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The Jerusalem Talmud

גיטין ד׳Gittin 4

Perek 4 of 9 in Gittin — 9 halakhot

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Halakhah 1א׳

Mishnah

משנה: הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ גֵּט לְאִשְׁתּוֹ וְהִגִּיעַ בַּשָּׁלִיחַ אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁלַח אַחֲרָיו שָׁלִיחַ וְאָמַר לוֹ גֵּט שֶׁנָּתַתִּי לָךְ בָּטֵל הֲרֵי זֶה בָטֵל. קָדַם אֶצֶל אִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁלַח אֶצְלָהּ שָׁלִיחַ וְאָמַר לָהּ גֵּט שֶׁשָּׁלַחְתִּי לָךְ בָּטֵל הוּא הֲרֵי זֶה בָטֵל. אִם מִשֶׁהַגִּיעַ הַגֵּט לְיָדָהּ שׁוּב אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְבַטְּלוֹ.

MISHNAH: If somebody sent a bill of divorce to his wife and caught up with the agent, or he sent another agent after him and said: the bill of divorce I gave you is annulled, it is annulled. If he met his wife or he sent an agent to her and said: the bill of divorce I sent to you is annulled, it is annulled. After the bill of divorce came into her possession, he no longer can annul it.

Halakhah

הלכה: הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ גֵּט לְאִשְׁתּוֹ כול׳. הָדָא פְלִיגָא עַל רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. דְּרִבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר. אָדָם מְבַטֵּל שְׁלִיחוּתוֹ בִּדְבָרִים. פָּתַר לָהּ מִשּׁוּם חוֹמֶר הוּא בָעֲרָיוֹת. עָשָׂה שָׁלִיחַ לְהוֹלִיךְ אֶת הַגֵּט צָרִיךְ לִיתְּנוֹ לָהּ בִּפְנֵי שְׁנַיִם. וְאֵין הַשָּׁלִיחַ עוֹלֶה לוֹ מִשּׁוּם שְׁנַיִם. הָלַךְ הַשָּׁלִיחַ לְבַטֵּל אֶת הַגֵּט צָרִיךְ לְבַטְּלוֹ בִּפְנֵי שְׁנַיִם. וְהַשָּׁלִיחַ עוֹלֶה מִשֵּׁם שְׁנַיִם. הָלַךְ לְבַטֵּל אֶת הַגֵּט. אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ בְּאִיסְטְרָטָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. הַהוּא גִיטָא דִּיהָבַת לָהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. יְכִילִי לָהּ. מִי מִישְׁתָּעֵי שֶׁמָּא נְפַל מִינֵּיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. לֹא אָמַרְתָּ לִי יְכִילִית לָהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ. יְכִילִי לָהּ וְאָמְרָת לִי. יְהֵא לִי בְיָדֵיךְ. מָה. מֵאַחַר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּיָדוֹ לְגָרֵשׁ נֶאֱמָן. אוֹ מֵאַחַר שֶׁנִּמְצָא בְיָדוֹ אֵינוֹ נֶאֱמָן. חָלָה שָׁלִיחַ. מָה אַתְּ עֲבַד לֵיהּ. כְּגִיטִּין כְּקִידּוּשִׁין. אִין תַּעַבְדִּינָהּ כְּגִיטִּין. בְּיַד כָּל אָדָם מָצוּי לְגָרֵשׁ. אִין תַּעַבְדִּינָהּ כְּקִדּוּשִׁין. לֹא בְיַד כָּל אָדָם מָצוּי לְקַדֵּשׁ.

