּכֹר בִּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וגו', הֱוֵי: וַיּשִׁיבֵם לָנֶצַח, זוֹ הִיא הַלְוִיָּה שֶׁהָיוּ רְאוּיִן הַבְּכוֹרִים לִטֹּל, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (דברי הימים א כג, ג ד): וַיִּסָּפְרוּ הַלְוִיִּם מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה וָמַעְלָה וגו' מֵאֵלֶּה, (עזרא ג, ח): לְנַצֵּחַ עַל מְלֶאכֶת בֵּית ה' וגו', וְעַל שֵׁבֶט הַלֵּוִי אָמַר הַכָּתוּב (תהלים קא, ו): עֵינַי בְּנֶאֶמְנֵי אֶרֶץ לָשֶׁבֶת עִמָּדִי, הֱוֵי: וַיּשִׁיבֵם לָנֶצַח, (איוב לו, ז): וַיִּגְבָּהוּ, מִי גָרַם לָהֶם לַבְּכוֹרִים שֶׁאִבְּדוּ הַכָּבוֹד הַזֶּה, עַל שֶׁנִּתְגַבְּהוּ בְּעַצְמָם וְעָבְדוּ לִפְנֵי הָעֵגֶל, לְפִיכָךְ (איוב לו, ח): וְאִם אֲסוּרִים בַּזִּקִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֶסְרוּ מִלְּהַקְרִיב דָּבָר הַנַּעֲשָׂה בָּאֵשׁ, וְאֵין זִקִּים אֶלָּא אֵשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נ, יא): הֵן כֻּלְּכֶם קֹדְחֵי אֵשׁ וגו', שֶׁהֵם צְרִיכִים לִפְדוֹת עַצְמָם כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד בַּחֲמִשָּׁה שְׁקָלִים כֶּסֶף וְלִתֵּן לַלְוִיִּם. הֲרֵי מָצִינוּ בִּבְכוֹרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיָּרְדוּ מִגְדֻלָּתָם עַל מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל, אֲבָל בְּכוֹרֵי הַלְוִיִּם שֶׁלֹא טָעוּ בָּעֵגֶל נִתְּנָה הַכְּהֻנָּה לְאַהֲרֹן שֶׁהָיָה בְּכוֹר, וּשְׁאָר בְּכוֹרֵי הַלְוִיִּם לֹא הֻצְרְכוּ לְפִדְיוֹן וְלֹא לְכַפָּרָה, וְזָכוּ לַלְוִיִּם עִם אֲחֵיהֶם. וְאִם לְחָשְׁךָ אָדָם וַהֲלוֹא גֵּרְשׁוֹן הָיָה בְּכוֹר לָמָּה הִקְדִּים הַכָּתוּב לִקְהָת לִנְשִׂיאַת רֹאשׁ וְאַחַר מָנָה לְגֵרְשׁוֹן, אַף אַתָּה אֱמָר לוֹ לְפִי שֶׁקְּהָת הָיָה מִטּוֹעֲנֵי הָאָרוֹן שֶׁהוּא קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים וְיָצָא מִמֶּנּוּ אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן שֶׁהוּא קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים, וְגֵרְשׁוֹן הָיָה קֹדֶשׁ, לְכָךְ הִקְדִּימוֹ הַכָּתוּב לִקְהָת. וּמִנַּיִן אַתְּ לָמֵד שֶׁגֵּרְשׁוֹן לֹא אִבֵּד גְּדֻלָּתוֹ לְפִי שֶׁהָיָה בְּכוֹר, שֶׁכֵּן אַתְּ מוֹצֵא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָמוּר בִּקְהָת (במדבר ד, ב): נָשׂא אֶת רֹאשׁ בְּנֵי קְהָת, כָּךְ אָמוּר בְּגֵרְשׁוֹן: נָשׂא אֶת רֹאשׁ בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן. וּמַהוּ שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב: גַּם הֵם, שֶׁלֹא תֹאמַר שֶׁלְּכָךְ מָנָה בְּנֵי גֵּרְשׁוֹן שְׁנִיִּים שֶׁהֵם פְּחוּתִים מִבְּנֵי קְהָת, לָאו, אֶלָּא כְּתִיב גַּם הֵם, שֶׁאַף בְּנֵי גֵּרְשׁוֹן כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם שֶׁל בְּנֵי קְהָת. אֶלָּא שֶׁהִקְדִּימוֹ הַכָּתוּב כָּאן בִּשְׁבִיל כְּבוֹד הַתּוֹרָה, אֲבָל בִּמְקוֹמוֹת אֲחֵרִים הִקְדִּים לְגֵרְשׁוֹן תְּחִלָּה לִקְהָת.

