מועד קטן ג׳Moed Katan 3

Mishnah

משנה: וְאֵילּוּ מְגַלְּחִין בַּמּוֹעֵד הַבָּא מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם וּמִבֵּית הַשִּׁבְיָה וְהַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית הָאֲסוֹרִים וּמְנוּדֶּה שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לוֹ חֲכָמִים. וְכֵן מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁאַל לֶחָכָם וְהוּתַּר וְהַנָּזִיר וְהַמְּצוֹרָע מִטּוּמְאָתוֹ לְטַהֲרָתוֹ:

MISHNAH: And the following shave on the holiday: He who comes from overseas, or from being kidnapped, or leaves jail, and one whose excommunication was lifted by the Sages, and also who asked the Sages and was permitted, and the nazir, and the sufferer from skin disease between his impurity and his purity.

Halakhah

הלכה: אֵילּוּ מְגַלְּחִין בַּמּוֹעֵד הַבָּא מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם וּמִבֵּית הַשִּׁבְיָיה וְהַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית הָאֲסוּרִין. הָא שְׁאַר כָּל בְּנֵי אָדָם אֲסוּרִין. אָמַר רִבִּי סִימוֹן. גָּ‍זְרוּ עֲלֵיהֶן שֶׁלָּא יִיכָּנְסוּ לָרֶגֶל מְנוּוָלִין. תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. אַנְשֵׁי מִשְׁמָר וְאַנְשֵׁי מַעֲמָד אֲסוּרִין מִלְּסַפֵּר וּמִלְּכַבֵּס. וּבַחֲמִישִׁי מוּתָּרִין מִפְּנֵי כְבוֹד הַשַּׁבָּת. הָא שְׁאָר כָּל הַיָּמִים אֲסוּרִין. רִבִּי יוֹסֵה רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן רִבִּי אָבוּן בְּשֵׁם חִזְקִיָּה. גָּזְרוּ עֲלֵיהֶן שֶׁלָּא יִיכָּנְסוּ לְשַׁבָּתָן מְנוּוָלִין.

HALAKHAH: “And the following shave on the holiday: He who comes from overseas, or from being kidnapped, or leaves jail.” Therefore all other people are forbidden? Rebbi Simon said, they decreed about them so they should not enter the holiday badly groomed. There, we have stated: “The people of the watch and those of the bystanders are forbidden to shave and to wash their garments, but on Thursday they are permitted because of the honor of the Sabbath.” Therefore on all other days they are forbidden? Rebbi Yose, Rebbi Abbahu in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan; Rebbi Abun, <rebbi yasa> in the name of Ḥizqiah: They decreed about them so they should not enter their week badly groomed.

תַּנֵּי בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יוּדָה. הַבָּא מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם אָסוּר לוֹ לְגַלֵּחַ. רִבִּי יוּדָה כְּדַעְתֵּיהּ. דְּרִבִּי יוּדָה אָמַר. אָסוּר לְפָרֵשׂ לַיָּם הַגָּדוֹל. מֵעַתָּה כֹּהֵן שֶׁיָּצָא חוּץ לָאָרֶץ הוֹאִיל וְיָצָא שֶׁלֹּא בִרְצוֹן חֲכָמִים יְהֵא אָסוּר לוֹ לְגַלֵּחַ. חַד כֹּהֵן אֲתַא לְגַבֵּי רִבִּי חֲנִינָה. אָמַר לֵיהּ. מָהוּ לָצֵאת לְצוֹר לַעֲשׂוֹת דְּבַר מִצְוָה לַחְלוֹץ אוֹ לְיַיבֵּם. אָמַר לֵיהּ. אָחִיו שֶׁלְאוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ יָצָא. בָּרוּךְ הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁנְּגָפוֹ. וְאַתְּ מְבַקֵּשׁ לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּיוֹצֵא בוֹ. אִית דְּבָעֵי מֵימַר. הָכֵין אָמַר לֵיהּ. אָחִיו שֶׁלְאוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ הִנִּיחַ חֵיק אִמּוֹ וְחִיבֵּק חֵיק נָכְרִיָּה. וּבָרוּךְ שֶׁנְּגָפוֹ. וְאַתְּ מְבַקֵּשׁ לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּיוֹצֵא בוֹ. שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר בָּא אֲתַא לְגַבֵּי רִבִּי חֲנִינָה. אָמַר לֵיהּ. כְּתוּב לִי חָדָא אִיגְרָא דְּאִיקָר נֵיפּוּק לְפַרְנָסָתִי לְאַרְעָא בָּרְיָיתָא. אָמַר לוֹ. לְמָחָר אֲנִי הוֹלֵךְ אֶצֶל אֲבוֹתֶיךָ. יְהוּ אוֹמְרִים לִי. נְטִיעָה אַחַת שֶׁלְחֶמְדָּה שֶׁהָיִתָה לָנוּ בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל הִיתַּרְתָּה לָהּ לָצֵאת לְחוּץ לָאָרֶץ.

It was stated in the name of Rebbi Jehudah: Shaving is forbidden to someone who comes from overseas. Rebbi Jehudah follows his own opinion since Rebbi Jehudah said, it is forbidden to sail on the ocean. Then a Cohen who left for outside the Land and left against the will of the Sages should be forbidden to shave. A Cohen came to Rebbi Ḥanina. He said to him, may one leave for Tyre for as religious obligation, to give ḥaliṣah or to enter levirate marriage? He answered him, this man’s brother left; praised be the Omnipresent Who smote him. And you want to do what he did. Some want to say, so he spoke to him: This man’s brother disdained his mother’s bosom and embraced another’s bosom, and you want to do what he did. Simeon bar Abba came to Rebbi Ḥanina and asked him to write a letter of recommendation so he could leave for his sustenance outside the Land. He said to him, tomorrow I shall go to your forefathers; they would say to me, one desirable plant we had in the Land of Israel and you permitted it to leave the Land.

וְהַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית הָאֲסוּרִין. הֲוִינָן סָבְרִין מֵימַר. בְּשֶׁהָיָה חָבוּשׁ אֶצֶל הַגּוֹיִם. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה חָבוּשׁ אֶצֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא. אֲתַא מֵימַר לָךְ. וַאֲפִילוּ חָבוּשׁ אֶצֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל. אֵינוֹ עָרֶב לָאָדָם לְגַלֵּחַ בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִין.

“Or he leaves jail.” We thought to say, if he was jailed by Gentiles, but not if he was jailed by Jews. He comes to inform you, even if he was jailed by Jews. It is not agreeable to a person to groom in jail.

וְהַמְנוּדֶּה שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לוֹ חֲכָמִים. מָה אֲנָן קַיָימִין. אִם בְּשֶׁהִתִּירוּ לוֹ קוֹדֶם לָרֶגֶל יְגַלֵּחַ. אִם בְּשֶׁלֹּא הִתִּירוּ לוֹ קוֹדֶם לָרֶגֶל אַל יְגַלֵּחַ. אֶלָּא כִי נָן קַיָימִין בְּשֶׁהִתִּירוּ לוֹ קוֹדֶם לָרֶגֶל וְחָל יוֹם שְׁלֹשִׁים שֶׁלּוֹ לִהְיוֹת בָּרֶגֶל. שֶׁאֵין נִידּוּי פָחוּת מִשְּׁלֹשִׁים. וְאֵין נְזִיפָה פְחוּתָה מִשִּׁבְעַת יָמִים. אֵין נִידּוּי פָחוּת מִשְּׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם. עַד חוֹדֶשׁ יָמִים עַד אֲשֶׁר יֵצֵא מֵאַפְּכֶם. וְאֵין נְזִיפָה פְחוּתָה מִשִּׁבְעָה יָמִים. הֲלֹא תִכָּלֵם שִׁבְעַת יָמִים. רִבִּי הֲוָה מוֹקֵר לְבַר אֶלְעָשָׂא. אָמַר לֵיהּ בַּר קַפָּרָא. כָּל עַמָּא שְׁאָלִין לְרִבִּי וְאַתְּ לֵית אַתְּ שְׁאַל לֵיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. מַה נִישְׁאוֹל. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. שְׁאוֹל. מִשָּׁמַיִם נִשְׁקְפָה. הוֹמִיָּה בְיַרְכְּתֵי בֵיתָהּ. מְפַחֶדֶת כָּל בַּעֲלֵי כְנָפַיִם. רָאוּהָ נְעָרִים וְנֶחְבָּאוּ. וִישִׁישִׁים קָמוּ עָמָדוּ. הַנָּס יֹאמַר הוֹ הוֹ. וְהַנִּלְכַּד נִלְכַּד בָּעֲוֹנוֹ. הָפַךְ רִבִּי וְחַמְתֵּיהּ גָּחִיךְ. אָמַר רִבִּי. אֵינִי מַכִּירָךְ זָקֵן. וְיָדַע דְּלֵית הוּא מִתְמַנְיָיא בְיוֹמוֹי.

“And one whose excommunication was lifted by the Sages.” Where are we holding? If they lifted it before the holiday, he should have shaved. If they did not lift it before the holiday, he may not shave. But we hold that they lifted it before the holiday and his thirtieth day fell during the holiday, since no excommunication is less than thirty days and no rebuke is less than seven days. No excommunication is less than thirty days, up to a month of days, until it will come out of your noses. And no rebuke is less than seven days, let her be locked away for seven days. Rebbi honored Ben Elasa. Bar Qappara said to him, everybody is asking Rebbi, only you are not asking Rebbi. He asked him, what to ask? He said to him, ask: “From Heaven she looks down, she is busy in her house; boys see her and hide, old men rise and stand. The one who flees says, ho, ho, and the one caught is caught in his sin.” Rebbi turned around and saw him laughing. Rebbi said, I do not know you, old man. He understood that he would not be ordained during his lifetime.

בִּיקְשׁוּ לְנַדּוֹת אֶת רִבִּי מֵאִיר. אָמַר לָהֶן. אֵינִי שׁוֹמֵעַ לָכֶם עַד שֶׁתֹּאמְרוּ לִי אֶת מִי מְנַדִּין וְעַל מַה מְנַדִּין וְעַל כַּמָּה דְבָרִים מְנַדִּין.

They wanted to excommunicate Rebbi Meïr. He said to them, I do not listen to you unless you tell me whom one excommunicates, why one excommunicates, and how many reasons there are to excommunicate.

בִּיקְשׁוּ לְנַדּוֹת אֶת רִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר. אָמְרִין. מָאן אֲזַל מוֹדַע לֵיהּ. אָמַר רִבִּי עֲקִיבָה. אֲנָא אֲזַל מוֹדַע לֵיהּ. אֲתַא לְגַבֵּיהּ אֲמַר לֵיהּ. רִבִּי רִבִּי. חֲבֵירֶיךָ מְנַדִּין לְָךְ. נַסְתֵּיהּ נְפַק לֵיהּ לִבִרָא אֲמַר. חָרוּבִיתָא חָרוּבִיתָא. אִין הֲלָכָה כְדִבְרֵיהֶם אִיתְעוֹקְרִין. וְלָא אִיתְעֹקְרָת. אִין הֲלָכָה כִדְבָרַיי אִיתְעוֹקְרִין. וְאִיתְעֹקְרָת. אִין הֲלָכָה כְדִבְרֵיהֶן חוֹזְרִין. וְלָא חָזְרָת. אִין הֲלָכָה כִדְבָרַיי חוֹזְרִין. וְחָזְרָת. כָּל הָדֵין שְׁבָחָא וְלֵית הֲלָכָה כְרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. אָמַר רִבִּי חֲנִינָה. מִשֶּׁנִּיתְנָה לֹא נִיתְנָה אֶלָּא אַחֲרֵי רַבִּים לְהַטּוֹת. [וְלֵית רִבִּי אֱלִעֶזֶר יָדַע שֶׁאַחֲרֵי רַבִּים לְהַטּוֹת.] לֹא הִקְפִּיד אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי שֶׁשָּׂרְפוּ טַהֲרוֹתָיו בְּפָנָיו. תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. חִיתְּכוֹ חוּלְיוֹת וְנָתַן חוֹל בֵּין חוּלְיָיא לְחוּלְיָיא. רִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר מְטַהֵר וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמִּין. זֶה תּנּוּרוֹ שֶׁלְחֲכִינָיי. אָמַר רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה. חָכַךְ גָּדוֹל נַעֲשֶׂה בְאוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם. כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁהַיְתָה עֵינוֹ שֶׁלְרִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר מַבֶּטֶת הָיָה נִשְׁדַּף. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא אֲפִילוּ חִיטָּה אַחַת חֶצְיָיהּ נִשְׁדַּף וְחֶצְיָיהּ לֹא נִשְׁדַּף. וְהָיוּ עֲמוּדֵי בֵית הַוַועַד מְרוֹפָפִים. אָמַר לָהֶן רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. אִם חֲבֵרִים מִתְלַחֲמִים אַתֶּם מָה אִיכְפַּת לָכֶם. וְיָצָאָה בַת קוֹל וְאָמְרָה. הֲלָכָה כֶאֱלִיעֶזֶר בְּנִי. אָמַר רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. לֹא בַשָּׁמַיִם הִיא. רִבִּי קְרִיסְפִּי רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי. אִם יֹאמַר לִי אָדָם. כָּךְ שָׁנָה רִבִּי לִיעֶזֶר. שׁוֹנֶה אֲנִי כִדְבָרָיו. אֶלָּא דְתַנָּיָא מְחַלְּפִין. חַד זְמַן הֲוָה עֲבַר בַּשּׁוּקָא וַחֲמַת חָדָא אִיתָא סְחוֹתָה דְבֵייתָא וּטְלָקַת וְנָפְלָת גַּו רֵישֵׁיהּ. אָמַר. דּוֹמֶה שֶׁהַיּוֹם חֲבֵירַיי מְקָרְבִין אוֹתִי. דִּכְתִיב מֵאַשְׁפּוֹת יָרִים אֶבְיוֹן.

They wanted to excommunicate Rebbi Eliezer. They said, who will go and inform him? Rebbi Aqiba said, I shall go and inform him. He went to him and said to him, my teacher, my teacher, your colleagues are excommunicating you. He took him outside, saying: Carob tree, carob tree, if practice has to follow their words, be uprooted. It was not uprooted. If practice has to follow my words, be uprooted. It was uprooted. If practice has to follow their words, turn back. It did not turn back. If practice has to follow my words, turn back. It turned back. All these extraordinary happenings and practice do not follow Rebbi Eliezer. Rebbi Ḥanina said, when it was given, it also was given to follow the majority opinion. [Did Rebbi Eliezer not know that practice has to follow the majority opinion?] He was offended only because they burned his food prepared in purity in his presence. There we have stated: “If it was cut into strips and sand was placed between any two strips, Rebbi Eliezer declares pure but the Sages declare impure. This is the Ḥakhinai oven.” Rebbi Jeremiah said, a big itching was happening on that day: Everything on which Rebbi Eliezer gazed was burned. Not only that, but a grain of wheat might have been half burned and half not burned, and the walls of the house of assembly were weakened. Rebbi Joshua said to them, if colleagues are fighting, what does this concern you? There came an unembodied voice and said, practice follows My son Eliezer. Rebbi Joshua said, it is not in Heaven. Rebbi Crispus, Rebbi Joḥanan in the name of Rebbi: If a person would say to me, that is how Rebbi Eliezer stated, I am stating following his words since the Tannaïm switch. Once he was walking in public and he saw a woman when sweeping her house throwing it out, it fell on his head. He said, it seems that today my colleagues are befriending me, for it is written: He lifts the downtrodden from the dung heap.

רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לִֵוי שְׁלַח בָּתָר חַד בַּר נַשׁ תְּלָתָה זִימְנִין וְלָא אֲתַא. שְׁלַח אֲמַר לֵיהּ. אִילוּלֵא דְלָא חֲרָמִית בַּר נַשׁ מִן יוֹמוֹי הֲוִינָא מְחַרַם לְהַהוּא גוּבְרָא. שֶׁעַל עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה דְבָרִים מְנַדִּין וְזֶה אֶחָד מֵהֶן. וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָבוֹא לִשְׁלשֶׁת הַיָּמִים כַּעֲצַת הַשָּׂרִים וְהַזְּקֵנִים יָחֳרַם כָּל רְכוּשׁוֹ וְהוּא יִבָּדֵל מִקְּהַל הַגּוֹלָה. אָמַר רִבִּי יִצְחָק בֵּירִבִּי לָעְזָר. אִית סַגִּין מִינְּהוֹן מְבַדְּרָן בְּמַתְנִיתָא. תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. שָׁלַח לוֹ שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן שֶׁטַח אָמַר לוֹ צָרִיךְ אַתָּה לִנָּדוֹת. שֶׁאִילּוּ נִגְזְרָה גְזֵירָה כְשֵׁם שֶׁנִּגְזְרָה בִימֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ [לֹא נִמְצֵאת מֵבִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים לִידֵי חִלּוּל הַשֵּׁם. שֶׁכָּל הַמֵּבִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים לִידֵי חִלּוּל הַשֵּׁם צְרִיךְ נִדּוּי. תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. שָׁלַח לוֹ רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אִם מְעַכֵּב אַתָּה אֶת הָרַבִּים נִמְצֵאתָ מַכְשִׁילָן לְעָתִיד לָבוֹא.] לֹא נִמְצֵאתָ מְעַכֵּב אֶת הָרַבִּים מִלַּעֲשׂוֹת מִצְוָה. שֶׁכָּל הַמְעַכֵּב אֶת הָרַבִּים לַעֲשׂוֹת דְּבַר מִצְוָה צָרִיךְ נִידּוּי.

Rebbi Joshua ben Levi sent for a man three times but he did not come. He sent, saying to him, if I had not ever excommunicated a person, I would have excommunicated this man since for 24 reasons one excommunicates and this is one of them: The entire property of anybody who will not come within three days following the council of ministers and Elders shall be confiscated and he shall be separated from the community of the Diaspora. Rebbi Isaac ben Rebbi Eleazar said, there are many more of these dispersed in the Mishnah. There, we have stated: “Simeon ben Shataḥ sent to him and told him, you should be excommunicated.” For if there had been a decision made as it was decided in the days of Elijah, [would you not have caused a desecration of the Name in public? And everybody who causes a public desecration of the Name must be excommunicated. There, we have stated: Rabban Gamliel sent to him, if you hinder the public you will create a future stumbling block for the public;] would not prevent the public from performing a meritorious act? And any who would hinder the public from performing a meritorious act must be excommunicated.

תַּנֵּי. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. תּווּדֵס אִישׁ רוֹמִי הִנְהִיג אֶת אַנְשֵׁי רוֹמִי שֶׁיְּהוּ אוֹכְלִין גְּדָיִים מְקוּלָּסִין בְּלֵילֵי פְסָחִים. שָׁלְחוּ חֲכָמִים וְאָמְרוּ לוֹ. אִילוּלֵי שֶׁאַתּ תֵּווּדַס לֹא הָיִינוּ מְנַדִּין אוֹתָךְ. וּמָהוּ תֵּווּדַס. אָמַר רִבִּי חֲנַנְיָה. דַּהֲוָה מְשֵׁלֵּחַ פַּרְנָסַתְהוֹן דְּרַבָּנִן. לֹא נִמְצֵאתָה מֵבִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים לִידֵי אֲכִילַת קֳדָשִׁים בַּחוץ. שֶׁכָּל הַמֵּבִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים לִידֵי אֲכִילַת קֳדָשִׁים בַּחוץ צָרִיךְ נִידּוּי.

It was stated: Rebbi Yose said, Theudas of Rome led the people of Rome to eat helmeted kid-goat in the Passover nights. the Sages sent and said to him, if you were not Theudas, would we not put you in the ban? Who was Theudas? Rebbi Ḥananiah said, because he was providing for the rabbis. Are you not causing the public to eat sancta outside the Temple? And anybody causing the public to eat sancta outside the Temple has to be put in the ban.

תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. אֶת מִי נִידּוּ. אֶת אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן הַנָּד שֶׁפִּיקְפֵּק בְּטָהֳרַת הַיָּדָיִם. הָדָא אָמְרָה. הַמְפַקְפֶּק בְּדָּבָר אֲפִילוּ מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים צָרִיךְ נִידּוּי. תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. דִּכְמָה הִשְׁקוּהָ. מָהוּ דִּכְמָה. דִּכְוָותְהּ. נִידּוּהוּ וָמֵת בְּנִידּוּיוֹ וְסָקְלוּ בֵית דִּין אֲרוֹנוֹ. לְלַמְּדָךְ שֶׁכָּל הַמְנוּדֶּה וּמֵת סוֹקְלִין אֲרוֹנוֹ. הָדָא אָמְרָה. הַמְבַזֶּה זָקֵן אֲפִילוּ לְאַחַר מִיתָה צָרִיךְ נִידּוּי. בְּיוֹמוֹי דֵרִבִּי זְעוּרָה הֲווֹן מְרַחַקִּין וּמְקָרְבִין. אָמַר לוֹן [רִבִּי] לָא. הַשְׁתָּא מְרַחַקִּין וְהַשְׁתָּא מְקָרְבִין. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. חָזְרוּ וְנִמְנוּ. לִכְשֶׁיַּחֲזוֹר בּוֹ יְהוּ מְקָרְבִין אוֹתוֹ.

There, we have stated: “Whom did they excommunicate? Eleazar ben Hannad who questioned the purity of hands.” This implies that one who questions even one of the words of the Sopherim needs excommunication. There, we have stated: “They let her drink dikma.” What is dikma? An imitation. “They excommunicated him, he died in his excommunication, and the Court stoned his coffin. To teach you that one stones the coffin of anybody dying in his excommunication.” This implies that anybody insulting an Elder, even after his death, needs to be excommunicated. In the days of Rebbi Ze`ira they were excommunicating and readmitting. (He said to them, no.) [Rebbi La said to them:] Now one excommunicates and now one readmits? They took up the matter and voted, when he changes his opinion one readmits them.

הַמְנוּדֶּה לָרַב מְנוּדֶּה לַתַּלְמִיד. הַמְנוּדֶּה לַתַּלְמִיד אֵינוֹ מְנוּדֶּה לָרַב. הַמְנוּדֶּה לָאַב בֵּית דִּין מְנוּדֶּה לַחָכָם. הַמְנוּדֶּה לַחָכָם אֵינוֹ מְנוּדֶּה לָאַב בֵּית דִּין. הַמְנוּדֶּה לַנָּשִׂיא מְנוּדֶּה לְכָל אָדָם. עַד כְּדוֹן חָכָם שֶׁנִּידֶּה. וַאֲפִילוּ חָבֵר שֶׁנִּידֶּה. נִישְׁמְעִינָהּ מִן הָדָא. חָדָא אַמְהָא מִן דְּבַר פָּטָא הֶוָות עָבְרָה קוֹמֵי חָדָא כְנִישָׁא. חֲמַת חַד סְפַר מָחִי לְחַד מֵיינוֹק יְתִיר מִן צוֹרְכֵיהּ. אָמְרָה לֵיהּ. יְהַוֵּי הַהוּא גוּבְרָא מֻחַרַם. אֲתַא שְׁאַל לְרִבִּי אָחָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. צָרִיךְ אַתְּ חֲשַׁשׁ עַל נַפְשָׁךְ. הָדָא אָמְרָה. הָעוֹשֶׂה דָבָר שֶׁלֹּא כְשׁוּרָה צָרִיךְ נִידּוּי. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ הֲוָה מְעַיְינֵי תֵינִין בְּבַרְבַּרִית. אֲתוֹן לִיסְטַיָּא וְגָנְבוּן מִינְהוֹן בַּלַּיִלִיָא. וּבְסוֹפָא אַרְגַּשׁ בְּהוֹן. אֲמַר לוֹן. לִיהֲווֹן אִילֵּין עַמָּא מֻחַרַמִין. אָמְרוּן לֵיהּ. יֵיא הַהוּא גוּבְרָא מֻחֲרָם. חָשׁ עַל נַפְשֵׁיהּ. אָמַר. מָמוֹן אִינּוּן חַיָיבִין לִי. דִּילְמָא נַפְשִׁן. נְפַק פֳרִי בַּתְרֵיהוֹן. אֲמַר לוֹן. שָׁרוּן לִי. אָמְרוּן לֵיהּ. שָׁרִי לָן וַנָן שֶׁרֵיי לָךְ. הָדָא אָמְרָה. הַמְנַדֶּה אֶת מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ וְנִידֶּה אוֹתוֹ נִידּוּיוֹ נִידּוּי.

One who is excommunicated by the teacher is excommunicated for the student; excommunicated by the student is not excommunicated for the teacher. One who is excommunicated by the chief judge is excommunicated for the rabbi; excommunicated by the rabbi is not excommunicated for the chief judge. One who is excommunicated by the patriarch is excommunicated for everybody. So far if an ordained rabbi excommunicated; even a fellow? Let us hear from the following: A slave woman of Bar Pata passed by a synagogue. She saw a Bible teacher who hit a child more than necessary. He said to him, this man has to be put in the ban. He went and asked Rebbi Aḥa who told him, you have to worry about yourself. This implies that a person who does something unbecoming needs to be excommunicated. Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish was looking after figs at Barbarit. Robbers came and stole from them during the night. At the end he noticed them. He said to them, these people shall be excommunicated. They said to him, this person shall be excommunicated. He was worried about himself. He said, they owe me money; maybe souls? He went out after them, said to them: permit me. They said to him, if you permit us we shall permit you. This implies that if somebody excommunicated somebody unnecessarily and he in turn excommunicated him, his excommunication is excommunication.

מִי מַתִּיר. לֹא כֵן תַּנֵּי. מֵת אֶחָד מִמְּנַדָּיו אֵין מַתִּירִין לוֹ. אָמַר רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי. הָדָא דַתְּ אֲמַר בְּשֶׁאֵין שָׁם נָשִׂיא. אֲבָל אִם יֵשׁ שָׁם נָשִׂיא הַנָּשִׂיא מַתִּיר. רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי בָּא בַּר מָמָל. מַעֲשֶׂה בְאֶחָד שְׁמֵּת אֶחָד מִמְּנַדָּיו וְלֹא הִתִּירוּ לוֹ. וְלֹא כֵן אָמַר רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לִוֵי. הָדָא דַתְּ אֲמַר בְּשֶׁאֵין שָׁם נָשִׂיא. אֲבָל אִם יֵשׁ שָׁם נָשִׂיא הַנָּשִׂיא מַתִּיר. וְקָמַת מַה דְאָמַר רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי בָּא בַּר מָמָל. בְּשֶׁלֹּא חָזַר בּוֹ. רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אַבַּיי בְּשֵׁם רַב שֵׁשֶׁת. נִמְנוּ בְּאוּשָׁא שֶׁלֹּא לְנַדּוֹת זָקֵן. וָאַתְיָיא כַיי דְאָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ. זָקֵן שֶׁאִירָע בּוֹ דָּבָר אֵין מוֹרִידִין אוֹתוֹ מִגְּדוּלָּתוֹ אֶלָּא אוֹמְרִים לוֹ. הִיכָּבֵד וְשֵׁב בְּבֵיתֶךָ. רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אַבַּיי בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי אָחָא. זָקֵן שֶׁשָּׁכַח תַּלְמוּדוֹ מַחְמַת אוֹנְסוֹ נוֹהֲגִין בּוֹ (כִּ)קְדוּשַּׁת אָרוֹן. רִבִּי אָחָא רִבִּי תַנְחוּם רִבִּי חִיָיה בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. זָקֵן שֶׁנִּידֶּה לְצוֹרֵךְ עַצְמוֹ אֲפִילוּ כַהֲלָכָה אֵין נִידּוּיוֹ נִידּוּי.

Who permits? Did we not state, if one of the excommunicators died one may not permit him? Rebbi Joshua ben Levi said, this you are saying in the absence of a Patriarch. But if there is a Patriarch, the Patriarch permits. Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa in the name of Rebbi Abba bar Mamal: It happened that one of the excommunicators died and they did not permit him. Did not Rebbi Joshua ben Levi say, this you are saying in the absence of a Patriarch, but if there is a Patriarch, the Patriarch permits? What Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa in the name of Rebbi Abba bar Mamal said is confirmed if he did not reform. Rebbi Jacob bat Abbay in the name of Rav Sheshet: At Usha they voted not to excommunicate an ordained rabbi. This parallels what Rebbi Samuel said in the name of Rebbi Abbahu: One does not strip an ordained rabbi who is guilty of something of his title but tells him, respect yourself and sit in your house. Rebbi Jacob bat Abbay in the name of Rebbi Aḥa: One treats an ordained rabbi who forgot his learning by an act of God with the holiness of the Ark. Rebbi Aḥa, Rebbi Tanḥum, Rebbi Ḥiyya in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: Excommunication by an ordained rabbi who excommunicated for his personal benefit is no excommunication.

בְּיוֹמוֹי דְרִבִּי יִרְמְיָה אֲתַת עַקָּא עַל טִיבֵּרַיָיאֵי. שָׁלַח בָּעֵי מְנַרְתָּא דְכַסְפָּא גַבֵּי רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. שָׁלַח אָמַר לֵיהּ. אַדַּיִין לֹא שָׁב יִרְמְיָה מֵרָעָתוֹ. וּבִיקֵּשׁ לְנַדּוֹתוֹ. וַהֲוָה רִבִּי חִיָיה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרִבִּי יְצְחָק עֲטוֹשִׁיָּא יְתִיב תַּמָּן. אָמַר לֵיהּ. שָׂמַעְתִּי שֶׁאֵין מְנַדִּין זָקֵן אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עָשָׂה כְיָרָבְעַם בֶּן נְבָט וַחֲבֵירָיו. אָמַר לֵיהּ. דִּכְמָה הִשְׁקוּהָ. וּכְיָרָבְעַם בֶּן נְבָט וַחֲבֵירָיו עָשָׂה. וְנַדּוּן אִילֵּין לָאִילֵּין. וְחָשׁוּן אִילֵּין עַל אִילֵּין וְצָרְכוּן מִישְׁתַּרְיָיא אִילֵּין מִן אִילֵּין.

In the days of Rebbi Jeremiah there came a calamity on the Tiberians. He sent and demanded a silver candelabrum from Rebbi Jacob ben Rebbi Abun. He sent to tell him, Jeremiah still does not change from his evil ways. He wanted to excommunicate him. Rebbi Ḥiyya ben Rebbi Isaac from Atoshia was sitting there. He said to him, I heard that one may excommunicate an ordained rabbi only if he acted like Jerobeam ben Nebaṭ and his colleagues. He answered, “They let her drink dikma.” Did he act like Jerobeam ben Nebaṭ and his colleagues? They excommunicated one another, worried one about the other, and needed permission from one another.

וְכֵן מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁאַל לֶחָכָם וְהוּתַּר. מָה אֲנָן קַיָימִין. אִם בְּשֶׁנִּשְׁאַל קוֹדֶם לָרֶגֶל יְגַלַּח. אִם בְּשֶׁלֹּא נִשְׁאַל קוֹדֶם לָרֶגֶל אַל יְגַלַּח. אֶלָּא כִי נָן קַיָימִין בְּשֶׁנִּשְׁאַל קוֹדֶם לָרֶגֶל וְלֹא מָצְאוּ פְתַח לְנִדְרוֹ אֶלָּא בַרֶגֶל. כְּהָדָא. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֵּרִבִּי לֹא מָצְאוּ פְתַח לְנִדְרוֹ עַד שֶׁבָּא אֶחָד מִזִּקְנֵי הַגָּלִיל. וְאִית דְּאַמְרִין רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר הֲוָה. וַהֲוָה נְסִיב לֵיהּ מִן הָכָא וּמֵקִים לֵיהּ הָכָא. נְסִב לֵיהּ מִן הָכָא וּמֵקִים לֵיהּ הָכָא. עַד דְּאַקִּימֵיהּ גַּו שִׁימְשָׁא מַפְלֵי מָאנוֹי. אָמְרוּן לֵיהּ. אִילּוּ הֲוִיתָה יֵדַע דְּהָדֵין סַבָּא עֲבַד לָךְ הָכֵין נְדַר הֲוִויתָא. אֲמַר לוֹן. לָא. וְשָׁרוּן לֵיהּ. וְלֵיהּ אָמְרִין. הָדָא מְנָן לָךְ. אֲמַר לוֹן. מְשָׁרֵת מֵאִיר הָיִיתִי בְּבָרְחוֹ שְׁנַיִם. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים. מַקְלוֹ שֶׁלְרִבִּי מֵאִיר הָיְתָה בְיָדוֹ וְהִיא הָיְתָה מְלַמְּדָתוֹ דַעַת.

“And also who asked the Sages and was permitted.” Where do we hold? If he asked before the holiday he should shave; if he did not ask before the holiday he should not shave. But we hold in case that he asked before the holiday and they found an opening only on the holiday. As the following: They did not find an opening for Rebbi Simeon ben Rebbi until one of the Sages of Galilee came; some say, he was Rebbi Simeon ben Eleazar. He took him from one place and put him in another, he took him from one place and put him in another until finally he put him into the sun and told him to check his garments for fleas. They said to him, if you had known that this old man would treat you in such a way, would you have made the vow? He said, No. They permitted him. They asked, from where do you have this? He said to them, I was Meïr’s servant when he fled the second time, but some say that Rebbi Meïr’s staff was in his hand and it taught him knowledge.

