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The Jerusalem Talmud

כתובות י׳Ketubot 10

Perek 10 of 13 in Ketubot — 6 halakhot

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Halakhah 1א׳

Mishnah

משנה: מִי שֶׁהָיָה נָשׂוּי שְׁתֵּי נָשִׁים וָמֵת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה קוֹדֶמֶת לַשְּׁנִיָיה. יוֹרְשֵׁי הָרִאשׁוֹנָה קוֹדְמִין לְיוֹרְשֵׁי הַשְּׁנִיָיה. נָשָׂא אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה וָמֵתָה נָשָׂה אֶת הַשְּׁנִיָיה וּמֵת הוּא. שְׁנִיָיה וְיוֹרְשֶׁיהָ קוֹדְמִין לְיוֹרְשֵׁי הָרִאשׁוֹנָה.

MISHNAH: If somebody was married to two women when he died, the first one precedes the second, and the heirs of the first precede the heirs of the second. If the first one he had married died, then he married the second one and he himself died, the second and her heirs precede the heirs of the first.

Halakhah

הלכה: מִי שֶׁהָיָה נָשׂוּי שְׁתֵּי נָשִׁים כול׳. מַתְנִיתָא לְעִנְיָין כְּתוּבָּה. אֲבָל לְעִנְיָין מְזוֹנוֹת שְׁתֵיהֶן שָׁווֹת. כְּתוּבָּה וּקְבוּרָה מִי קוֹדֵם. כְּתוּבָּה וּמִלְוָה בְעֵדִים מִי קוֹדֵם. כְּתוּבָּה וּפַרְנָסַת בָּנוֹת מִי קוֹדֵם. מָאן דְּאָמַר. גּוֹבִין פָּרנָסָה מִן מְשׁוּעְבָּדִין. פַּרְנָסַת בָּנוֹת קוֹדֶמֶת. וּמָאן דָּמַר. אֵין גּוֹבִין פָּרנָסָה מִן מְשׁוּעְבָּדִין. אֵין פַּרְנָסַת בָּנוֹת קוֹדֶמֶת.

HALAKHAH: “If somebody was married to two women,” etc. The Mishnah refers to ketubah, but for sustenance both are equal. Between ketubah and burial, what has precedence? Between ketubah and a loan attested to by witnesses, what has precedence? Between ketubah and daughters’ dowry, what has precedence? For him who says, one collects for dowry from mortgaged property, daughters’ dowry has precedence. But for him who says, one does not collect for dowry from mortgaged property, daughters’ dowry does not have precedence.

לֹא אָמַר אֶלָּא מֵתָה. הָא נִתְגָּרְשָׁה כְּבַעַל חוֹב הִיא. כְּהָדָא דְתַנֵּי. נָשָׂא אִשָּׁה וְכָתַב לָהּ כְּתוּבָּה. גֵּירְשָׁהּ וְלֹא נָתַן לָהּ כְּתוּבָּה. נָשָׂא אֲחֶרֶת וְכָתַב לָהּ כְּתוּבָּה. הֶחֱזִיר אֶת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה וְכָתַב לָהּ כְּתוּבָּה עַל כְּתוּבָּתָהּ הָרִאשׁוֹנָה. שֶׁלָּרִאשׁוֹנָה קוֹדֶמֶת לַשְּׁנִיָיה וְיוֹרְשֶׁיהָ. וְהַשְּׁנִיָיה וְיוֹרְשֶׁיהָ קוֹדְמִין לְיוֹרְשֵׁי הָרִאשׁוֹנָה.

It says only, “she died”. Therefore, if she was divorced, her status is that of a creditor. As it was stated: “He married a woman and wrote her a ketubah. He divorced her but did not pay the ketubah. He married another woman and wrote her a ketubah. He took back the first one and wrote her a ketubah in addition to the first ketubah. The [second ketubah] of the first [wife] has precedence over that of the second [wife] and her heirs, and the second [wife] and her heirs have precedence over the heirs of the first.”