“Take a census of…,” that is what is written: “He will not withdraw His eyes from the righteous…” (Job 36:7). The Holy One blessed be He does not withhold from them the realization of their ideal, as we found that Jacob coveted the birthright for the sake of Heaven, so he would be able to sacrifice. He purchased it from Esau with money and the Holy One blessed be He agreed with him, and He called him: “My son, My firstborn” (Exodus 4:22). He granted greatness to the firstborn so they would sacrifice before Him. That is, “He will not withdraw His eyes [einav] from the righteous” (Job 36:7). [Another explanation:] “Einav” is nothing other than in his place [taḥtav], just as it says: “And, behold, the mark maintained its appearance [be’einav]” (Leviticus 13:5). What is taḥtav? These are his children, just as it says: “In the wake of [taḥat] your fathers, your sons will be” (Psalms 45:17). “And kings upon the throne” (Job 36:7), as the Holy One blessed be He accorded honor to the firstborn, and it was fitting for them to take the kingdom, as it is stated: “But the kingdom he gave to Yehoram, because he was the firstborn” (II Chronicles 21:3). Likewise, regarding David it says: “As for Me, I will make him My firstborn, supreme over kings of the earth” (Psalms 89:28). That is, “and kings upon the throne.” “He has seated them forever” (Job 36:7), as they [the Israelite firstborns] would have been fit to take the priesthood and what the Levites perform, had they not sinned in the act of the calf. Initially, the firstborn would sacrifice, as it is stated: “He sent the young men of the children of Israel and they offered up burnt offerings [and they slaughtered feast-offerings of bulls to the Lord]” (Exodus 24:5). Likewise, Jacob said to Reuben: “Reuben, you are my firstborn…[greater in honor [se’et] and greater in power [az]]” (Genesis 49:3). Se’et, this is priesthood, just as it says: “Aaron raised his hands [vayisa] toward the people, and blessed them” (Leviticus 9:22). Az, this is kingdom, as it is stated: “He will give strength [oz] to His king” (I Samuel 2:10). Had Reuben not sinned in the act of Bilha, he would have been worthy to take priesthood and kingdom, because he was the firstborn.. From where is it derived that they were worthy for the service of the Levites? It is as you find that the common Levites entered in place of the firstborn of Israel, as it is stated: “You shall take the Levites for Me, I am the Lord, in place of all the firstborn among the children of Israel” (Numbers 3:41). That is, “he has seated them forever [lanetzach].” This is the status of the Levites that the firstborn were worthy to take, just as it says: “The Levites were counted from thirty years old and above…of these…” (I Chronicles 23:3–4). “To supervise [lenatzeach] the labor of the House of the Lord” (Ezra 3:8). Regarding the tribe of Levi, the verse said: “My eyes are on the faithful of the land; they will dwell [lashevet] with me” (Psalms 101:6). That is “He has seated them [vayoshivem] forever.” “They were exalted” (Job 36:7). Who caused the firstborn to lose this honor? It is because they exalted themselves and worshipped before the calf. Therefore, “if there are those bound in shackles [bezikim]” (Job 36:8), they were prohibited from sacrificing an item that is done in fire. is nothing other than fire, as it is stated: “Behold, all of you are igniters of fire, [lighters of sparks] [zikot]” (Isaiah 50:11). [“Or trapped in the pangs of poverty” (Job 36:8)], that each and every one of them is obligated to redeem himself with five silver shekels and give them to the Levites. We find regarding the firstborn of Israel that they descended from their prominence because of the act of the calf. But the firstborn of the Levites, who did not err regarding the calf, the priesthood was given to Aaron, who was the firstborn, and the rest of the firstborn Levites required neither redemption nor atonement, and merited Levite status with their brethren. Were a person to whisper to you: ‘Was Gershon not firstborn? Why did the verse give precedence to Kehat in taking a census, and only then counted Gershon?’ You, too, say to him: ‘Because [the family of] Kehat were the bearers of the Ark, which is of the most sacred order, and Aaron the priest, who was of the most sacred order, emerged from him, while Gershon was sacred. That is why the verse gave Kehat precedence. From where do you derive that Gershon did not lose his prominence because he was firstborn? It is as you find just as it is stated regarding Kehat: “Take a census of the sons of Kehat” (Numbers 4:2), so, it is stated regarding Gershon: “Take a census of the sons of Gershon [as well]” (Numbers 4:22). What is it that the verse stated: “As well”? It is so you will not say that it is for this that he counted the sons of Gershon second, because they are inferior to the sons of Kehat. No, rather, “as well” is written; that the sons of Gershon, too, were the equivalent of the sons of Kehat, but the verse gave them precedence here in deference to the Torah. But in other places, it gave precedence to Gershon over Kehat.

Section 3ג׳

לְבֵית אֲבֹתָם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָם (במדבר ד, כב), לְבֵית אָבוֹת עָשָׂה לוֹ מִשְׁפָּחוֹת וְלֹא לְבֵית אִמּוֹתָם, שֶׁאִם נָשְׂאוּ בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן מִבְּנוֹת קְהָת אוֹ מִבְּנוֹת מְרָרִי יִקָּרְאוּ בְּנֵיהֶם עַל שֵׁם מִשְׁפְּחוֹת גֵּרְשׁוֹן, אֲבָל אִם מִשְׁאָר מִשְׁפָּחוֹת נָשְׂאוּ מִבְּנוֹת גֵּרְשׁוֹן, הָיוּ בְּנֵיהֶם נִקְרָאִין עַל שֵׁם שְׁאָר הַמִּשְׁפָּחוֹת. (במדבר ד, כג): מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה וָמַעְלָה וגו', תָּנֵי (תוספתא שקלים ג, טז): כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל אֵין נִכְנָס לָעֲזָרָה לָעֲבוֹדָה אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן נִמְשַׁח שִׁבְעָה וְנִתְרַבָּה שִׁבְעָה, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא נִמְשַׁח שִׁבְעָה וְנִתְרַבָּה שִׁבְעָה וְעָבַד, עֲבוֹדָתוֹ כְּשֵׁרָה. כֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט אֵין נִכְנָס לָעֲזָרָה לָעֲבוֹדָה אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הֵבִיא עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה מִשֶּׁלּוֹ וְעוֹבְדָהּ בְּיָדוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹא הֵבִיא עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה מִשֶּׁלּוֹ וְעוֹבְדָהּ בְּיָדוֹ וְעָבַד, עֲבוֹדָתוֹ כְּשֵׁרָה. בֶּן לֵוִי אֵין נִכְנָס לָעֲזָרָה לָעֲבוֹדָה אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן לָמַד חָמֵשׁ שָׁנִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר ח, כד): זֹאת אֲשֶׁר לַלְוִיִּם מִבֶּן חָמֵשׁ וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה, וּלְהַלָּן הוּא אוֹמֵר: מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה, אִם נֶאֱמַר: מִבֶּן חָמֵשׁ וְעֶשְׂרִים לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר: מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים, וְאִם נֶאֱמַר: מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר: מִבֶּן חָמֵשׁ וְעֶשְׂרִים, אֶלָּא, כָּל אוֹתָן שָׁנִים שֶׁמִּבֶּן חָמֵשׁ וְעֶשְׂרִים וְעַד בֶּן שְׁלשִׁים הָיָה לָמֵד, מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ מְקָרְבִין אוֹתוֹ לָעֲבוֹדָה. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ כָּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ רוֹאֶה סִימָן בְּרָכָה בְּמִשְׁנָתוֹ בְּתוֹךְ חָמֵשׁ שָׁנִים, שׁוּב אֵינוֹ רוֹאֶה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דניאל א, ה): וּלְגַדְּלָם שָׁנִים שָׁלוֹשׁ. זָקֵן אֵין מוֹשִׁיבִין אוֹתוֹ בַּגָּזִית אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן נַעֲשָׂה דַיָּן בְּעִירוֹ, מִשֶּׁנַּעֲשָׂה דַיָּן בְּעִירוֹ מַעֲלִין וּמוֹשִׁיבִין אוֹתוֹ בְּהַר הַבַּיִת, מִשָּׁם מַעֲלִין וּמוֹשִׁיבִין אוֹתוֹ בַּחֵיל, מִשָּׁם מַעֲלִין וּמוֹשִׁיבִין אוֹתוֹ בְּלִשְׁכַּת הַגָּזִית. (במדבר ד, כג): כָּל הַבָּא לִצְבֹא צָבָא, שֶׁהָיוּ שׁוֹעֲרִים. (במדבר ד, כג): לַעֲבֹד עֲבֹדָה בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, שֶׁהָיוּ מְשׁוֹרְרִים. (במדבר ד, כד): זֹאת עֲבֹדַת מִשְׁפְּחֹת הַגֵּרְשֻׁנִּי, וְלֹא אַחֶרֶת, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁבְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן הָיוּ אֲסוּרִין לִכָּנֵס לַעֲבוֹדַת בְּנֵי מְרָרִי בְּקַרְשֵׁי הַמִּשְׁכָּן וּבְרִיחָיו וְעַמּוּדָיו וַאֲדָנָיו. (במדבר ד, כד): לַעֲבֹד וּלְמַשָֹּׂא, שֶׁבְּעֵת שֶׁהָיוּ מְקִימִין הַמִּשְׁכָּן הֵם הָיוּ פּוֹרְשִׂין יְרִיעוֹת בְּמִשְׁכַּן אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, וְכָל מַה שֶּׁהָיָה מְמֻנֶּה תַּחַת יָדָם הָיוּ מְקִימִין, וּבְעֵת שֶׁהָיוּ פּוֹרְקִין הַמִּשְׁכָּן הֵם הָיוּ טוֹעֲנִין אוֹתוֹ עַל הָעֲגָלוֹת. (במדבר ד, כה): וּמִכְסֵה הַתַּחַשׁ אֲשֶׁר עָלָיו מִלְמָעְלָה, כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אוֹמֵר הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר תַּחַשׁ שֶׁהָיָה בִּימֵי משֶׁה בְּרִיָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ הָיְתָה וְלֹא הִכִּירוּ בָּהּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁבְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר אִם מִין חַיָּה הוּא אוֹ מִין בְּהֵמָה הוּא, וְקֶרֶן אַחַת הָיְתָה לָהּ בְּמִצְחָהּ, וּלְפִי שָׁעָה נִזְדַּמֵּן לוֹ לְמשֶׁה, וְנַעֲשָׂה מִמֶּנָּהּ מִשְׁכָּן, וְנִגְנְזָה. מִדְּקָאָמַר קֶרֶן אַחַת הָיְתָה לָהּ בְּמִצְחָהּ, מִזֶּה לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁטְּהוֹרָה הָיְתָהּ. (במדבר ד, כה): וְאֶת מָסַךְ פֶּתַח אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמות כו, לו): וְעָשִׂיתָ מָסָךְ לְפֶתַח וגו' (במדבר ד, כו): וְאֵת קַלְעֵי הֶחָצֵר, אֵלּוּ קְלָעִים שֶׁעָשׂוּ סָבִיב לַחָצֵר, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמות כז, ט טו): וְעָשִׂיתָ אֵת חֲצַר וגו' וְכֵן לִפְאַת צָפוֹן וגו' וְרֹחַב הֶחָצֵר וגו' וַחֲמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה קְלָעִים וגו' וְלַכָּתֵף הַשֵּׁנִית וגו' (במדבר ד, כו): וְאֶת מָסַךְ פֶּתַח שַׁעַר וגו', כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמות כז, טז): וּלְשַׁעַר הֶחָצֵר וגו' (במדבר ד, כו): אֲשֶׁר עַל הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְעַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ סָבִיב. תָּנֵי מִזְבַּח הָעוֹלָה אָרְכּוֹ חָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת וְרָחְבּוֹ חָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת וְגָבְהוֹ שָׁלשׁ אַמּוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כז, א): וְעָשִׂיתָ אֶת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ (שמות לח, א): מִזְבַּח הָעֹלָה וגו', דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי מִמַּשְׁמַע שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כז, א): חָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת אֹרֶךְ וְחָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת רֹחַב, אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהוּא רָבוּעַ, מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (שמות כז, א): רָבוּעַ יִהְיֶה, אֶלָּא מֻפְנֶה לְהַקִּישׁ לָדוּן מִמֶּנּוּ גְּזֵרָה שָׁוָה, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן רָבוּעַ, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן רָבוּעַ, מָה רָבוּעַ הָאָמוּר לְהַלָּן גָּבְהוֹ שְׁנַיִם בְּרָחְבּוֹ, אַף כָּאן גָּבְהוֹ שְׁנַיִם בְּרָחְבּוֹ. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי מֵאִיר אִם כִּדְבָרֶיךָ נִמְצָא גּוֹבַהּ מִזְבֵּחַ מִן הַקְלָעִים חָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי וַהֲלוֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר (במדבר ד, כו): וְקַלְעֵי הֶחָצֵר סָבִיב וגו', מַה מִּשְׁכָּן עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת אַף מִזְבֵּחַ עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת. (במדבר ד, כו): וְאֵת מֵיתְרֵיהֶם, אֵלּוּ הַמֵּיתָרִים, מַה הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין בָּהֶם, הָיוּ מְקַפְּלִין הַיְרִיעוֹת וְהַקְּלָעִים וְהָיוּ אוֹסְרִים אוֹתָם בָּהֶם וּמַנִּיחִים אוֹתָם עַל הָעֲגָלוֹת, (במדבר ד, כו): וְאֶת כָּל כְּלֵי עֲבֹדָתָם, אֵלּוּ קַרְסֵי זָהָב וְאֵלּוּ קַרְסֵי נְחשֶׁת שֶׁהָיוּ מְחַבְּרִים בָּהֶם הַיְרִיעוֹת. (במדבר ד, כו): וְאֵת כָּל אֲשֶׁר יֵעָשֶׂה לָהֶם וְעָבָדוּ, כָּל מַה שֶּׁהָיָה נַעֲשָׂה לְכָל הַכֵּלִים יִהְיוּ בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן עוֹשִים. (במדבר ד, כז): עַל פִּי אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו תִּהְיֶה לָהֶם וגו', זוֹ הִיא שֶׁאָמְרוּ שֶׁחָלַק הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּבוֹד לַבְּכוֹר, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁעֲבוֹדַת בְּנֵי קְהָת הָיְתָה עַל פִּי אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (במדבר ד, יט): אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו יָבֹאוּ וְשָׂמוּ אוֹתָם אִישׁ אִישׁ וגו', כֵּן עֲבוֹדַת בְּנֵי גֵּרְשׁוֹן הָיְתָה עַל פִּי אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו, אֲבָל בִּבְנֵי מְרָרִי לֹא נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ עַל פִּי אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו. (במדבר ד, כז): וּפְקַדְתֶּם עֲלֵיהֶם בְּמִשְׁמֶרֶת אֵת כָּל מַשָֹּׂאָם, הֵבִיא הַכָּתוּב משֶׁה עִמָּהֶם שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מְצַוִּים עֲלֵיהֶם, שֶׁיִּהְיוּ שׁוֹמְרִים עַל כָּל מַה שֶּׁנּוֹשְׂאִים. (במדבר ד, כח): זֹאת עֲבֹדַת מִשְׁפְּחֹת בְּנֵי הַגֵּרְשֻׁנִּי וגו', בַּתְּחִלָּה שָׂמוּ אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו וּמשֶׁה עִמָּהֶם לִבְנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן עַל עֲבוֹדָתָם וְעַל מַשָֹּׂאָם וְעַל מִשְׁמַרְתָּם, מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ עֲבוֹדָתָם וּמִשְׁמַרְתָּם הָיְתָה בְּיַד אִיתָמָר בֶּן אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן.