HALAKHAH: “If somebody sent a bill of divorce to his wife,” etc. This disagrees with Rebbi Joḥanan, since Rebbi Joḥanan said that a person invalidates the agent appointed by him by a declaration. He explains it by the stringency of the rules of incest. If he appointed an agent to deliver the bill of divorce, the latter has to deliver it in the presence of two [witnesses]; the agent is not counted as one of the two. If another agent went to invalidate the bill of divorce, he has to invalidate it in the presence of two [witnesses] and the agent is counted as one of the two. If he met him on the road and asked him, what about the bill of divorce I gave you? He answered, I delivered it to her. While they were talking there, he dropped it. He said, did you not tell me that you delivered it to her? He explained, I delivered it to her and she said, keep it for me. What? Can he be believed since it is in his power to divorce, or can he not be believed because it is in his hand? If the agent fell sick, how do you treat this? By the rules of divorces or the rules of preliminary marriages? By the rules of divorces one can divorce through the agency of anybody. By the rules of preliminary marriages one cannot preliminarily marry through the agency of anybody.

Halakhah 2ב׳

Mishnah

משנה: בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה בֵית דִּין בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר וּמְבַטְּלוֹ. הִתְקִין רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הַזָּקֵן שֶׁלֹּא יְהוּ עוֹשִׂין כֵּן מִפְּנֵי תִיקּוּן הָעוֹלָם. בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיָה מְשַׁנֶּה שְׁמוֹ וּשְׁמָהּ שֵׁם עִירוֹ וְשֵׁם עִירָהּ וְהִתְקִין רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הַזָּקֵן שֶׁיְּהֵא כוֹתֵב אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי וְכָל שֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ אִשָּׁה פְלוֹנִית וְכָל שֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ מִפְּנֵי תִיקּוּן הָעוֹלָם.

MISHNAH: In earlier times, he could go to a court at another place and annul [the bill of divorce]; Rabban Gamliel the Elder instituted that one should not do that because of the public good. In earlier times, his name and her name and the names of his and her towns could change; Rabban Gamliel the Elder instituted that one should write Mr. X and all his names, Mrs. Y and all her names, because of the public good.

Halakhah

הלכה: בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה בֵית דִּין כול׳. לֵית הָדָא פְלִיגָא עַל רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ. דְּרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ אָמַר. אֵין אָדָם מְבַטֵּל שְׁלִיחוּתוֹ בִּדְבָרִים. פָּתַר לָהּ בְּבֵית דִּין שֶׁכּוֹחוֹ מְרוּבֶּה.

HALAKHAH: “In earlier times, he could go to court,” etc. Does this not disagree with Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish, since Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish said that nobody can annul an agency by speech. Explain it in a fully constituted court.

מִפְּנֵי תִיקּוּן הָעוֹלָם. אָמְרִין בְשֵׁם רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ. שֶׁלֹּא תָבוֹא לִידִי מַמְזֵירוּת. וְאָמְרִין בְשֵׁם רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ. שֶׁלֹּא תְהֵא יוֹשֶׁבֶת עֲגוּנָה. מָאן דְּאָמַר. שֶׁלֹּא תְהֵא יוֹשֶׁבֶת עֲגוּנָה. סְבוּרָה שֶׁבִּיטְּלָהּ וְהוּא לֹא בִיטֵּל וְנִמְצֵאת יוֹשֶׁבֶת עֲגוּנָה. וּמָאן דְּאָמַר. שֶׁלֹּא תָבוֹא לִידֵי מַמְזֵרוּת. סְבוּרָה שֶׁלֹּא בִיטֵּל וְהוּא בִיטֵּל. וְהִיא הוֹלֶכֶת וְנִישֵּׂאת בְּלֹא גֵט. וְנִמְצְאוּ בָנֶיהָ בָאִין לִידֵי מַמְזֵירוּת. סְבוּרָה שֶׁבִּיטֵּל וְהוּא לֹא בִיטֵּל וּבָא אַחֵר וְקִידְּשָׁהּ תּוֹפְסִין בָהּ קִידּוּשִׁין. וְהִיא סְבוּרָה שֶׁלֹּא תוֹפְסִין בָהּ קִידּוּשִׁין. וְהִיא מַמְתֶּנֶת עַד שֶׁיָּמוּת בַּעֲלָהּ הָרִאשׁוֹן וְהִיא הוֹלֶכֶת וְנִישֵּׂאת. וְנִמְצָא בָנֶיהָ בָאִין לִידֵי מַמְזֵירוּת. אָמַר רִבִּי מָנָא. סַלְקִית לִשְׁיָירָא וְשָׁמְעִית לְרִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא וְרִבִּי אִימִּי בְשֵׁם רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ. שֶׁלֹּא תָבוֹא לִידֵי מַמְזֵירוּת. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא. אֲפִילוּ כְּמָאן דְּאָמַר. שֶׁלֹּא תְהֵא יוֹשֶׁבֶת עֲגוּנָה אִית לֵיהּ שֶׁלֹּא תָבוֹא לִידֵי מַמְזֵירוּת.