אָמַר בֶּן עַזַּאי. יוֹרְשֵׁי הָרִאשׁוֹנָה אוֹמְרִים לְיוֹרְשֵׁי הַשְּׁנִיָיה. אִם כְּבַעַל חוֹב אַתֶּם טְלוּ אֶת שֶׁלָּכֶם וּצְאוּ. וְאִם לָאו אָנוּ וְאַתֶּם נַחֲלוֹק בְּשָׁוֶה. אָמַר לוֹ רִבִּי עֲקִיבָה. בְּנֵי שְׁנִיָיה קָפְצָה עֲלֵיהֶן יְרוּשַׁת תּוֹרָה וְנוֹטְלִין כְּתוּבַּת אִמָּן וְחוֹזְרִין וְחוֹלְקִין. רִבִּי מָנָא אָמַר. בְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם דֵּינָר יֶתֶר נֶחְלְקוּ. אֲבָל אִם אֵין שָׁם דֵּינָר יֶתֶר אַף רִבִּי עֲקִיבָה יוֹדֶה לְבֶן נַנָּס שֶׁאֵילּוּ וָאֵילּוּ חוֹלְקִין בְּשָׁוֶה. אָמַר לֵיהּ רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. הַךְ דְּלָא תַנִּיתָא פְלִיגָא אַתְּ עֲבַד לֵיהּ פְּלִיגָא. אֶלָּא בְּשֶׁאֵין שָׁם יֶתֶר דֵּינָר נֶחְלְקוּ. אֲבָל אִם יֵשׁ שָׁם יֶתֶר דֵּינָר אַף בֶּן נַנָּס יוֹדֵי לְרִבִּי עֲקִיבָה. בְּנֵי הַשְּׁנִיָּיה קָפְצָה עֲלֵיהֶן יְרוּשַׁת תּוֹרָה וְנוֹטְלִין כְּתוּבַּת אִמָּן וְחוֹזְרִין וְחוֹלְקִין.

Ben Azay says, the heirs of the first say to the heirs of the second: If you are creditors, take what is yours and leave; otherwise let us split evenly between yourselves and us. Rebbi Aqiba said to him: Biblical inheritance “jumped” on the sons of the second; they take their mother’s ketubah and come back to split. Rebbi Mana said, they disagree if there is an excess denar. But if there is no excess denar, even Rebbi Aqiba will agree with Ben Nanas that both parties split evenly. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said to him, a situation which was stated without disagreement you turn into a disagreement. They must disagree if there is no excess denar. But if there is an excess denar even Ben Nanas agrees with Rebbi Aqiba that biblical inheritance “jumped” on the sons of the second; they take their mother’s ketubah and come back to split.

וְהַחוֹב מְמָעֵט. וְדִכְוָותָהּ. וְהַחוֹב מַרְבֶּה. הֵיךְ עֲבִידָה. הָיָה שָׁם שָׂדֶה וְהִיא עֲתִידָה לַחֲזוֹר בַּיּוֹבֶל אַתְ רוֹאֶה אוֹתָן כְּאִילּוּ.

Debts diminish and, equally, debts add. How is this? If there was a field which in the future would return in the jubilee year, you consider it virtual [property].

