יורה דעה קצ״דYoreh De'ah 194

Se’if 1א׳

יוֹלֶדֶת, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא רָאֲתָה דָּם, טְמֵאָה כְּנִדָּה; בֵּין יָלְדָה חַי, בֵּין יַלְדָּה מֵת וַאֲפִלּוּ נֵפֶל. וְכַמָּה הֵם יְמֵי טֻמְאָתָהּ, עַכְשָׁו בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה כָּל הַיּוֹלְדוֹת חֲשׁוּבוֹת יוֹלְדוֹת בְּזוֹב וּצְרִיכוֹת לִסְפֹּר שִׁבְעָה נְקִיִּים; נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר שֶׁיּוֹלֶדֶת זָכָר יוֹשֶׁבֶת ז' לַלֵּדָה וְז' לִנְקִיִּים לְזִיבָה, וְהַיּוֹלֶדֶת נְקֵבָה יוֹשֶׁבֶת שְׁבוּעַיִם לַלֵּדָה וְז' נְקִיִּים לְזִיבָה. יְמֵי לֵדָה, שֶׁהֵם ז' לְזָכָר וְי"ד לִנְקֵבָה, אִם לֹא רָאֲתָה בָּהֶן עוֹלִים לִסְפִירַת זִיבָתָהּ; וְאִם שָׁלְמוּ ז' נְקִיִּים בְּתוֹךְ י"ד לִנְקֵבָה, הֲרֵי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה עַד לֵיל ט"ו; וְאִם טָבְלָה קֹדֶם לָכֵן, לֹא עָלְתָה לָהּ טְבִילָה. הַגָּה: וּלְאַחַר ז' לְזָכָר וְי"ד לִנְקֵבָה, מֻתֶּרֶת לְבַעֲלָהּ מִיָּד, מֵאַחַר שֶׁסָּפְרָה ז' נְקִיִּים וְלֹא חָזְרָה וְרָאֲתָה. מִיהוּ יֵשׁ מְקוֹמוֹת שֶׁנּוֹהֲגִין שֶׁאֵין טוֹבְלִין תּוֹךְ מ' לְזָכָר וּשְׁמוֹנִים לִנְקֵבָה, (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם מהרי"ק שֶׁהֵבִיא הַתַּנְיָא וּבַאֲגֻדָּה פֶּרֶק ע"פ ובמהרי"ל), וְאֵין לְהַתִּיר בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לְהַחְמִיר (ריב"ש) ; אֲבָל בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין מִנְהָג, אֵין לְהַחְמִיר כְּלָל רַק מִיָּד שֶׁלֹּא רָאֲתָה דָּם אַחַר ז' לְזָכָר וְי"ד לִנְקֵבָה וְסָפְרָה ז' נְקִיִּים, מֻתֶּרֶת לְבַעֲלָהּ (ת"ה סִימָן רנ"ה). אֲבָל אִם חָזְרָה וְרָאֲתָה, אֲפִלּוּ טִפַּת דָּם כְּחַרְדָּל, טְמֵאָה אַף עַל גַּב דְּמִדְּאוֹרַיְתָא דָּם טָהוֹר הוּא כְּבַר פָּשַׁט הַמִּנְהָג בְּכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין בּוֹעֲלִין עַל דָּם טָהוֹר (בֵּית יוֹסֵף וְאָגוּר וְטוּר וּפוֹסְקִים בְּשֵׁם הַגְּאוֹנִים), וְדִינוֹ כִּשְׁאָר דָּם לְכָל דָּבָר.

A woman giving birth: even if she has not seen blood, is ritually impure as though she were a menstruating woman; whether she delivered a live child, or whether she delivered a stillborn child and even if she miscarried. And how many are the days of her ritual impurity? Now, in this time, all of the childbearers are considered as those delivering in a flow and require to count seven clean days; it follows to say that one who delivers a male sits seven for the birth and seven clean (day)s for the blood-flow, and one who delivers a female sits two weeks for the birth and seven clean (day)s for the blood flow. The days of birth, which are 7 for a male and 14 for a female, if she did not see (any blood) on them, they count for the accounting of her blood-flow; and if seven clean days are completed within the 14 for a female child, such a woman is forbidden until the night of the 15th (day); and if she had immersed prior to that, the immersion does not count for her. Rema: And after 7 for a male and 14 for a female, she is permitted to her husband immediately, on account of the fact that she had counted seven clean (day)s and she did not further see (blood-flow). Nevertheless, there are places where the custom is that they do not immerse within 40 (days) for a male and 80 for a female (Beit Yosef citing the Mahari"k, who brought the tanya, and in the Agudah ch. A"P (Arvei Pesachim?) and in the Mahari"l), and one ought not be lenient in a place where they were accustomed to be stringent (Riv"sh); but in a place where there were no set custom, one ought not be strict at all - just as soon as she has not seen blood after the seven for a male and fourteen for a female, and has counted seven clean days, she is permitted to her husband (T"H - Torat haAdam? - section 255). But if she has once again seen, even a drop of blood the size of a mustard seed, she is ritually impure - even though according to biblical ruling it is pure blood - the custom has already spread throughout all of Israel that we do not engage in sexual relations over pure blood (Beit Yosef, and Agur, and Tur, and decisors citing the geonim), and its ruling is like the other cases of blood in every way.

Se’if 2ב׳

הַמַּפֶּלֶת בְּתוֹךְ מ' אֵינָהּ חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לְוָלָד אֲבָל חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת מִשּׁוּם נִדָּה, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא רָאֲתָה. הַגָּה: מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִפְתִיחַת הַקֶּבֶר בְּלֹא דָּם, וְנָפְקָא מִינָהּ דְּמִיָּד לְאַחַר שֶׁסָּפְרָה ז' נְקִיִּים מֻתֶּרֶת וְאֵינָהּ חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לַוָּלָד (ד"ע).

One who miscarries within (the first) forty (days of pregnancy) - she should have no concerns for (status of delivering) a birth but does have concerns as regards menstruation, even if she has not seen (blood). Rema: Since there opening of the "grave" without blood is by definition impossible, and we derive from this that immediately after she has counted seven clean (day)s, she is permitted, and she need have no concern for delivering (d"'a).

Se’if 3ג׳

הַמַּפֶּלֶת כְּמִין בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וָעוֹף אוֹ כְּמִין דָּגִים וַחֲגָבִים וּשְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים, וְכָל צוּרַת וָלָד, אוֹ שָׁפִיר אוֹ שִׁלְיָא אוֹ חֲתִיכָה שֶׁקְּרָעוּהָ וְיֵשׁ בָּהּ עֶצֶם עַכְשָׁיו שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִין בְּצוּרוֹת, חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לְוָלָד; וְאִם כָּלוּ ז' נְקִיִּים בְּתוֹךְ י"ד יוֹם, אִם טָבְלָה קֹדֶם לֵיל ט"ו לֹא עָלְתָה לָהּ טְבִילָה.

One who miscarries (a fetus with an appearance) like some sort of animal, beast or bird; like fishes or grasshoppers or creeping or crawling things, and any appearance of delivered child, whether amniotic sac or placenta or a piece that when they tore it there was a bone inside - now that we are not expert in (varied embryonic) forms, she should be concerned that it was a (potentially viable) delivered child; and if seven clean days were completed within fourteen days, if she had immersed prior to the night of the fifteenth, the immersion did not count for her.