The Shulchan Aruch · Yoreh De'ah
יורה דעה קע״בYoreh De'ah 172
Siman 172 of 402 in Yoreh De'ah — 6 se'ifim
הלכות ריביתInterest· siman 172
Se’if 1א׳
הַמַּלְוֶה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ וּמִשְׁכֵּן לוֹ בַּיִת אוֹ שָׂדֶה עַל מְנָת שֶׁיֹּאכַל פֵּרוֹתָיו כָּל יְמֵי הַמַּשְׁכּוֹנָא, אִם הִיא כְּמַשְׁכַּנְתָּא דְּסוּרָא, דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁמִּשְׁכְּנָהּ לוֹ לְשָׁנִים יְדוּעוֹת, וְכוֹתֵב: בִּמְשְׁלַם שְׁנִין אִלֵּין תִּפּוּק אַרְעָא בְּלֹא כֶּסֶף, אֲפִלּוּ מַרְחִיב הַזְּמַן הַרְבֵּה שֶׁאֵין מַגִּיעַ לְכָל שָׁנָה אֶלָּא דָּבָר מֻעָט, כְּגוֹן שֶׁהִלְוָהוּ מָנֶה וְהִתְנָה עִמּוֹ שֶׁאַחַר עֶשֶׂר שָׁנִים תַּחֲזֹר קַרְקַע זוֹ לִבְעָלֶיהָ, חִנָּם, וְהָיָה שְׂכַר אוֹתָהּ קַרְקַע שָׁוֶה אֶלֶף דִּינָרִים בְּכָל שָׁנָה, מֻתָּר. שֶׁאֵין זֶה אֶלָּא כְּמִי שֶׁשָּׂכַר בְּפָחוֹת. וְכֵן אִם הִתְנָה בַּעַל הַקַּרְקַע עִמּוֹ שֶׁבְּכָל זְמַן שֶׁיִּרְצֶה הַלֹּוֶה לְסַלְּקוֹ שֶׁיָּבִיא לוֹ מָעוֹת וְיַחֲשֹׁב לוֹ עֶשֶׂר בְּכָל שָׁנָה, וִיסַלְּקוֹ מֵהַשָּׂדֶה אוֹ מֵהַבַּיִת וְהוּא יַחֲזִיר לוֹ שְׁאָר דָּמִים. וְיִסְתַּלֵּק, מֻתָּר שֶׁמֵּאַחַר שֶׁאֵין כֹּחַ בְּיַד הַמַּלְוֶה לִגְבּוֹת מֵחוֹבוֹ כְּלוּם וּלְהַחֲזִיר הַקַּרְקַע לַלֹּוֶה, אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא שְׂכִירוּת. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דַּאֲפִלּו בְּלֹא מַשְׁכַּנְתָּא דְּסוּרָא יֵשׁ הֶתֵּר לִלְוֹת. כֵּיצַד, אִם הִלְוָה לִזְמַן קָצוּב, כָּךְ וְכָךְ שָׁנִים, אִם הַלֹּוֶה יוּכַל לְסַלְּקוֹ תּוֹךְ הַזְּמַן וּמְנַכֶּה לוֹ כָּל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה אֲפִלּוּ דָּבָר מֻעָט, דְּזֶהוּ מִקְרֵי מַשְׁכַּנְתָּא בְּנַכְיָתָּא, שָׁרֵי. וְאִם לֹא מְנַכֶּה לֵהּ כְּלוּם, אָסוּר וְהָוֵי אֲבַק רִבִּית. וְאִם אֵין הַלֹּוֶה יָכוֹל לְסַלְּקוֹ תּוֹךְ הַזְּמַן, אֲפִלּוּ בְּלֹא נַכְיָתָּא שָׁרֵי. (טוּר בְּשֵׁם רַשִׁ"י וְרֹא"שׁ). וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דְּאֵין