“By their patrilineal house, by their families,” by patrilineal house, he determined families for him, but not by their matrilineal house. Were the sons of Gershon to marry from among the daughters of Kehat or the daughters of Merari, their sons would be attributed to the families of Gershon. However, were the rest of the families to marry from the daughters of Gershon, their sons would be attributed to the rest of the families. “From thirty years old and above until fifty years old you shall count them: Everyone enlisted to perform a duty, to perform service in the Tent of Meeting” (Numbers 4:23). “From thirty years old and above.” It is taught: A High Priest enters the courtyard for service only if he is anointed for seven [days] and donned multiple vestments for seven [days]. Even if he was not anointed for seven and did not don multiple garments for seven, his service is valid. A common priest enters the courtyard for service only if he brought one-tenth of an ephah of his own and offers it with his own hand. Even though he did not bring one-tenth of an ephah of his own and offer it with his own hand, his service is valid. The son of a Levite enters the courtyard only if he studied for five years, as it is stated: “This is regarding the Levites: From twenty-five years old and above [he shall enlist to perform duty in the work of the Tent of Meeting]” (Numbers 8:24), and elsewhere it is stated: “From thirty years old and above.” (Numbers 4:3) If it is stated “from twenty-five years old,” why is “from thirty years old” stated? If it is stated “from thirty years old,” why is “from twenty-five years old” stated? Rather, all those years between twenty-five years old until thirty years old, he would study. From then on, they draw him near to service. From here they said: Anyone who does not see a modicum of success in his studies within five years, will never see [success]. Rabbi Yosei says: Three years, as it is stated: “To raise them for three years” (Daniel 1:5). One seats an elder in the Chamber of Hewn Stone only if he became a judge in his city. Once he became a judge in his city, they promote and seat him on the Temple Mount. From there, they promote and seat him on the chail.rampart. From there, they promote and seat him in the Chamber of Hewn Stone. “Everyone enlisted to perform a duty,” they were gatekeepers. “To perform service in the Tent of Meeting,” they were singers. “This is the service of the Gershonite families, to perform service and for bearing” (Numbers 4:24). “This is the service of the Gershonite families,” and no other; it teaches that it was prohibited for the sons of Gershon to enter into the service of the sons of Merari, in the beams of the Tabernacle, its bars, its pillars, and its sockets. “To perform service and for bearing” – when they would construct the Tabernacle, they would spread the woven strips of fabric in the Tabernacle, the Tent of Meeting. Everything that was in their charge, they would construct. When they dismantled the Tabernacle, they would load it onto the wagons. “They shall bear the woven strips of fabric of the Tabernacle, and the Tent of Meeting, its covering, and the taḥash covering that is upon it from above, and the screen for the entrance of the Tent of Meeting” (Numbers 4:25). “And the taḥash covering that is upon it from above,” in its plain sense. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: Rabbi Meir would say: The taḥash that existed in the days of Moses was a creature unto itself, and the Sages in that generation did not know whether it was a type of beast [chaya] or a type of animal [behema]. It had a single horn on its forehead, and it was made available to Moses for that occasion. The Tabernacle was crafted of it, and it was hidden. From the fact that it says: It had one horn on its forehead, we learn from this that it was pure. “And the screen for the entrance of the Tent of Meeting,” just as it says: “You shall craft a screen for the entrance [of the Tent]” (Exodus 26:36). “And the hangings of