תַּנֵּי. כָּל אֵילּוּ שֶׁאָמְרוּ. מְגַלְּחִין בַּמּוֹעֵד. מוּתָּרִין לְגַלֵּחַ בְּתוֹךְ שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם שֶׁלְאֵבֶל. אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. אָסוּר. [וְאִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. מוּתָּר.] אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא. מָאן דְּאָמַר. מוּתָּר. בְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם רֶגֶל. מָאן דְּאָמַר. אָסוּר. בְּשֶׁאֵין שָׁם רֶגֶל. מַתְנִיתָא פְלִיגָא על רַב חִסְדָּא. הֲרֵי שֶׁתְּכָפוּהוּ אֲבֵלָיו זֶה אַחַר זֶה הֲרֵי זֶה מֵיקַל בַּסַּכִּין וּבַמִּסְפֶּרֶת אֲבָל לֹא בַּמִּסְפַּרַיִים. וְיֵיעָשֶׂה אֵבֶל הַשֵּׁינִי אֶצֶל הָרִאשׁוֹן כְּמִי שֶׁהוּא אָנוּס וִיגַלַּח. הֲוֵי לֹא אִתְאֲמָרַת אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי כְבוֹד הָרֶגֶל. רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק בָּעֵי נִיחָא בְתוֹךְ שִׁבְעָה. בְּתוֹךְ שְׁלשִׁים. הָתִיב רִבִּי חֲנַנְיָה חֲבֵרוֹן דְּרַבָּנִן. וְהָא תָאנֵי. אֵילּוּ דְבָרִים שֶׁאָבֵל אָסוּר בָּהֶן כָּל שִׁבְעָה. אִם בְּתוֹךְ שְׁלשִׁים הוּא אָסוּר בְּתוֹךְ שִׁבְעָה לֹא כָל שֶׁכֵּן. לֹא אִיתְאֲמָרַת אֶלָּא בְּשֶׁתְּכָפוּהוּ אָבֵלִים. הָדָא אָמְרָה שֶׁהוּא מוּתָּר. אָמַר רִבִּי מַתַּנְיָה. מָאן דְּאָמַר. אָסוּר. כְּדַרְכּוֹ בַּמִּסְפַּרַיִם.

It was stated: All these for whom they said that they shave on a holiday are permitted to shave during the thirty days of mourning. There are Tannaim who state, forbidden. [There are Tannaim who state, permitted.] Rav Ḥisda said, he who said permitted, if there happened to be a holiday; he who said forbidden, if there was no holiday. A baraita disagrees with Rav Ḥisda. If his mournings immediately followed one another he can lighten with a knife or coarse shears but not with scissors. But the second mourning relative to the first should be considered as an act of God and he should be permitted. Therefore it only was said for the honor of the holiday. Rebbi Samuel bar Rav Isaac asked, one understands the first Seven days. Within Thirty? Rebbi Ḥanania the colleague of the rabbis asked: Did we not state, these are the matters which are forbidden to the mourner during all Seven? If he would be forbidden during Thirty days, within Seven not so much more? It could not have been said except if mournings immediately followed one another. Does this imply that he is permitted? Rebbi Mattania said, he who said “forbidden”, as usual with scissors.

שָׂפָם וּנְטִילַת צִפּוֹרְנַיִם. אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. בָּרֶגֶל מוּתָּר וּבָאֵבֶל אָסוּר. אִית תַּנָּיֵי תַנֵּי. בָּרֶגֶל אָסוּר וּבָאֵבֶל מוּתָּר. מָאן דְּאָמַר. בָּרֶגֶל מוּתָּר. בְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם רֶגֶל. וּבָאֵבֶל אָסוּר. בְּשֶׁאֵין שָׁם רֶגֶל. מָאן דְּאָמַר. בְּרֶגֶל אָסוּר. בְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם הַעֲרָמָה. בָּאֵבֶל מוּתָּר. בְּשֶׁאֵין שָׁם הַעֲרָמָה. רַב חִיָיה בַּר אַשִּׁי בְּשֵׁם רַב. הֲלְכָה כְדִבְרֵי מִי שֶׁהוּא מֵיקַל כָּאן וָכָאן. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר אַבָּא בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי. הֲלָכָה כְדִבְרֵי מִי שֶׁהוּא מֵיקַל בִהִילְכוֹת אֵבֶל. רַב אָמַר. שָׂפָם כִּנְטִילַת צִפָּרְנַיִם לְכָל דָּבָר. אָמַר רִבִּי יִרְמְיָה. וּבִלְבַד בְּנוֹטוֹת. רִבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חֲנִינָה. זוּג בָּא לִפְנֵי רִבִּי בְּשָׂפָם וּבִנְטִילַת צִפָּרְנַיִם וְהִתִּיר לָהֶם רִבִּי. רִבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חֲנִינָה. שְׁנֵי זוּגוֹת הָיוּ. אֶחָד מֵעַמְּתָן וְאֶחָד מִידַד עָלֶה. אֶחָד בְשָׂפָם וְאֶחָד בִנְטִילַת צִפָּרְנַיִם. וְהִתִּיר לָהֶן רִבִּי. כְּהָדָא רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר אַבָּא דָמְכַת אַחְתֵּיהּ וַהֲוָה יְתִיב מַצְמֵי טֻפְרוֹיי. סְלַק רִבִּי לָעְזָר לְגַבֵּיהּ וְלָא כִסִּיתוֹן. סְלַק רִבִּי נָתָן בַּר אַבָּא לְגַבֵּיהּ וְכִסִּיתוֹן. אָמַר לֵיהּ. מִן קוֹמֹי רִבִּי לָעְזָר לָא כִסִּיתִּינוֹן. ומִן קוֹמוֹי אַתְּ מְכַסֵּי לוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. וּמַה אַתְּ סְבַר. דְּאַתְּ חָבִיב עָלַי כְרִבִּי לָעְזָר.