הֵיךְ עֲבִידָא. קִידֵּשׁ רָחֵל וְכָנַס לֵאָה וְחָזַר וְכָנַס רָחֵל. עַל דַּעְתִּין דְּרַבָּנִין רָחֵל קוֹדֶמֶת. וְעַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרִבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה לֹא קוֹדֶמֶת. אוֹמְרִים. אַף רִבִּי לָעְזָר מוֹדֵי. מֵאַחַר שֶׁחָזַר וְכָנַס רָחֵל רָחֵל קוֹדֶמֶת. לְמַה זֶה דוֹמֶה. לְאֶחָד שֶׁלָּוָוה מֵחֲבֵירוֹ וְאָמַר לוֹ. אִם לֹא הֶחֱזַרְתִּי לָךְ מִיכָּן עַד שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חוֹדֵשׁ יִהְיוּ כָל נְכָסַיי מְשׁוּעְבָּדִין לָךְ. הִגִּיעַ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חוֹדֵשׁ וְלֹא הֵחֱזִיר נִשְׁתַּעְבְּדוּ הַנְכָסִים מִיכָּן וְלָבֹא. אֲבָל אִם אָמַר לוֹ. לֹא יְהוּ נְכָסַיי מְשׁוּעְבָּדִין לָךְ אֶלָּא לְאַחַר שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חוֹדֵשׁ. לֹא נִשְׁתַּעְבֵּד אֶלָּא לְאַחַר שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חוֹדֵשׁ. יָמִים שֶׁבֵּנְתַיִים תַּפְלוּגְתָא דְרִבִּי מֵאִיר וְרַבָּנִין. עַל דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרִבִּי מֵאִיר בִּשְׁטָר נִתְחַיְיבוּ הַנְּכָסִים. עַל דַּעְתִין דְּרַבָּנִין בַּכֶּסֶף נִתְחַיְיבוּ.

How is that? If he preliminarily married Rachel, definitively married Leah, and only then definitively married Rachel. In the opinion of the rabbis, Rachel has precedence; in the opinion of Rebbi Eleazar ben Azariah she does not have precedence. They say, even Rebbi Eleazar will agree that since in the end he definitively married Rachel, Rachel has precedence. To what can this be compared? To one who took out a loan from another person and said to him, if I have not paid it back by twelve months, all my properties shall be mortgaged to you. If the twelfth month arrived and he has not paid back, his properties become mortgaged from that moment on. But if he said, all my properties shall be mortgaged to you only after twelve months, they become mortgaged only after twelve months. The status of the days in between is in dispute between Rebbi Meïr and the rabbis. In Rebbi Meïr’s opinion, the properties became pledged by the document. In the rabbis’ opinion, the properties became pledged by the money.

Halakhah 2ב׳

Mishnah

משנה: מִי שֶׁהָיָה נָשׂוּי לִשְׁתֵּי נָשִׁים וָמֵתוּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ מֵת הוּא וְהַיְתוֹמִים מְבַקְשִׁים כְּתוּבַּת אִמּוֹתֵיהֶן וְאֵין שָׁם אֶלָּא כְדֵי שְׁתֵּי כְתוּבּוֹת חוֹלְקִין בְּשָׁוֶה. הָיָה שָׁם מוֹתָר דֵּינָר אֵילּוּ נוֹטְלִין כְּתוּבַּת אִמָּן וְאֵילּוּ נוֹטְלִין כְּתוּבַּת אִמָּן. וְאִם אָמְרוּ הַיְתוֹמִים אֲנַחְנוּ מַעֲלִים עַל נִכְסֵי אָבִינוּ יְפֵה דֵינָר כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּטְּלוּ כְתוּבַּת אִמָּן אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לָהֶן אֶלָּא שָׁמִין אֶת הַנְּכָסִים בְּבֵית דִּין.

MISHNAH: If somebody was married to two women who both died, and then he died, and the orphans demand their mothers’ ketubot, if [the estate] is sufficient only for both ketubot they split evenly. If there was an excess denar, these take their mother’s ketubah and those take their mother’s ketubah. If the orphans say, we accept the properties of our father for the value of an extra denar in order to take their mother’s ketubah; one does not listen to them but one appraises the properties in court.