“Because of the public good.” They say in the name of Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish: That she should not risk bastardy. Some say in the name of Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish: That she should not remain anchored. He who said, that she should not remain anchored, [is afraid that] she turns out to be anchored if she thought that he annulled when he did not annul. He who said, that she should not risk bastardy, [is afraid that] her children will be bastards if she thought that he did not annul when he annulled, she goes and marries without a bill of divorce. If she thought that he annulled when he did not annul, another man comes and marries her preliminarily; the preliminary marriage is valid but she thinks it is invalid. She waits until her first husband dies, then she goes and marries [another man]; the result is that her children will be bastards. Rebbi Mana said, I went with a caravan and heard Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa and Rebbi Immi in the name of Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish: That she should not risk bastardy. Rav Huna said, even the one who said that she should not remain anchored also agrees that she should not risk bastardy.

עָבַר וּבִיטְּלוֹ. נִישְׁמְעִינָהּ מִן הָדָא. אִם בִּיטְּלוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה מְבוּטָּל. דִּבְרֵי רִבִּי. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר. אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְבַטְּלוֹ וְלֹא לְהוֹסִיף עַל תְּנָאוֹ. יְאוּת אָמַר רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל. מַאי טַעֲמָא דְּרִבִּי. דְּבַר תּוֹרָה הוּא שֶׁיְּבַטֵּל וְהֵן אָמְרוּ שֶׁלֹּא בִיטֵּל. וְדִבְרֵיהֶן עוֹקְרִין דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. וְכִי שֶׁמֶן עַל זֵתִים וַעֲנָבִים עַל הַיַּיִן לֹא תוֹרָה הוּא שֶׁיִּתְרוֹם מִפְּנֵי גֶזֶל הַשֵּׁבֶט. וְהֵן אָמְרוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִתְרוֹם. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁאָמְרוּ. עָבַר וְתָרַם אֵין תְּרוּמָתוֹ תְרוּמָה. רִבִּי אוֹשַׁעְיָה בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר לְרִבִּי יוֹדָן נְשִׂיָיא. בַּאֲגָדָה דְסַבָּךְ מָאן דַּיֵיק לָן.

If he transgressed and annulled? Let us hear from the following: “If he annulled it is annulled, the words of Rebbi. Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel says, he can neither annul it nor add to his condition.” Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel says it correctly. What is the reason of Rebbi? It is the word of the Torah that he has the power to annul but they said, he shall not annul. Can their word uproot the words of the Torah? But is it not from the Torah that one may [give as heave] olives for oil and grapes for wine, but because of robbing the tribe they said not only that one may not give heave [in this way] but if he transgressed and gave, his heave is not heave. Rebbi Oshaia bar Abba said to Rebbi Yudan the Prince: Who could tell exactly what your ancestor meant?

אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי וְכָל שֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ. הַגַּע עַצְמָךְ דַּהֲוָה שְׁמֵיהּ רְאוּבֵן וָאַפִּיק שְׁמֵיהּ שִׁמְעוֹן. אֶלָּא אֲנִי פְלוֹנִי וְכָל שֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי. יוֹתֵר מִיכֵּן אָמְרוּ. הָיוּ לוֹ שְׁתֵּי נָשִׁים אַחַת בִּיהוּדָה וְאַחַת בַּגָּלִיל. וְלוֹ שְׁנֵי שֵׁמוֹת אֶחָד בִּיהוּדָה וְאֶחָד בַּגָּלִיל. וְכָתַב זֶה שֶׁבִּיהוּדָה לְגָרֵשׁ זוֹ שֶׁבַּגָּלִיל וְשֶׁבַּגָּלִיל לְגָרֵשׁ זוֹ שֶׁבִּיהוּדָה. אֵינָהּ מְגוּרֶשֶׁת. מַתְנִיתָא שֶׁהָיָה מִיהוּדָה וְכָתַב לְגָרֵשׁ בַּגָּלִיל. מִגָּלִיל וְכָתַב לְגָרֵשׁ בִּיהוּדָה. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה מִיהוּדָה וְכָתַב לְגָרֵשׁ בִּיהוּדָה. מִגָּלִיל וְכָתַב לְגָרֵשׁ בַּגָּלִיל. הֲרֵי זוֹ מְגוּרֶשֶׁת. אָמַר רִבִּי אִילַי. כַּתְּחִילָּה צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר. אֲנִי פְלוֹנִי שֶׁמִּיהוּדָה עִם כָּל שֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בַגָּלִיל. אִם הָיָה שָׁרוּי בַּמָּקוֹם אֶחָד מְגָרֵשׁ לְאֵי זֶה שֶׁיִּרְצֶה. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵי. הָדָא דְאַתְּ אָמַר לְשֶׁעָבַר. אֲבָל לְכַתְּחִילָּה צָרִיךְ לְמֵיעֲבַד כְּהָדָא דְּרִבִּי אִילַי. אָמַר רִבִּי אָבִין. אִם יָצָא לוֹ שֵׁם בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר צָרִיךְ לְהַזְכִּיר שְׁלָשְׁתָּן.

“Mr. X and all his names.” Think of it, if his name was Reuben and he went away under the name of Simeon. But: “I am X and every other name which I have.” “In addition, they said if he had two wives, one in Judea and one in Galilee, and he is known by two names, one in Judea and one in Galilee. He used [his name] in Judea to divorce the one in Galilee and [his name] in Galilee to divorce the one in Judea. Neither one is divorced.” This baraita if he was in Judea and wrote to divorce in Galilee or in Galilee and wrote to divorce in Judea. But if he was in Judea and wrote to divorce in Judea, or in Galilee and wrote to divorce in Galilee, she is divorced. Rebbi Ilai said, according to the rules he has to say: “I am X with every other name which I have in Galilee.” If he was at another place, he can divorce either one he wishes. Rebbi Yose said, one says that if he did it. But to start out he has to follow Rebbi Ilai. Rebbi Abin said, if he is known by (another) name at another place, he has to mention all three.

