במדבר רבה ה׳Bamidbar Rabbah 5

Section 1א׳

אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ אֶת שֵׁבֶט מִשְׁפְּחֹת הַקְּהָתִי מִתּוֹךְ הַלְוִיִּם (במדבר ד, יח), הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (תהלים לג, יח יט): הִנֵּה עֵין ה' אֶל יְרֵאָיו לַמְיַחֲלִים לְחַסְדּוֹ, לְהַצִּיל מִמָּוֶת נַפְשָׁם וּלְחַיּוֹתָם בָּרָעָב. הִנֵּה עֵין ה' אֶל יְרֵאָיו וגו', זֶה שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי, שֶׁהֵם יוֹשְׁבִים וּמְקַוִּים לְחַסְדּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְכִי כָּל הַבְּרִיּוֹת אֵינָן מְיַחֲלִים לְחַסְדּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אֶלָּא בְּיוֹתֵר שִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי שֶׁלֹא נָטְלוּ חֵלֶק בָּאָרֶץ, אֶלָּא יוֹשְׁבִים וּמִתְפַּלְּלִים שֶׁתַּעֲשֶׂה אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל פֵּרוֹתֶיהָ כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּטְלוּ מַעְשְׂרוֹתֵיהֶם, שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם כְּלוּם בָּעוֹלָם אֶלָּא חַסְדּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, הֱוֵי: לַמְיַחֲלִים לְחַסְדּוֹ. לְהַצִּיל מִמָּוֶת נַפְשָׁם, מִן מִיתָה עַצְמָהּ, וּלְחַיּוֹתָם בָּרָעָב, אֵלּוּ עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבַּע מַתְּנוֹת כְּהֻנָּה שֶׁנִּתְּנוּ לְשֵׁבֶט לֵוִי, עֶשֶׂר בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְעֶשֶׂר בַּגְּבוּלִין, וְאַרְבַּע בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, הֱוֵי: וּלְחַיּוֹתָם בָּרָעָב. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן פְּדָת מֵאֵיזוֹ מִיתָה הָיוּ נִצּוֹלִים, אִם מִמִּיתָה שֶׁל עוֹלָם, הֲרֵי אֵין בְּרִיָּה שֶׁאֵין מֵתָה, מַהוּ לְהַצִּיל מִמָּוֶת נַפְשָׁם, אֶלָּא מִמִּיתַת הָאָרוֹן, כֵּיצַד, אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן פְּדָת בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִמְרָא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל נוֹסְעִין הָיוּ שְׁנֵי נִיצוֹצִין שֶׁל אֵשׁ יוֹצְאִין מִתּוֹךְ שְׁנֵי בַּדָּיו שֶׁל אָרוֹן כְּדֵי לִפְגֹּעַ שׂוֹנְאֵיהֶם, וּמִנַּיִן, שֶׁכֵּן משֶׁה אוֹמֵר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מָה אַתֶם מִתְיָרְאִין מִן בְּנֵי עֲנָק וְכִי קָשִׁים הֵם מֵאוֹתָן שֶׁהָיוּ בָּאִים כְּנֶגְדֵנוּ וְהָיָה הָאָרוֹן שׂוֹרְפָן, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים ט, ג): וְיָדַעְתָּ הַיּוֹם כִּי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ הוּא הָעֹבֵר לְפָנֶיךָ וגו', מִכָּאן אַתָּה דוֹרֵשׁ שֶׁהָיוּ שְׁנֵי נִיצוֹצִין מְקַדְּמִין לִפְנֵיהֶם, אָמַר לָהֶם (דברים ט, ג): הוּא יַשְׁמִידֵם וְהוּא יַכְנִיעֵם לְפָנֶיךָ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהָיוּ הַנִּיצוֹצִין יוֹצְאִין הָיְתָה הָאֵשׁ שָׁפָה בְּטוֹעֲנֵי הָאָרוֹן וְהָיוּ נִשְׂרָפִים וּמִתְמַעֲטִין. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהָיוּ שֵׁבֶט קְהָת מְמֻעָט, אֶלָּא אַתָּה מוֹצֵא שָׁלשׁ מִשְׁפָּחוֹת הָיוּ טוֹעֲנִין כָּל כְּלֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן, גֵּרְשׁוֹן טוֹעֵן כָּל כְּלֵי הָאֲרִיגָה, יְרִיעוֹת, פָּרֹכֶת, הַמָּסָךְ וְהַקְּלָעִים. וּמִשְׁפַּחַת קְהָת הָיוּ טוֹעֲנִין הָאָרוֹן וְהַשֻּׁלְחָן וְהַמְּנוֹרָה וְהַמִּזְבְּחוֹת וּכְלֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ. וּמְרָרִי טוֹעֵן הַקְּרָשִׁים וְהַבְּרִיחִים וְהָעַמּוּדִים וְהָאֲדָנִים. וְאַתְּ מוֹצֵא שֶׁהָיוּ נִמְנִים אַרְבַּע מִשְׁפָּחוֹת הַלָּלוּ מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וּמִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהוּא מוֹנֶה אֶת הַגֵּרְשֻׁנִּי מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ הוּא מוֹנֶה אוֹתָם (במדבר ג, כב): שִׁבְעַת אֲלָפִים וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת, וְחוֹזֵר וּמוֹנֶה אוֹתָן מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה וּמוֹצֵא אוֹתָן (במדבר ד, מ): אַלְפַּיִם וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת וּשְׁלשִׁים, הֲרֵי שֶׁהָיוּ מֵאָה וּשְׁלשִׁים יוֹתֵר עַל שְׁלִישׁ. וְכֵן מְרָרִי מוֹנֶה אוֹתָם מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וְעוֹלֶה מִנְיָנָן (במדבר ג, לד): שֵׁשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וּמָאתָיִם, וְכֵיון שֶׁהוּא מְיַחֲסָן מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה הוּא מוֹצֵא אוֹתָן (במדבר ד, מד): שְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וּמָאתָיִם, הֲרֵי שֶׁהָיוּ מֵאָה יוֹתֵר עַל חֶצְיָן. אֲבָל מִשְׁפַּחַת קְהָת אַתְּ מוֹצֵא אוֹתָן מְרֻבִּין מִכָּל הַמִּשְׁפָּחוֹת, כִּי מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ הוּא מוֹנֶה אוֹתָן וּמוֹצֵא אוֹתָן (במדבר ג, כח): שְׁמוֹנַת אֲלָפִים וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהוּא בָּא מִבֶּן שְׁלשִׁים שָׁנָה, הוּא מוֹצְאָן (במדבר ד, לו): אַלְפַּיִם שְׁבַע מֵאוֹת וַחֲמִשִּׁים, הֲרֵי שֶׁהָיוּ אֲפִלּוּ פָּחוֹת מִשְׁלִישִׁיתָן מֵאָה וְשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר, לָמָּה כֵן, אֶלָּא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן פְּדָת בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִמְרָא מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהָיְתָה הָאֵשׁ יוֹצֵאת וְשָׁפָה בְּטוֹעֲנֵי הָאָרוֹן הָיוּ מִתְמַעֲטִין. וְהָיוּ כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד רָצִין, זֶה נוֹטֵל אֶת הַשֻּׁלְחָן וְזֶה נוֹטֵל אֶת הַמְּנוֹרָה וְזֶה נוֹטֵל אֶת הַמִּזְבְּחוֹת, וּבוֹרְחִים מִן הָאָרוֹן, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיָה מַזִּיקָן, וְהָיָה