Halakhah

הלכה: מִי שֶׁהָיָה נָשׂוּי לִשְׁתֵּי נָשִׁים כול׳. הָדָא הִיא דָמַר רִבִּי אִימִּי. כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא אָדָם מָצוּי לִיתֵּן לְבִתּוֹ בְעַיִן יָפָה. מֵעַתָּה אֲפִילוּ אֵין שָׁם יֶתֶר דֵּינָר. אָמַר רִבִּי אָבוּן. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאַתְּ יָכוֹל לְקַיֵים דִּבְרֵיהֶן וְדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה אַתְּ מְקַיֵים דִּבְרֵיהֶן וְדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאַתְּ אֵין יָכוֹל לְקַיֵים דִּבְרֵיהֶן וּלְקַיֵים דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה אַתְּ מְבַטֵּל דִּבְרֵיהֶן וּמְקַיֵים דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה.

HALAKHAH: “If somebody was married to two women,” etc. That refers to what Rebbi Immi said, that a man should be induced to give generously to his daughter. If that is so, then even if there is no excess denar? Rebbi Abun said, in case you can uphold their words with the words of the Torah, you uphold their words with the words of the Torah. But in case you cannot uphold their words with the words of the Torah, you disregard their words and uphold the words of the Torah.

רִבִּי יוּדָה בַּר פָּזִי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֶּן חֲנִינָה. מֵת אֶחָד מִן הָאַחִין כּוּלְּהֹן חוֹלְקִין בְּשָׁוֶה. אָמַר רִבִּי מָנָא. לָכֵן צְרִיכָא בְּשֶׁלֹּא חִלְּקוּ. שֶׁלֹּא תֹאמַר. יֵעָשֶׂה כְמִי שְׁאֵינוֹ כָן וְתִירָשֶׁנּוּ בֵתוֹ. הָיָה שָׁם בְּכוֹר. אַתְּ אָמַר. הַבְּכוֹר נוֹטֵל פִּי שְׁנַיִם. מָהוּ נוֹטֵל. פִּי שְׁנַיִם בְּבֵתוֹ אוֹ פִּי שְׁנַיִם בְּכָל הָאַחִים. תַּנֵּי רִבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָה. הָיוּ שָׁם שְׁתֵּי כִיתֵּי בָנוֹת כּוּלְּהֹן חוֹלְקוֹת בְּשָׁוֶה. הָיָה שָׁם בְּכוֹר אַתְּ אָמַר. הַבְּכוֹר נוֹטֵל פִּי שְׁנַיִם. מָהוּ נוֹטֵל פִּי שְׁנַיִם. נוֹטֵל פִּי שְׁנַיִם בְּבֵתוֹ אוֹ פִּי שְׁנַיִם בְּכָל כְּתוּבָּתָהּ.

Rebbi Judah bar Pazi in the name of Rebbi Yose ben Ḥanina: If one of the brothers died, they all split evenly. Rebbi Mana said, that is necessary if they did not yet divide the estate. You should not say that he should be considered nonexistent and his house should inherit from him. If there was a (male) firstborn, you say the firstborn takes a double portion. What does he take? A double portion among his house or among all brothers? Rebbi Hoshaia stated: If there were two groups of daughters, they all split evenly. If there was a firstborn, you say the firstborn takes a double portion. What does he take? A double portion among his house or among all ketubot?

מֵאֵימָתַי שָׁמִין לָהֶן. תַּלְמִידוֹי דְּרִבִּי מָנָא אָמְרִין. בְּסוֹף. אָמַר לוֹן רִבִּי יוֹסֵי בֵּירִבִּי בּוּן. לָא אַתּוּן דְּאָמְרִין בְּשֵׁם רבנין. לְכוֹן צְרִיכָא בְּשֶׁלֹּא חִלְּקוּ. אֲבָל מִשָּׁעָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שניים לָהֶן.

At which point in time does one appraise? The students of Rebbi Mana say, at the end. Rebbi Yose ben Rebbi Abun said to them, are you not those who speak in the name of your teacher, “that is necessary if they did not yet divide the estate”? But one assesses from the first moment!

…and 2 more halakhot in this perek.

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The Jerusalem Talmud, edition by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY

English: The Jerusalem Talmud, translation by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY