יורה דעה רי״חYoreh De'ah 218

Se’if 1א׳

כָּל הַנּוֹדֵר, אוֹ נִשְׁבָּע, רוֹאִין דְּבָרִים שֶׁבִּגְלָלָן נִשְׁבַּע אוֹ נָדַר, וְלוֹמְדִים מֵהֶם לְאֵיזֶה נִתְכַּוֵּן. וְהוֹלְכִין אַחַר הָעִנְיָן, וְלֹא אַחַר מַשְׁמָעוּת הַדִּבּוּר. כֵּיצַד, הָיָה טָעוּן מַשָּׁא שֶׁל צֶמֶר אוֹ פִּשְׁתִּים, וְהִזִּיעַ וְהָיָה רֵיחוֹ קָשֶׁה, וְנִשְׁבַּע אוֹ נָדַר שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲלֶה עָלָיו צֶמֶר אוֹ פִּשְׁתִּים לְעוֹלָם, הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִלְבֹּשׁ בִּגְדֵי צֶמֶר אוֹ פִּשְׁתִּים וּלְהִתְכַּסוֹת, וְאֵינוֹ אָסוּר אֶלָּא לְהַפְשִׁילָן לַאֲחוֹרָיו. הָיָה לָבוּשׁ בִּגְדֵי צֶמֶר, וְנִצְטַעֵר בִּלְבִישָׁתוֹ וְנִשְׁבַּע אוֹ נָדַר שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲלֶה עָלָיו צֶמֶר לְעוֹלָם, אָסוּר לִלְבֹּשׁ, וּמֻתָּר לִטְעֹן עָלָיו וּמֻתָּר לְהִתְכַּסוֹת בְּגִזֵּי צֶמֶר, שֶׁלֹּא נִתְכַּוֵּן זֶה אֶלָּא לְבֶגֶד צֶמֶר. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. הַגָּה: וְכָל זֶה דַּוְקָא בְּנוֹדֵר בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין עַצְמוֹ, אֲבָל בְּנוֹדֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ, כָּל שֶׁלְּשׁוֹן הַנֶּדֶר כּוֹלֵל הוֹלְכִין אַחֲרָיו, אִם לֹא בְּאֻמְדָּנָא דְּמוּכָח (כָּךְ מַשְׁמָע בריב"ש וּבְהָרַמְבַּ"ן).

Everyone who vows, or swears — we look at the things on account of which he swore or vowed, and we learn from them to what he intended. And we follow the matter, and not the implication of the utterance. How so? He was laden with a burden of wool or of flax, and he sweated and his smell was foul, and he swore or vowed that wool or flax should never come upon him — this one is permitted to wear garments of wool or of flax and to cover himself with them, and he is forbidden only to sling them behind him. He was clothed in garments of wool, and was pained in the wearing of them, and swore or vowed that wool should never come upon him — he is forbidden to wear it, and permitted to load it upon himself, and permitted to cover himself with fleeces of wool, for this one intended only a garment of wool. And so all that is like this. Hagah [Rema]: And all this is specifically in one who vows between himself and himself; but in one who vows to his fellow, wherever the language of the vow includes it we follow it, unless there is an assessment that shows the contrary (so it is implied in the Rivash and in the Ramban).

Se’if 2ב׳

מִי שֶׁהֶעֱלִילוּ עָלָיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמָּכַר יַיִן לַיִּשְׁמְעֵאלִים וּמִפְּנֵי כָּךְ נִשְׁבַּע שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה יַיִן לִמְכֹּר, וְהָיָה לוֹ יַיִן עָשׂוּי מִקֹּדֶם, אָסוּר לְמָכְרוֹ. הַגָּה: דְּאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁקָּאָמַר שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה, אַזְלִינָן בָּתַר כַּוָּנָתוֹ (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם רשב"ץ). וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן קָהָל שֶׁעָשׂוּ תַּקָּנָה כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה, שֶׁאֲסוּרִין לִמְכֹּר אֲפִלּוּ מַה שֶּׁהָיָה לָהֶם קֹדֶם לָכֵן (סְבָרַת הָרַב מִמַּשְׁמָעוּת רשב"ץ וְלֹא כַּת"ה סִימָן רפ"א).

One against whom a false charge was brought because he sold wine to the Ishmaelites, and who on that account swore that he would not make wine to sell, and who had wine already made from before — he is forbidden to sell it. Hagah [Rema]: For even though he said that he would not make it, we go after his intention (Beit Yosef in the name of the Rashbatz). And all the more so a community that made an ordinance of this kind, that they are forbidden to sell even what they had before then (the reasoning of the Rav, from the implication of the Rashbatz, and not like Terumat haDeshen, siman 281).

Se’if 3ג׳

הָיוּ מַפְצִירִין בּוֹ לִשָּׂא בַּת אֲחוֹתוֹ, וְאָמַר: קוּנָם שֶׁהִיא נֶהֱנֵית לִי לְעוֹלָם, וְכֵן הַמְגָרֵשׁ אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ וְאָמַר: קוּנָם שֶׁהִיא נֶהֱנֵית לִי לְעוֹלָם, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מֻתָּרוֹת לֵהָנוֹת לוֹ, שֶׁלֹּא נִתְכַּוֵּן אֶלָּא לְשׁוּם אִשּׁוּת.

They were pressing him to marry his sister's daughter, and he said: konam (forbidden as an offering is) that she have benefit from me for ever; and likewise one who divorces his wife and says: konam that she have benefit from me for ever — these are permitted to have benefit from him, for he intended only for the sake of marriage.