הָאָרוֹן כְּאִלּוּ מִתְבַּזֶּה, וְהָיָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כּוֹעֵס עֲלֵיהֶם וְשׁוּב הָיוּ מִתְכַּלִּין, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה מָה אֲנִי הוֹרֵג בְּנֵי קְהָת, אִם יִטְעֲנוּ הֲרֵי מִתְמַעֲטִין וְאִם לֹא יִטְעֲנוּ הֲרֵי כַּעַס עֲלֵיהֶם, אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה וּלְאַהֲרֹן עֲשׂוּ לָהֶם תַּקָּנָה לִבְנֵי קְהָת כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יִכָּרְתוּ מִן הָעוֹלָם, שֶׁלֹא יְהוּ מַנִּיחִין וּבוֹרְחִין, אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ אֶת שֵׁבֶט וגו', אֶלָּא יָבוֹא אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו (במדבר ד, יט): וְשָׂמוּ אוֹתָם אִישׁ אִישׁ עַל עֲבֹדָתוֹ וְאֶל מַשָֹּׂאוֹ, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יוּכְלוּ לְהִתְחַלֵּף מֵעֲבוֹדָה לַעֲבוֹדָה וּמִמַּשָֹּׂא לְמַשָֹּׂא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר ד, יט): וְזֹאת עֲשׂוּ לָהֶם וְחָיוּ וגו', רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן אָמַר חַס וְשָׁלוֹם לֹא הָיוּ בְּנֵי קְהָת מַנִּיחִין אֶת הָאָרוֹן וְרָצִין לַשֻׁלְּחָן וּמְנוֹרָה, אֶלָּא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמִּתְמַעֲטִין הָיוּ נוֹתְנִין נַפְשָׁם עַל הָאָרוֹן, וְאִם כֵּן לָמָּה הָיָה מַזְהִיר עֲלֵיהֶם אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ אֶת שֵׁבֶט וגו', אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיוּ יוֹדְעִין שֶׁכָּל מִי שֶׁטּוֹעֵן בָּאָרוֹן שְׂכָרוֹ מְרֻבָּה וְהָיוּ מַנִּיחִין אֶת הַשֻּׁלְחָן וְהַמְּנוֹרָה וְהַמִּזְבְּחוֹת וְכֻלָּן רָצִין לָאָרוֹן לִטֹּל שָׂכָר, וּמִתּוֹךְ כָּךְ הָיָה זֶה מֵרִיב וְאוֹמֵר אֲנִי טוֹעֵן כָּאן, וְזֶה מֵרִיב וְאוֹמֵר אֲנִי טוֹעֵן כָּאן, וּמִתּוֹךְ כָּךְ הָיוּ נוֹהֲגִין בְּקַלּוּת רֹאשׁ וְהָיְתָה הַשְּׁכִינָה פּוֹגַעַת בָּהֶם, אָמַר הָאֱלֹהִים לְמשֶׁה עֲשֵׂה לָהֶם תַּקָנָה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא יִתְכַּלּוּ מִן הָעוֹלָם, אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ וגו', אֶלָּא יְסַדְּרוּ אוֹתָם עַל עֲבוֹדָתָם וְעַל מַשָֹּׂאָם שֶׁלֹא יָרִיבוּ זֶה עִם זֶה, עָשָׂה לָהֶם משֶׁה תַּקָּנָה, אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיוּ מְרִיבִין זֶה כְּנֶגֶד זֶה, זֶה אוֹמֵר אֲנִי טוֹעֵן בָּאָרוֹן וְזֶה אוֹמֵר לָאו אֶלָּא אֲנִי טוֹעֵן, וְלֹא הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ אֶחָד מַהוּ קָבוּעַ לוֹ, מַהוּ מַשָֹּׂאוֹ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְהָיוּ אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו נִכְנָסִין וְנוֹתְנִים לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד טְעוּנוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו יָבֹאוּ וְשָׂמוּ אוֹתָם וגו'.

