כתובות י״אKetubot 11

Mishnah

משנה: אַלְמָנָה נִיזּוֹנֶת מִנִּיכְסִי יְתוֹמִין וּמַעֲשֶׂה יָדֶיהָ שֶׁלָּהֶן וְאֵינָן חַיָיבִין בִּקְבוּרָתָהּ. יוֹרְשֶׁיהָ הַיּוֹרְשִׁים כְתוּבָּתָהּ חַיָיבִין בִּקְבוּרָתָהּ.

MISHNAH: If a widow is supported by the orphans’ property, she has to work for them but they are not obligated to bury her. Her heirs, the heirs of her ketubah, are obligated to bury her.

Halakhah

הלכה: אַלְמָנָה נִיזּוֹנֶת מִנִּיכְסִי יְתוֹמִין כול׳. רַב יְהוּדָה בְשֵׁם שְׁמוּאֵל רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. מְצִיאָתָהּ שֶׁלָּהּ. הוֹתִירָה מְזוֹנוֹת. אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ שֶׁמְּצִיאָתָהּ שֶׁלּוֹ הוֹתִירָה מְזוֹנוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ. אַלְמָנָה שֶׁמְּצִיאָתָהּ שֶׁלָּהּ הוֹתִירָה מְזוֹנוֹת שֶׁלָּהּ. הוֹתִירָה בְלָיוֹת שֶׁלָּהּ. מָה אִם אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ שֶׁהוֹתִירָה מְזוֹנוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ. הוֹתִירָה בְלָיוֹת שֶׁלָּהּ. אַלְמָנָה שֶׁהוֹתִירָה מְזוֹנוֹת שֶׁלָּהּ. הוֹתִירָה בְלָיוֹת לֹא כָל שֶׁכֵּן. תַּמָּן צְרִיכָה לוֹן לְנִידָּתָהּ. אַף הָכָא צְרִיכָא לוֹן לְנִידָּתָהּ.

HALAKHAH: “If a widow is supported by the orphans’ property,” etc. Rav Jehudah in the name of Samuel, Rebbi Abbahu in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: What she finds belongs to herself. If she had sustenance left over? Since her finds belong to her husband, the married woman’s leftover sustenance belongs to her husband. Since a widow’s finds belong to herself, her leftover sustenance belongs to herself. Her worn-out clothing belongs to her. Since even a married woman, whose leftover sustenance belongs to her husband, keeps her worn-out clothing to herself, the widow, whose leftover food belongs to herself, her worn-out clothing so much more! There, she needs them for the time of her period. Here also, she needs them for the time of her period.

רִבִּי אִימִּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲנִינָה. אַף הִיא אֵינָהּ עוֹשָׂה אוֹתָן דְּבָרִים שֶׁלְּיִיחוּד. מָה הֶן דְּבָרִים שֶׁלְּיִיחוּד. סָכָה לְהוֹן אֶת גּוּפָן וּמְרַחֶצֶת לְהוֹן אֶת פְּנֵיהֶן וּמוֹזֶגֶת לְהוֹן אֶת הַכּוֹס.

Rebbi Immi in the name of Rebbi Yose ben Ḥanina: Also she does not perform for them services of intimacy. What are services of intimacy? She rubs their bodies, washes their faces, or mixes their cup.

וּמוֹסִיפִין לָהּ עַל מְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ. אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ אֵין לָהּ יַיִן. אַלְמָנָה יֵשׁ לָהּ יַיִן. אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ שֶׁאָמְרָה. יֵצְאוּ מַעֲשֵׂה יָדַיי לִמְזוֹנוֹתַיי. אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לָהּ. אַלְמָנָה שֶׁאָמְרָה. יֵצְאוּ מַעֲשֵׂה יָדַיי לִמְזוֹנוֹתַיי. שׁוֹמְעִין לָהּ.

One adds to her sustenance: A married woman has no wine, a widow has wine. If a married woman said, my earnings should be counted against my sustenance, one does not listen to her; if a widow said, my earnings should be counted against my sustenance, one listens to her.

רַב אָמַר. הַמֵּת אָמַר. אַל תְּקַבְּרוּנִי. נִקְבַּר בִּצְדָקָה. רִבִּי אִימִּי בְעָא. וְכִי עָלָת עַל דַּעְתָּךְ שֶׁיְּהוּ אֲחֵרִים מִתְפַּרְנְסִין מִשֶּׁלּוֹ וְהוּא נִקְבַּר בִּצְדָקָה. מַתְנִיתָא פְלִיגָא עַל רַב. יוֹרְשֵׁיהָ הַיּוֹרְשִׁין כְתוּבָּתָהּ חַיָיבִין בִּקְבוּרָתָהּ. פָּתַר לָהּ בְּשֶׁיָּרְשׁוּ קַרְקַע. כְּהָדָא דְתַנֵּי. הִנִּיחַ עֲבָדִים וּשְׁפָחוֹת וּשְׁטָרוֹת וּמְטַלְטְלִין. כָּל הַקּוֹדֵם בָּהֶן זָכָה וַהֲלָהּ נִקְבַּר בִּצְדָקָה. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁקָּדַם וְתָפַס. הָא אִם לֹא קָדַם וְתָפַס מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדוֹ. פָּתַר לֵיהּ בְּאוֹמֵר. קִבְרוּנִי. כְּהָדָא דְאָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בְשֵׁם רַבָּנִין. נִקְבַּר הַמֵּת וְלֹא אָמַר. קִבְרוּנִי. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁקָּדְמוּ אֲחֵרִים וְתָפְשׂוּ מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדָן. בְּשֶׁתָּפְסוּ קַרְקַע. וְהָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר. מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדָן. בְּשֶׁתָּפַס קַרְקַע. אֲבָל בְּשֶׁתָּפְסוּ מְטַלְטְלִין אֵין מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדָן. בְּמִלְוֶה בְעֵדִים. אֲבָל בְּמִלְוֶה בִשְׁטָר בֵּין שֶׁתָּפְשׂוּ קַרְקַע בֶּין שֶׁתָּפְשׂוּ מְטַלְטְלִין אֵין מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדָן. דְּאָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּא בַּר רַב הוּנָא. עָשׂוּ דִבְרֵי שְׁכִיב מְרַע כְּבָרִיא שֶׁכָּתַב וְנָתַן. וְהוּא שֶמֵּת מֵאוֹתוֹ הַחוֹלִי. הָא הִבְרִיא לֹא. וּבִמְסַיַיֵם וְאוֹמֵר. תְּנוּ שָׂדֶה פְלוֹנִית לִפְלוֹנִי. אָמַר. תְּנוּ שָׂדֶה פְלוֹנִית לִפְלוֹנִי. כְּמִי שֶׁסִּיֵים. אוֹ עַד שֶיֹּאמַר. חֶצְיָיהּ בַּצָּפוֹן וְחֶצְיָיהּ בַּדָּרוֹם. רִבִּי יוּדָן בָּעֵי. אָמַר שָׂרְפוּנִי וְעִבְדוּ בִי עֲבוֹדָה וּתְנוּ חֲצִי שָׂדֶה פְלוֹנִית לִפְלוֹנִי. אִם אֵין שׂוֹרְפִין אֵין נוֹתְנִין. רִבִּי חַגַּיי בְעָא. שְׁכִיב מְרַע שֶׁאָמַר. יָזוּנוּ בְנוֹתַיי. בְּלֹא כָךְ אֵין בְּנוֹתָיו נִיזּוֹנוֹת. לֹא צוּרְכָא דְלֹא. מָהוּ שֶׁיָּזוּנוּ מִן הַמְשׁוּעְבָּדִין וּמָהוּ שֶׁיָּזוּנוּ מִן הַמְטַלְטְלִין. רִבִּי יוּדָן ברח לנוי אָתָא עוֹבְדָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. שְׁכִיב מְרַע שֶׁאָמַר. יִינָתֵנוּ אוֹתִיּוֹתָיו לִפְלוֹנִי. אָמַר לֵיהּ. אֵין שְׁכִיב מְרַע מְזַכֶּה אֶלָּא בִדְבָרִים שֶׁהֵן נִקְנִין אוֹ בִשְׁטָר אוֹ בִמְשִׁיכָה. וְאֵילּוּ נִקְנִין בִּמְשִׁיכָה וּבִשְׁטָר. כְּהָדָא דְתַנֵּי. סְפִינָה נִקְנֵית בִּמְשִׁיכָה. דִּבְרֵי הַכֹּל. רִבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר. סְפִינָה וְאוֹתִיּוֹת נִקְנִין בִּמְשִׁיכָה וּבִשְׁטָר. כָּתַב וְלֹא מָשַׁךְ מָשַׁךְ וְלֹא כָתַב לֹא עָשָׂה כְלוּם עַד שֶׁיִּכְתּוֹב וְיִמְשׁוֹךְ.