תַּמָּן תַּנִינָן. כּוֹתְבִין גֵּט לָאִישׁ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין אִשְׁתּוֹ עִמּוֹ. וְשׁוֹבֵר לְאִשָּׁה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בַּעֲלָהּ עִמָּהּ. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיְּהֵא מַכִּירָם. וְהַבַּעַל נוֹתֵן אֶת הַשָּׂכָר. אָמַר רִבִּי אַבָּא. צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא מַכִּיר אֶת שְׁנֵיהֶן. אָמַר רִבִּי לָא. צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא מַכִּיר לָאִישׁ בַּגֵּט וְלָאִשָּׁה בְּשׁוֹבְרָהּ. רִבִּי אָבוּן בַּר חִיָיה בָּעֵי קוֹמֵי רִבִּי. הַגַּע עַצְמָךְ שֶׁהֵבִיא אִשָּׁה אֲחֶרֶת וְגִירֵשׁ בָּהּ. אָמַר לֵיהּ. לִכְשֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ וְיָעִידוּ הָעֵדִים. וְלֹא כֵן אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ. עָשׂוּ עֵדִים הַחֲתוּמִים עַל הַשְּׁטָר כְּמִי שֶׁנֶּחְקְרָה עֵדוּתָן בְּבֵית דִּין. תַּמָּן בְּשֶׁאָמְרוּ. לֹא חָתַמְנוּ כָּל עִיקָּר. בְּרַם הָכָא בְּאוֹמְרִים. בַּזֶּה חָתַמְנוּ וְלֹא חָתַמְנוּ עַל זֶה. מַתְנִיתָא פְלִיגָא עַל רִבִּי אַבָּא. בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיָה מְשַׁנֶּה שְׁמוֹ וּשְׁמָהּ שֵׁם עִירוֹ וְשֵׁם עִירָהּ. אִם בַּמַּכִּירָהּ בְּזֶה צָרִיךְ לְשַׁנּוֹת אֶת שְׁמוֹתָם. אִית בַּר נַשׁ דְּחַכְמִין לְחַבְרֵיהוֹן בְּאַפִּין וְלָא יָדְעִין שִׁמְהַתְהוֹן. מַתְנִיתָא פְלִיגָא עַל רִבִּי אִילַי. הִתְקִין רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל שֶׁיְּהוּ כוֹתְבִין. אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי וְכָל שֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ. אִשָּׁה פְלוֹנִית וְכָל שֵׁם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ. מִפְּנֵי תִיקּוּן הָעוֹלָם. מַתְנִיתָא בִּמְגָרֵשׁ בְּעַל כּוֹרְחוֹ. מַה דְּאָמַר רִבִּי אִילַא בִּמְגָרֵשׁ בִּרְצוֹנוֹ. וְאִית דְּבָעֵי מֵימַר בִּמְגָרֵשׁ בִּמְקוֹמוֹת אֲחֵרִים. מַה דְּאָמַר רִבִּי אִילַי בִּמְגָרֵשׁ בְּאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם.

There, we have stated: “One writes a bill of divorce for a man even if his wife is not with him, and a receipt for a woman even if her husband is not with her, and the husband pays the fee.” Rebbi Abba said, he has to know both of them. Rebbi La said, he has to know the husband for the bill of divorce and the wife for her receipt. Rebbi Abun bar Ḥiyya asked before Rebbi []: Think of it, if he brought another woman and divorced by means of her. He said to him, let the witnesses come and testify. But did not Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish say that they considered witnesses who signed a document as if their testimony had been cross-examined in court? There, if they said, we did not sign at all. But here if they say, we signed this but not that. The Mishnah disagrees with Rebbi Abba: “In earlier times, his name and her name and the names of his and her towns could change.” If he knows them, why would he change their names? There are people who know others by sight but do not know their names. The Mishnah disagrees with Rebbi Ilai: “Rabban Gamliel the Elder instituted that one should write Mr. X and all his names, Mrs. Y and all her names, because of the public good.” The Mishnah about one who is forced to divorce, Rebbi Ila speaks about one who divorces on his initiative; some want to say if he divorces at another place.

כְּהָדָא דּוֹשׁוֹ אַחֲוֵי דְדוֹדוֹ הֲוָה מַשְׁבָּק אִיתְּתֵיהּ. אָתָא עוֹבְדָא קוֹמֵי רַבָּנִין אָמְרִין. הִיא תִתֵּן אַגְרָא. וְהָתַנִּינָן. הַבַּעַל נוֹתֵן אֶת הַשָּׂכָר. רִבִּי אִילַי בְּשֵׁם שְׁמוּאֵל. בְּמוֹחֶלֶת לוֹ כְּתוּבָּתָהּ.

For example Doso, Dodo’s brother, divorced his wife. The case came before the rabbis who said that she should pay the fee. But did we not state: “the husband pays the fee”? Rebbi Ilai in the name of Samuel: If she forgives him her ketubah.

…and 5 more halakhot in this perek.

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The Jerusalem Talmud, edition by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY

English: The Jerusalem Talmud, translation by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, De Gruyter 1999–2015, via Sefaria — CC BY