“Do not cut off the tribe of the Kehatite families from among the Levites” (Numbers 4:18). “Do not cut off the tribe of the Kehatite families from among the Levites” (Numbers 4:18). That is what is written: “Behold, the eye of the Lord is on those who fear Him, on those who await His kindness, to deliver them from death, and to sustain them in famine” (Psalms 33:18–19). “Behold, the eye of the Lord is on those who fear Him,” this is the tribe of Levi, who sit and hope for the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He. Do all people not long for the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He? It is, rather, more so regarding the tribe of Levi, as they did not receive a portion in the Land. Rather, they sit and pray that the Land of Israel will produce its produce so they can take tithes, as they have nothing in the world other than the kindness of the Holy One blessed be He. That is, “on those who await His kindness.” “To deliver them from death,” from death itself, “and to sustain them in famine,” these are twenty-four gifts of the priesthood, which were given to the tribe of Levi: ten in the Temple, ten in the provinces, and four in Jerusalem. That is, “and to sustain them in famine.” Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said: From what death were they delivered? If it was from death of this world, there is no creature that does not die. What is “to deliver them from death”? It is from death by the Ark. How so? Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: When Israel was traveling, two sparks of fire would emerge from the midst of the two staves of the Ark in order to smite their enemies. From where is it derived? It is as Moses said to Israel: ‘Why do you fear the giants; are they tougher than those who would come against us and the Ark would burn them?’ Likewise, it says: “You shall know today that the Lord your God is He who passes before you, [a devouring fire]” (Deuteronomy 9:3). From here, you expound that two sparks would precede them. He said to them: “He will destroy them, and He will subdue them before you” (Deuteronomy 9:3). Since the sparks would emerge, the fire would graze the bearers of the Ark and they would be burned and decrease in number. From where is it derived that the tribe of Kehat diminished in number? You find that three families would bear all the Tabernacle vessels. [The family of] Gershon bore all the woven materials: sheets, curtain, the screen, and the hangings. The family of Kehat would bear the Ark, the table, the candelabrum, the altars, and the sacred vessels. [The family of] Merari would bear the beams, the bars, the pillars, and the bases. You find that these four families were counted from one month old and from thirty years old. When he counts the Gershonites, he counts them from one month old, and finds them “seven thousand five hundred” (Numbers 3:22). He then counted them from thirty years old and finds them “two thousand six hundred and thirty” (Numbers 4:40). They were one hundred and thirty more than one-third. Likewise, Merari, he counts them from one month old, and their total comes to “six thousand two hundred” (Numbers 3:34). When he attributes them from thirty years old, he finds them “three thousand two hundred” (Numbers 4:44). They were one hundred more than half of them. But the family of Kehat, you find them most numerous of all the families, as from one month old he counts them and finds them “eight thousand six hundred” (Numbers 3:28). When he came from thirty years old, he finds them “two thousand seven hundred and fifty” (Numbers 4:36). They were less than one-third, by one hundred and seventeen. Why was it so? It is, rather, as Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat said in the name of Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra: When Israel was traveling; two sparks of fire would emerge from the midst of the two staves and graze the bearers of the Ark and they would decrease in number. Each and every one of them was running; this one would take the table, this one would take the candelabrum, this one would take the altars, but they would flee from the Ark because it would harm them. It was as though the Ark was treated with contempt and the Holy One blessed be He would become angry with them, and again they would be eradicated. The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘How am I killing the sons of Kehat?I If they bear it, they decrease in number, if they do not bear it, there is anger directed at them.’ The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses and to Aaron: ‘Institute a remedy for the sons of Kehat so they will not be cut off from the world, so they will not abandon and flee. “Do not cut off the tribe …” Rather, let Aaron and his sons come: “Assign them, each man to his service and to his burden” (Numbers 4:19), so that they will be unable to switch from service to service and from burden to burden.’ That is what is written: “But do this for them, and they will live, [and will not die upon their approaching the Holy of Holies. Aaron and his sons shall come, and assign them, each man to his service and to his burden]” (Numbers 4:19). Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said: God forbid, the sons of Kehat would not abandon the Ark and run to the table and the candelabrum; rather, even though they would decrease in number, they would give their lives for the sake of the Ark. If so, why was He cautioning them: “Do not cut off the tribe…”? Rather, it was because they knew that anyone who bears the Ark, his reward is great; they would abandon the table, the candelabrum, and the altars, and they would all run to the Ark to receive a reward. As a result, this one would quarrel and say: ‘I will bear here,’ and that one would quarrel and say: ‘I will bear here,’ and as a result, they would act with levity and the Divine Presence would harm them. God said to Moses: ‘Institute a remedy for the sons of Kehat so they will not be eradicated from the world. “Do not cut off…” Rather, have them assigned to their service and to their burden so they will not quarrel with one another.’ Moses instituted a remedy, but they were quarreling with one another: This one would say: ‘I will bear the Ark,’ and that one would say: ‘I will bear it,’ and one would not know what was fixed for him, what was his burden. The Holy One blessed be He said, and consequently Aaron and his sons would enter and give each and every one his burden, as it is stated: “Aaron and his sons shall come, and assign them...”