Mustachios and cutting fingernails. There are Tannaim who state, permitted on a holiday and forbidden in mourning. There are Tannaim who state, forbidden on a holiday and permitted in mourning. He who said permitted on a holiday, if there happens to be a holiday; and forbidden in mourning, if there is no holiday. He who said forbidden on a holiday, if it involves trickery; and permitted in mourning, without trickery. Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi in the name of Rav: practice follows him who is lenient at both occasions. Rebbi Simeon bar Abba in the name of Rebbi Joshua ben Levi: practice follows him who is lenient in the rules of mourning. Rav said, the lips follow cutting fingernails in all respects. Rebbi Jeremiah said, only if they interfere. Rebbi Isaac bar Naḥman in the name of Rebbi Ḥanina: A pair came before Rebbi about lips and cutting fingernails and Rebbi permitted it to them. Rebbi Simon in the name of Rebbi Ḥanina: There were two pairs, one from Amatheh and one from Yedid-Aleh, one about lips and one about cutting fingernails, and Rebbi permitted to them. As the following. The sister of Rebbi Samuel bar Abba died and he was sitting cutting his fingernails. Rebbi Eleazar visited him and he did not cover them. Rebbi Nathan bar Abba visited him and he was covering them. He said to him, you did not cover them in front of Rebbi Eleazar; but in front of me you are covering them? He answered him, do you think that you are as dear to me as Rebbi Eleazar?

Mishnah

משנה: וְאֵילּוּ מְכַבְּסִין בַּמּוֹעֵד הַבָּא מִמְּדִינַת הַיָּם וּמִבֵּית הַשִּׁבְיָיה. וְהַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית הָאֲסוּרִין. וְהַמְנוּדֶּה שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לוֹ חֲכָמִים. וְכֵן מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁאַל לֶחָכָם וְהוּתַּר. מִטְפְּחוֹת הַיָּדַיִם וּמִטְפְּחוֹת הַסַּפָּרִים וּמִטְפְּחוֹת הַסְּפָג וְכָל הָעוֹלִין מִטּוּמְאָה לְטַהֲרָה הֲרֵי אֵילּוּ מוּתָּרִין וּשְׁאָר כָּל אָדָם אֲסוּרִין:

MISHNAH: And the following may wash on the holiday: He who comes from overseas, or from being kidnapped, or leaves jail, and one whose excommunication was lifted by the Sages, and also who asked the Sages and was permitted. Hand towels, and barber’s cloths, and body towels, and all who ascend from impurity to purity are permitted to wash, but anybody else is forbidden.

Halakhah

הלכה: תַּנֵּי. בַּלְנָרֵי נָשִׁים מוּתָּר לְכַבְּסָן בַּמּוֹעֵד. הִיא בַּלְנָרֵי נָשִׁים הִיא בַּלְנָרֵי אֲנָשִׁים. מָהּוּ בַּלֵנָרֵי נָשִׁים. רַבָּנִן דְּקַיְסָרִין אָמְרֵי. אַנְטִינַיָיא. רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. מִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא חָלוּק אֶחָד מוּתָּר לְכַבְּסוֹ בַּמּוֹעֵד. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. וּבִלְחוּד תְּרֵיי. דִּיהֵא שְׁלַח חַד וְלָבַשׁ חַד. בָּעוּן קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. בִּגְדֵי קְטַנִּים מַהֶן. אֲמַר לוֹן. כְּמִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא חְלוּק אֶחָד. בָּעוּן קוֹמוֹי. תַּנִּינָן. אֵין קוֹרְעִין וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין וְלֹא מַבְרִין אֶלָּא קְרוֹבָיו שֶׁלְמֵת. הֲוָות מַטְלָתֵיהּ זְעִירָא וּקְרִיבוֹיי בְּעָן מֵיעוֹל לְגַבֵּיהּ. מָהוּ דְּיַתְבוּן פַּלְגּוֹן מִן לְגֵיו וּפַלְגּוֹן מִן לַבַר. אֲמַר לוֹן. יַיעֲלוֹן פַּלְגּוֹן יוֹמָא דֵין וּפַלְגּוֹן לְמָחָר. אָמַר רִבִּי מָנָא. הֵן דַּהֲוִינָן סָבְרִין דּוּ מֵקַלְלָהּ חֲמִר.

HALAKHAH: It was stated: It is permitted to wash women’s bath cloths on the holiday. Women’s bath cloths have the same status as men’s bath cloths. What are women’s bath cloths? The rabbis of Caesarea are saying, οθόνιον. Rebbi Abbahu in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: A person who only has one garment may wash it on the holiday. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said, this means two, that he may give one to be washed and wear one. They asked before Rebbi Yose, what is the status of small children’s garments? He said to them, like one who only has one garment. They asked before him: We have stated, “only the relatives of the deceased may tear their clothes, take off their shoes, and accept the consolation meal.” If his strip was small and his relatives want to come to him, may half of them sit inside and half outside? He said to them, half of them should come today and half tomorrow. Rebbi Mana said, there we had thought that he was going to be lenient, but he was restrictive.

תַּנֵּי. מִטְפְּחוֹת סַפָּרִים אֵין מְכַבְּסִין אוֹתָן בְּמֵי רַגְלַיִם. אֲבָל מְכַבְּסִין אוֹתָן בְּנֶתֶר וּבוֹרִית מִפְּנֵי הַכָּבוֹד.

It was stated: One does not wash barbers’ cloths with urine, but one washes them with soda and soap, out of respect.