Rav said, if a dying person said, do not bury me, he is buried as a charge on public charity. Rebbi Immi asked, how could one think that others are provided for by his property and he is buried as a charge on public charity? The Mishnah disagrees with Rav: “Her heirs, the heirs of her ketubah, are obligated to bury her.” Explain it, if they inherited real estate. As it was stated: “If he left male and female slaves, mortgages, and movables, anybody who takes them first acquires them and he shall be buried by public charity.” Because he took it first. Therefore, if he did not take it first one removes from his hand. Explain it, if he said, bury me. As Rebbi Yose said in the name of the rabbis: If a dead person was buried who had not said “bury me”, even though others came and took [of his property] one removes from their hands. If they took real estate. In fact, what you say, one removes from their hands, if they took real estate. But if they took movables, one does not remove from their hands, if it was a loan by witnesses. But for a documented loan, whether they took real estate or movables one does not remove from their hands. For Rebbi Abba, the son of Rav Huna, said: They made the words of a bedridden person equal to those of a healthy person who wrote and delivered. But only if he died from that illness, not if he recovered. And if he was explicit and said, give field X to Y. If he said, give field X to Y? Is it as if he was explicit or only if he said, the Northern half, the Southern half? Rebbi Yudan asked: If he said, burn me by pagan rites and give half of field X to Y. Since they do not burn, do they give? Rebbi Ḥaggai asked: A sick person who said, my daughters shall be supported. Would the daughters not be supported anyway? No, it is necessary, for otherwise would they be supported from pledged real estate or would they be supported from movables? Rebbi Yudan [] there came a case before Rebbi Yose about a bedridden person who had said, my documents shall be given to X. He said to him, the bedridden can only transfer property which is acquired either by a document or by taking hold. But these are acquired by a document and by taking hold. As it was stated: “A ship is acquired by taking hold in the opinion of everybody. Rebbi Nathan says a ship and documents are acquired by a document and by taking hold. If he wrote and did not take hold, or took hold without writing [a transfer document] he did not do anything unless he both writes and takes hold.”

Mishnah

משנה: אַלְמָנָה בֵּין מִן הָאֵירוּסִין בֵּין מִן הַנִּישּׂוּאִין מוֹכֶרֶת שֶׁלֹּא בְּבֵית דִּין. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר מִן הַנִּישּׂוּאִין מוֹכֶרֶת שֶׁלֹּא בְּבֵית דִּין מִן הָאֵירוּסִין לֹא תִמְכּוֹר אֶלָּא בְּבֵית דִּין מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין לָהּ מְזוֹנוֹת וְכָל שֶׁאֵין לָהּ מְזוֹנוֹת לֹא תִמְכּוֹר אֶלָּא בְּבֵית דִּין.

MISHNAH: A widow, whether after preliminary or definitive marriage, may sell without court supervision. Rebbi Simeon says, after definitive marriage she may sell without court supervision; after preliminary marriage, she may sell only under court supervision since she has no sustenance and any person who has no claim to sustenance may sell only under court supervision.