Section 2ב׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (משלי כב, כב): אַל תִּגְזָל דָּל כִּי דַל הוּא וגו', אָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בַּמֶּה הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר אִם הוּא דַל, מַהוּ גוֹזֵל לוֹ, אֶלָּא לֹא דִּבֵּר אֶלָּא בְּמַתְּנוֹת עֲנִיִּים שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב לִתֵּן לָהֶם מִן הַתּוֹרָה לֶקֶט שִׁכְחָה וּפֵאָה וּמַעְשַׂר עָנִי, וְהִזְהִיר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁלֹא יִגְזֹל אָדָם מֵהֶם מַתָּנוֹת הָרְאוּיוֹת לִתֵּן לָהֶם, כִּי דַל הוּא, דַּי לוֹ עֲנִיּוּתוֹ, לֹא דַיּוֹ לֶעָשִׁיר שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד בְּרֶוַח וְעָנִי בְצַעַר, אֶלָּא אַף גּוֹזֵל מִמֶּנּוּ מַה שֶּׁנָּתַן לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. (משלי כב, כב): וְאַל תְּדַכֵּא עָנִי בַשָּׁעַר וגו', כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמות כג, ו): לֹא תַטֶּה מִשְׁפַּט וגו', וְאוֹמֵר (שמות כב, כא): כָּל אַלְמָנָה וגו' (משלי כב, כג): כִּי ה' יָרִיב רִיבָם וְקָבַע אֶת קֹבְעֵיהֶם נָפֶשׁ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות כב, כב כג): אִם עַנֵּה תְעַנֶּה אֹתוֹ וגו' וְחָרָה אַפִּי וְהָרַגְתִּי וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַל תִּגְזָּל, מְדַבֵּר בְּשִׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי, לָמָּה קוֹרֵא אוֹתָן דַּלִּים שֶׁהָיוּ דַּלִּים בַּמִּנְיָן מִכָּל הַשְּׁבָטִים, אֵין לְךָ בְּכָל הַשְּׁבָטִים פָּחוּת בַּמִּנְיָן כִּמְנַשֶּׁה, שֶׁלֹא עָלָה מִנְיָנָם אֶלָּא (במדבר א, לה): שְׁלשִׁים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף וּמָאתָיִם, וְהֵם הָיוּ מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה וְעַד בֶּן שִׁשִּׁים חוּץ מֵאוֹתָן שֶׁהָיוּ מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וְעַד עֶשְׂרִים, וְחוּץ מִן אוֹתָן שֶׁהָיוּ מִן שִׁשִּׁים שָׁנָה וָמַעְלָה, אֲבָל כָּל שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי לֹא הָיוּ מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ וָמַעְלָה אֶלָּא (במדבר ג, כב לד): עֶשְׂרִים וּשְׁנַיִם אֶלֶף וּשְׁלשׁ מֵאוֹת וְאַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו, לָמָּה שֶׁהָיוּ סְמוּכִים לַקֹּדֶשׁ וְכָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִזְהָר כָּרָאוּי מִדַּת הַדִּין פּוֹגַעַת בָּהֶן, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, הֵם שׁוֹמְרִים מִשְׁמֶרֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹא תִּזֹּקוּ וְהֵם מִתְדַּלְדְּלִים בִּשְׁבִילְכֶם, אַל תִּגְזְלוּ מֵהֶם הַמַּתָּנוֹת שֶׁנָּתַתִּי לָהֶם, כִּי דַל הוּא, וְעוֹד שֶׁהֵם דַּלִּים מִנַּחֲלָה שֶׁלֹא נָטְלוּ עִמָּכֶם חֵלֶק בָּאָרֶץ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יהושע יג, לג): וּלְשֵׁבֶט הַלֵּוִי לֹא נָתַן משֶׁה נַחֲלָה, (במדבר יח, כא כג): וְלִבְנֵי לֵוִי הִנֵּה נָתַתִּי כָּל מַעֲשֵׂר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל לְנַחֲלָה וגו' וְלֹא יִקְרְבוּ עוֹד וגו' וְעָבַד הַלֵּוִי הוּא אֶת עֲבֹדַת אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וגו'. וְאַל תְּדַכֵּא עָנִי בַשָּׁעַר, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (דברים כו, יב): כִּי תְכַלֶּה לַעְשֵׂר אֶת כָּל מַעְשַׂר תְּבוּאָתְךָ וגו', שֶׁאִם עָשִׂיתָ כֵּן כִּי ה' יָרִיב רִיבָם וגו' אַל תִּגְזָל דָּל, מְדַבֵּר בִּבְנֵי קְהָת, לָמָּה קוֹרֵא אוֹתָן דָּל, שֶׁהָיוּ מִשֵּׁבֶט לֵוִי שֶׁלֹא נָטְלוּ חֵלֶק בָּאָרֶץ.