the courtyard, and the screen for the entrance of the gate of the courtyard that is by the Tabernacle, and by the altar, all around, and their cords, and all the instruments of their service, and everything that shall be crafted for them, and they shall serve” (Numbers 4:26). “And the hangings of the courtyard,” these are the hangings that they positioned around the courtyard, just as it says: “You shall make the courtyard…likewise, on the north side…the width of the courtyard…fifteen cubits of hangings…and on the second side…” (Exodus 27:9, 11–12, 14–15). “And the screen for the entrance of the gate,” just as it says: “For the gate of the courtyard [a screen]…” (Exodus 27:16). “That is by the Tabernacle, and by the altar, all around.” It is taught: The altar of the burnt offering, its length is five cubits, its width is five cubits, and its height is three cubits, as it is stated: “You shall craft the altar […five cubits length and five cubits width, the altar shall be square, and three cubits its height]” (Exodus 27:1). “[And he crafted] the altar of the burnt offering…[its length was five cubits and its width five cubits square and its height was three cubits]” (Exodus 38:1), this is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yosei said to him: From the fact that it is stated: “Five cubits length and five cubits width,” do I not know that it is square? Why does the verse state: “Shall be square”? Rather, it is stated in order to derive a verbal analogy from it. Here “square” is stated and elsewhere “square” is stated. Just as “square” stated elsewhere, its height is twice its width, here, too, its height is twice its width. Rabbi Meir said to him: ‘If as you say, the result is that the altar is five cubits higher than the courtyard hangings.’ Rabbi Yosei said to him: ‘But is it not already stated: “And the hangings of the courtyard, [and the screen for the entrance of the gate of the courtyard that is by the Tabernacle, and by the altar]”? (Numbers 4:26). Just as the Tabernacle is ten cubits, so the altar is ten cubits.’ “And their cords,” these cords, what would they do with them? They would fold the strips of fabric and the hangings, they would tie them with the cords, and they would place them in the wagons. “And all the instruments of their service,” these are the golden hooks and the bronze hooks with which they would attach the strips of fabric. “And everything that shall be crafted for them, and they shall serve.” Everything that was done for all the vessels, the sons of Gershon would tend to them. “According to the directive of Aaron and his sons shall be all the service of the sons of the Gershonites, for all their burden, and for all their service; you shall assign them all their burden as a commission” (Numbers 4:27). “According to the directive of Aaron and his sons shall be,” this is what they said, that the Holy One blessed be He accorded honor to the firstborn. Just as the service of the sons of Kehat was according to the directive of Aaron and his sons, just as it says: “Aaron and his sons shall come, and assign them, each man…” (Numbers 4:19), so, too, the service of the sons of Gershon was according to the directive of Aaron and his sons. But with regards to the sons of Merari, it is not written: “According to the directive of Aaron and his sons.” “You shall assign them all their burden as a commission.” The verse includes Moses with them, so they would command them [the Gershonites] to keep watch over everything that they [the Gershonites] bore. “This is the service of the families of the sons of the Gershonites in the Tent of Meeting, and their commission is under the direction of Itamar son of Aaron the priest” (Numbers 4:28). “This is the service of the families of the sons of the Gershonites…” Initially, Aaron and his sons and Moses with them assigned the sons of Gershon regarding their service, their burden, and their commission. From here on, their service and their commission is under the direction of Itamar son of Aaron the priest.