Halakhah

הלכה: אַלְמָנָה בֵּין מִן הָאֵירוּסִין בֵּין מִן הַנִּישּׂוּאִין כול׳. מִיסְבַּר סְבַר רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. בִּמְזוֹנוֹת הַדָּבָר תָּלוּי. פָּסַק לָזוּן מִן הָאֵירוּסִין מוֹכֶרֶת שֶׁלֹּא בְּבֵית דִּין. פָּסַק לָזוּן מִן הַנִּישּׂוּאִין לֹא תִמְכּוֹר אֶלָּא בְּבֵית דִּין. דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים. רִבִּי אָחָא רִבִּי חִינְנָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. חַס הוּא אָדָם עַל כְּבוֹד אַלְמָנָתוֹ בֵּין מִן הָאֵירוּסִין בֵּין מִן הַנִּישּׂוּאִין.

HALAKHAH: “A widow, whether after preliminary or definitive marriage,” etc. Rebbi Simeon is of the opinion that everything depends on sustenance. If he had agreed to sustain her after preliminary marriage, she may sell without court supervision If he had agreed to sustain her after definitive marriage, she may sell only under court supervision. The words of the Sages? Rebbi Aḥa, Rebbi Ḥinena in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: A person is concerned for his widow’s dignity whether after preliminary or after definitive marriage.

רַב יְהוּדָה בְשֵׁם שְׁמוּאֵל. הַמּוֹחֶלֶת כְּתוּבָּתָהּ לִיתוֹמִים נִיזּוֹנֶת מִשֶּׁלָּהֶן. וְקַשְׁיָא. אִילּוּ אִשָּׁה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ כְּתוּבָּה שֶׁמָּא אֵין לָהּ מְזוֹנוֹת. אִשָּׁה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ כְּתוּבָּה יֵשׁ לָהּ מְזוֹנוֹת. בְּרַם הָכָא לֹא דַיֶיךָ שֶׁמָּחְלָה לִיתוֹמִין כְּתוּבָּתָהּ אֶלָּא שֶׁאַתָּה מְבַקֵּשׁ לְהַבְרִיחָהּ מִמְּזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ.

Rav Jehudah in the name of Samuel: The one who renounced her ketubah in favor of the orphans is sustained by them. This is difficult. If there were a woman without ketubah, does she not have claim to sustenance? A woman without ketubah has claim to sustenance. But here is it not enough that she renounced her ketubah in favor of the orphans, that you want to cheat her of her sustenance?

רַב יְהוּדָה בְשֵׁם רַב. הַתּוֹבַעַת כְּתוּבָּתָהּ בְּבֵית דִין אִיבְּדָה מְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. וּבִלְבַד מִן הַשּׁוֹפִי. הָא מֵאוֹנֶס לֹא. כְּהָדָא אַרְמַלְתָּא דְּרִבִי אַבְדִּימוֹס דְּמוֹזְבָה. אָמְרוּ לָיהּ. רִבִּי בָּא בַר כֹּהֶן בְּעֵי לֵיךְ. תָּבְעָת פֶרְנֶה. אוֹבְדַת מְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ. מִן דְּאִיתְיָדְעִין מִילַּיָיא אַעֲלוֹן עוֹבְדָא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. וְחָזְרָה לִמְזוֹנָהּ.

Rav Jehudah in the name of Rav: If she requested her ketubah in court, she lost her claim to sustenance. Rebbi Yose said, but only from a clear mind; not if forced. As in the case of the widow of Rebbi Eudaimon from Mozva to whom they said, Rebbi Abba bar Cohen wants you. She requested her ketubah and lost her sustenance. After the matter became known, it was brought before Rebbi Yose and she returned to her sustenance.

רִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן זִימְרָא. אַלְמָנָה שֶׁעָשָׂת שְׁנַיִם שְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים שֶׁלֹּא לִתְבּוֹעַ מְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ אָבְדָה מְזוֹנֹתֶיהָ דְּאִינּוּן תַּלְתֵּי יַרְחַיָיא. בִּשֶׁלֹּא לִלְוֹת. אֲבָל אִם לָוְתָה גּוֹבָה. בְּשֶׁאֵין בְּיָדֶיהָ מַשְׁכּוֹן. אֲבָל אִם יֵשׁ בְּיָדֶיהָ מַשְׁכּוֹן אֲפִילוּ לֹא לָוְותָה גּוֹבָה. רִבִּי יָסָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. זוֹ הִיא שֶׁאָמְרוּ. בַּתְּחִילָּה מוֹכְרִין מָזוֹן שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חוֹדֶשׁ. וְנוֹתְנִין לָהּ מָזוֹן לֹ יוֹם. בְּסוֹף לֹ יוֹם הֵן אוֹמְרִים. נָתַנּוּ. וְהִיא אוֹמֶרֶת. לֹא נָטַלְתִּי. יָיבֹא כְהָדָא. דָּמַר רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. לוֹוֶה מִמֶּנָּהּ יֹבֹ אֶלֶף לְשָׁנָה לִהְיוֹת מַעֲלֶה לָהּ מִדֵּינָר זָהָב לַחוֹדֶשׁ. פְּשִׁיטָא חוֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן נָתַן וְחוֹדֶשׁ הָאַחֲרוֹן לֹא נָתַן. יָמִים שֶׁבֵּנְתַיִים זוֹ הִיא שֶׁאָמְרוּ. הָא בַתְּחִילָּה לֹא.

Rebbi Eleazar in the name of Rebbi Yose ben Zimra: A widow who lived two or three months without asking for sustenance, loses the sustenance of these three months. That is, if she did not take a loan. But if she took out a loan, she collects. If there is no pledge in her hand. But if she has a pledge in her hand, she collects even if she did not take a loan. Rebbi Yasa in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: That is what they said, at the start one sells for sustenance of twelve months but one gives her sustenance for 30 days. If at the end of thirty days they say, we gave, but she says, I did not receive, it would be similar to what Rebbi Abbahu said in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: If one took a loan of 12’000 for a year in order to repay one gold denar per month. It is obvious that he gave for the first month and did not give for the last. About the days in between they said, not at the start.

אָתָא רִבִּי אַבָּהוּ בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. בַּתְּחִילָּה מוֹכְרִין מָזוֹן י̇ב̇ חוֹדֶשׁ וְנוֹתְנִין לָהּ מָזוֹן ל̇ יוֹם. וְיִמְכְּרוּ מָזוֹן שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חוֹדֶשׁ. שֶׁלֹּא לְהוֹרַע כֹּחָהּ שֶׁל אִשָּׁה. וְיִתְּנוּ לָהּ מָזוֹן שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם. אִם אוֹמֵר אַתְּ כֵּן נִמְצֵאתָה חַב לִיתוֹמִים. כְּהָדָא דְתַנֵּי. אַלְמָנָה שֶׁתָּפְסָה אֲפִילוּ אֶלֶף זוּז לִמְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ אֵין מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדָהּ. מָהוּ מֵימַר לָהּ. הֲוִי מַה בְּיָדַיִךְ. תַּלְמִידוֹי דְּרִבִּי מָנָא אָמְרִין לָהּ. הֲוִי מַה בְּיָדַיִךְ. אֲמַר לוֹן רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. מִכֵּיוָן שֶׁהִיא עֲתִידָה לְהִישָּׁבַע בַּסּוֹף אֲפִילוּ מַה בְיָדַיִךְ אָמְרִין לָהּ. תְּהִי.

Rebbi Abbahu quoted in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: At the start one sells for sustenance of twelve months but one gives her sustenance for 30 days. Why should they sell for the sustenance of 12 months? Not to disadvantage the woman. Why do they give her sustenance for 30 days? If you said otherwise, you would act in detriment of the orphans, as it was stated: If a widow took possession even of 1’000 zuz for her sustenance, one does not take it away from her. What could one say to her? “Show what is in your hands!” The students of Rebbi Mana said to her, “show what is in your hands.” Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said to them, since in the end she will have to swear about anything in her hands, one says to her, let it be so.