Another matter, “do not cut off,” that is what is written: “Do not rob the impoverished as he is impoverished…” (Proverbs 22:22). Our Rabbis say: Regarding what is the verse speaking? If he is impoverished, what does he steal from him? Rather, it spoke only of gifts to the poor that he is obligated to give them by Torah law; gleanings, forgotten sheaves, produce in the corner of the field, and the tithe of the poor. The Holy One blessed be He cautioned that no person should rob them of the gifts that are fit to give them. “As he is impoverished,” his poverty is sufficient for him. Is it not enough for the wealthy person that he exists in comfort and the poor person in suffering, but he even robs from him what the Holy One blessed be He gave him? “And do not oppress the poor at the gate” (Proverbs 22:22). Just as it says: “You shall not distort the judgment [of your poor in his dispute]” (Exodus 23:6), and it says: “[You shall not afflict] any widow [or orphan]” (Exodus 22:21), “for the Lord will fight their battle and will deprive of life those who deprive them” (Proverbs 22:23), likewise, it says: “If you afflict him, [then when he cries out to Me, I will hear his cry]. My wrath will be enflamed, and I will kill [you with the sword]” (Exodus 22:22–23). Another matter, “do not rob,” it is speaking of the tribe of Levi. Why does it call them impoverished? It is because they were more impoverished in number than all the tribes. You have none of the tribes that was as few in number as Manasseh, as their number totaled only “thirty-two thousand two hundred” (Numbers 1:35), and those counted were from twenty years old until sixty years old, excluding those who were from one month old until twenty, and excluding those from sixty years and above. However, the entire tribe of Levi was from one month and above only twenty-two thousand three hundred, plus Aaron and his sons. Why? It is because they were adjacent to the sacred; anyone who was not appropriately careful, the attribute of justice would harm them. The Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: ‘They keep the commission of the sacred so that you will not be harmed, and their numbers dwindle for you. Do not rob from them the gifts that I gave them, because he is impoverished.’ Moreover, they are impoverished from an inheritance, as they did not take a portion in the Land with you, as it is stated: “But to the tribe of Levi, Moses did not give an inheritance” (Joshua 13:33). “To the children of Levi, behold, I have given all tithes in Israel as an inheritance…[The children of Israel] shall no longer approach the Tent of Meeting]… The Levite himself shall perform the service of the Tent of Meeting” (Numbers 18:21–23). “And do not oppress the poor at the gate,” just as it says: “When you shall conclude to tithe all the tithes of your produce…[and you shall give to the Levite…]” (Deuteronomy 26:12). If you do so , “for the Lord will fight their battle” (Proverbs 22:23). “Do not rob the impoverished.” It is speaking of the sons of Kehat. Why does it call them impoverished? It is because they were from the tribe of Levi, which did not take a portion in the Land.

Section 3ג׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ וגו', הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים ב יד, כז): וְלֹא דִבֶּר ה' לִמְחוֹת אֶת שֵׁם יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמָיִם, אֵין הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ שֶׁיָּמוּת אֶחָד מֵהֶם, רְאֵה מַה כְּתִיב (ישעיה נו, ג): וְאַל יֹאמַר בֶּן הַנֵּכָר וגו', וּמַה עַל בֶּן נֵכָר אָמַרְתִּי שֶׁלֹא לְפָסְלוֹ עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהֵם בָּנַי, הֱוֵי: וְלֹא דִּבֶּר ה' לִמְחוֹת וגו'. וְכֵן הַגִּבְעוֹנִים שֶׁהָיוּ גֵּרִים גְּרוּרִים וְלֹא הָיוּ גֵּרֵי אֱמֶת אֶלָּא מִן הַיִּרְאָה נִתְגַּיְּרוּ קִבַּלְתִּי אוֹתָם, וְעַל שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ שָׁאוּל לְהִזְדַּקֵּק לָהֶם וְהָרַג הַכֹּהֲנִים שֶׁהָיוּ מַסְפִּיקִין מְזוֹנוֹתָן, הֲרַגְתִּיו. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁהֵבֵאתִי שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים רָעָב בִּשְׁבִילָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כא, א): וַיְהִי רָעָב בִּימֵי דָוִד וגו', וּמַה אִם לַגִּבְעוֹנִים שֶׁבָּאוּ אֶצְלְכֶם לֹא פָסַלְתִּי, לְבָנַי אֲנִי פּוֹסֵל, הֱוֵי: וְלֹא דִּבֶּר ה' לִמְחוֹת וגו', וְעַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה לַלְוִיִּם שֶׁהֵם מְשָׁרְתִים לְפָנַי, הֱוֵי: אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ. אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (נחום א, ז): טוֹב ה' לְמָעוֹז בְּיוֹם צָרָה, אֵין מִדּוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כְּמִדַת בָּשָׂר וָדָם, מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁמָּרְדָה עָלָיו מְדִינָה, הוּא עוֹשֶׂה בָהּ אַנְדְּרוֹלוֹמוּסְיָא וְהוֹרֵג הַטּוֹבִים עִם הָרָעִים, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֵינוֹ כֵן, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהַדּוֹר מַכְעִיס לְפָנָיו הוּא מְמַלֵּט הַצַּדִּיקִים וּמְאַבֵּד לָרְשָׁעִים, חָטָא דּוֹר אֱנוֹשׁ אִבֵּד אוֹתָם, הִצִּיל לַחֲנוֹךְ (בראשית ה, כד): וַיִּתְהַלֵּךְ חֲנוֹךְ, לָמָּה (נחום א, ז): בְּיוֹם צָרָה וְיֹדֵעַ חֹסֵי בוֹ. דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל הִכְעִיסוּ וְאִבְּדָן וְהִצִּיל לְנֹחַ (בראשית ו, ח): וְנֹחַ מָצָא חֵן בְּעֵינֵי ה', הֱוֵי: בְּיוֹם צָרָה וְיֹדֵעַ חֹסֵי בוֹ. סְדוֹמִיִּים הִכְעִיסוּ וְאִבְּדָם וְהִצִּיל לוֹט, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יט, כט): וַיְהִי בְּשַׁחֵת ה' אֶת עָרֵי הַכִּכָּר וגו', הֱוֵי: בְּיוֹם צָרָה וְיֹדֵעַ חֹסֵי בוֹ. הֵבִיא חשֶׁךְ עַל הַמִּצְרִיִּים (שמות י, כג): וּלְכָל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָיָה אוֹר, הֱוֵי: בְּיוֹם צָרָה וְיֹדֵעַ חֹסֵי בוֹ, יָצְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרַיִם בָּאוּ לַמִּדְבָּר עָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה חוּץ מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, כו): מִי לַה' אֵלָי וַיֵּאָסְפוּ אֵלָיו כָּל בְּנֵי לֵוִי, מִיָּד עָמַד משֶׁה וְהָרַג לַחוֹטְאִים עַל יְדֵי שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, כח): וַיַּעֲשׂוּ בְנֵי לֵוִי כִּדְבַר משֶׁה, וְנָגַף הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹשֵׂי מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל וְלֹא נָגַף שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות לב, לה): וַיִּגֹּף ה' וגו', הֱוֵי: בְּיוֹם צָרָה וְיֹדֵעַ חֹסֵי בוֹ, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֵׁבֶט לֵוִי חָסוּ בִּי וְקִדְשׁוּ שְׁמִי בָּעֵגֶל, הַדִין הוּא שֶׁאֵדַע אוֹתָם לְטוֹב וְאַצִּילֵם מִצָּרָה, לְפִיכָךְ הִזְהִיר לְמשֶׁה וּלְאַהֲרֹן עַל בְּנֵי קְהָת שֶׁהָיוּ לְוִיִּם שֶׁלֹא יִתְכַּלּוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂה הָאָרוֹן, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: אַל תַּכְרִיתוּ וגו'.

Another matter, “do not cut off,” that is what is written: “But the Lord had not spoken to erase the name of Israel from beneath the heavens” (II Kings 14:27). The Holy One blessed be He does not seek that any one of them should die. See what is written: “The foreigner who accompanies the Lord shall not say: [The Lord will separate me from His people]” (Isaiah 56:3). If regarding a foreigner, I said not to disqualify him, all the more so Israel, who are My children. That is, “but the Lord had not spoken to erase…” Likewise, the Givonites, who were unsought proselytes, and were not sincere proselytes, but rather they converted due to fear, and I accepted them. And because Saul sought to confront them and killed the priests who would provide their sustenance, I killed him. Moreover, I brought three years of famine on their account, as it is stated: “There was a famine in the days of David [for three years…the Lord said: For Saul, and for the bloody house, in that he put the Givonites to death]” (II Samuel 21:1). If the Givonites, who came to you, I did not disqualify, will I disqualify My children? That is, “But the Lord had not spoken to erase…” This is true all the more so regarding the Levites, who are servants before Me. That is, “Do not cut off.” “Do not cut off,” that is what is written: “The Lord is good; He is a stronghold on the day of trouble” (Nahum 1:7). The attributes of the Holy One blessed be He are not like the attributes of flesh and blood. A flesh and blood king against whom the province rebelled, he initiates chaos and kills the good with the bad. The Holy One blessed be He is not so. When the generation angers Him, he spares the righteous and eradicates the wicked. The generation of Enosh sinned; He eradicated them, but spared Ḥanokh: “Ḥanokh walked [with God and he is not, as God took him]” (Genesis 5:24). Why? “[He is a stronghold] on the day of trouble and knows those who take refuge in Him” (Nahum 1:7). The generation of the Flood angered Him and He eradicated them, but He spared Noah: “Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord” (Genesis 6:8). That is, “[He is a stronghold] on the day of trouble and knows those who take refuge in Him.” The people of Sodom angered Him and He eradicated them, but He spared Lot, as it is stated: “It was when God destroyed the cities of the plain…[He sent Lot from the midst of the upheaval]” (Genesis 19:29). That is, “[He is a stronghold] on the day of trouble and knows those who take refuge in Him.” He brought darkness upon the Egyptians, “But all the children of Israel had light in their dwellings” (Exodus 10:23). That is, “[He is a stronghold] on the day of trouble and knows those who take refuge in Him.” Israel departed from Egypt, came to the wilderness, and performed that act, except for the tribe of Levi, as it is stated: “Whoever is for the Lord, to me, and all the sons of Levi gathered to him” (Exodus 32:26). Immediately, Moses stood and killed the sinners by means of the tribe of Levi, as it is stated: “The sons of Levi acted in accordance with the word of Moses, [and some three thousand men fell from the people on that day]” (Exodus 32:28). And the Lord afflicted those who performed the act of the calf, but He did not afflict the tribe of Levi, as it is stated: “The Lord afflicted [the people, because they made the calf that Aaron had made]” (Exodus 32:35). That is, “[He is a stronghold] on the day of trouble and knows those who take refuge in Him.” The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘The tribe of Levi took shelter in Me and sanctified Me with the calf, by right, I should acknowledge them for good and rescue them from trouble.’ That is why He cautioned Moses and Aaron regarding the sons of Kehat, who were Levites, so they would not be eradicated on account of the Ark. That is what is written: “Do not cut off…”