חִלּוּק בֵּין אַתְרָא דִּמְסַלְּקֵי וּבֵין אַתְרָא דְּלָא מְסַלְּקֵי, אֶלָּא בִּשְׁנֵיהֶם בְּנַכְיָתָּא שָׁרֵי וּבְלֹא נַכְיָתָּא אָסוּר. (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם רַשְׁבָּ"א). וְיֵשׁ לִילֵךְ בְּדָבָר זֶה אַחֵר הַמִּנְהָג (תְּשׁוּבַת רַשִׁ"י ובה"ת). וּבִמְדִינוֹת אֵלּוּ נוֹהֲגִים הֶתֵּר בְּמַשְׁכַּנְתָּא בְּנַכְיָתָּא, אֲפִלּוּ יָכוֹל לְסַלֵּק (רַשְׁבָּ"א ונ"י וְהָרַב הַמַּגִּיד כָּתְבוּ מִנְהָג זֶה), וְאֵין חִלּוּק בָּזֶה בֵּין שָׂדֶה לְבַיִת (טוּר בְּשֵׁם ר"י וְרַבֵּנוּ תָּם וְרַבֵּנוּ יְרוּחָם ועב"ח שֶׁגַּם רֹא"שׁ סוֹבֵר כֵּן) אוֹ שְׁאָר מִטַּלְטְלִין (מָרְדְּכַי וּבֵית יוֹסֵף סוֹף סִימָן זֶה בְּשֵׁם תְּשׁוּבַת רַשְׁבָּ"א, וְעַיִּןִ בְּח"מ ר"ס ע"ב בְּהַגָּ"ה) דִּבְכָל מִידִי בְּנַכְיָתָּא שָׁרֵי. וְיֵשׁ מַתִּירִין לְהַלְווֹת עַל סְפָרִים אוֹ מְקוֹמוֹת ב"ה וְלֵישֵׁב עֲלֵיהֶם אֲפִלּוּ בְּלֹא נַכְיָתָּא, דְּהָוֵי לְצֹרֶךְ מִצְוָה וּמֻתָּר לִלְוֹת בְּרִבִּית לְצֹרֶךְ מִצְוָה (תְּשׁוּבַת מהרי"ל סִימָן ל"ז וְהָאֲגֻדָּה), וְטוֹב לְהַחֲמִיר לַעֲשׂוֹת בְּנַכְיָתָּא. וְכָל זֶה לֹא מַיְרֵי, אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁאַחֲרָיוּת הַמַּשְׁכּוֹנוֹת עַל הַמַּלְוֶה. אֲבָל כְּשֶׁהַלֹּוֶה כּוֹתֵב לוֹ אַחֲרָיוּת עַל שְׁאָר נְכָסָיו, וְלֹא יוּכַל לְהַגִּיעַ לַמַּלְוֶה שׁוּם הֶפְסֵד, אָסוּר (טוּר). וּבְכָל מָקוֹם דְּהַמַּשְׁכַּנְתָּא הָוֵי אֲבַק רִבִּית, אִם בָּא הַלֹּוֶה לְנַכּוֹת לַמַּלְוֶה הַפֵּרוֹת שֶׁאָכַל לֹא מְנַכִּינָן לֵהּ, דְּהוֹאִיל וְהַמַּשְׁכַּנְתָּא הָוֵי בִּרְשׁוּת הַמַּלְוֶה וְלָוָה עָלֶיהָ מִתְּחִלָּה, אִלּוּ מְנַכִּין לֵהּ מֵחוֹבוֹ הָוֵי כְּאִלּוּ מוֹצִיאִין הָאֲבַק רִבִּית מִמֶּנּוּ בְּדַיָּנִים (טוּר). מִיהוּ אִם אָמַר לוֹ: לֹא בָּעֵינָא דְּתֵיכוּל עוֹד פֵּרוֹתַי בְּרִבִּית, אִם אֲכָלָן אַחַר כָּךְ, אֲפִלּוּ בְּאַתְרָא דְּלָא מְסַלְּקֵי מְנַכִּין לוֹ פֵּרוֹת שֶׁאָכַל אַחַר כָּךְ (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם הָרַאֲבָ"ד ובתה"ד סי' ש"ה בְּשֵׁם הָרַמְבַּ"ן).
One who lends to his fellow and he pledged to him a house or a field on condition that he eat its produce all the days of the mashkanta, if it is like the mashkanta de-Sura (the mortgage of Sura, in which the lender enjoys the produce of the field for a fixed term and the debt is then discharged) — that is to say, that he pledged it to him for known years, and he writes: at the completion of these years the land shall go forth without money — even if he extends the term greatly, so that there comes to each year only a small thing, such as where he lent him a maneh (a hundred zuz) and stipulated with him that after ten years this land shall return to its owners without payment, while the hire of that land was worth a thousand dinars every year, it is permitted; for this is nothing but as one who let it out for less. And likewise if the owner of the land stipulated with him that whenever the borrower wishes to remove him he shall bring him money and reckon him ten for each year, and remove him from the field or from the house, and he shall return him the remainder of the price and depart — it is permitted; for since the lender has no power to collect anything of his debt and to return the land to the borrower, it is nothing but a hire. Hagah [Rema]: And there are those who say that even without a mashkanta de-Sura there is a permission to lend. How so? If he lent for a fixed term, such-and-such years: if the borrower is able to remove him within the term, and he deducts for him each and every year even a small thing — for this is called a mashkanta with deduction — it is permitted. And if he deducts him nothing, it is forbidden, and it is dust of interest (a lesser, rabbinic degree of interest). And if the borrower is not able to remove him within the term, even without deduction it is permitted. (Tur in the name of Rashi and the Rosh) And there are those who say that there is no distinction between a place where they remove and a place where they do not remove; rather, in both of them with deduction it is permitted and without deduction it is forbidden. (Beit Yosef in the name of the Rashba) And in this matter one is to go after the custom (a responsum of Rashi, and the Baal haTerumot). And in these lands they are accustomed to permit a mashkanta with deduction, even where he is able to remove him (the Rashba and the Nimukei Yosef and the Rav haMaggid wrote this custom); and there is no distinction in this between a field and a house (Tur in the name of Ri and Rabbeinu Tam and Rabbeinu Yerucham, and see the Bach, that the Rosh too holds so) or other movables (Mordechai, and Beit Yosef at the end of this siman in the name of a responsum of the Rashba; and see in Choshen Mishpat, the beginning of siman 72, in the gloss), for in everything with deduction it is permitted. And there are those who permit lending upon books, or upon seats in the synagogue, and sitting upon them even without deduction, for it is for the need of a mitzvah, and it is permitted to borrow at interest for the need of a mitzvah (a responsum of the Maharil, siman 37, and the Agudah); and it is good to be stringent, to do it with deduction. And all this speaks only where the liability for the pledges is upon the lender; but where the borrower writes him a liability upon the rest of his property, so that no loss can reach the lender, it is forbidden (Tur). And in every place where the mashkanta is dust of interest, if the borrower comes to deduct from the lender the produce that he ate, we do not deduct it for him; for since the mashkanta is in the domain of the lender and he borrowed upon it from the outset, were we to deduct it from his debt it would be as though we were exacting the dust of interest from him by the judges (Tur). However, if he said to him: I do not wish that you should eat my produce any longer at interest — if he ate them afterwards, even in a place where they do not remove, we deduct for him the produce that he ate afterwards (Beit Yosef in the name of the Raavad, and in the Terumat haDeshen, siman 305, in the name of the Ramban).
Se’if 2ב׳
מַשְׁכּוֹנָא זוֹ, אִם בָּא הַמַּלְוֶה לַחֲזֹר וּלְהַשְׂכִּירָהּ לַלֹּוֶה בְּדָבָר קָצוּב לְשָׁנָה, יֵשׁ אוֹסְרִין (בה"ת וריב"ש סי' ש"ה בְּשֵׁם רַמְבַּ"ן), וְיֵשׁ מַתִּירִין (ריב"ש בְּשֵׁם י"א מְבִיאוֹ בֵּית יוֹסֵף בסי' קס"ד). וְאִם אָדָם אַחֵר שְׂכָרָהּ מֵהַמַּלְוֶה, יָכוֹל הוּא לְשָׂכְרָהּ מִמֶּנּוּ. הַגָּה: וְעַיֵּן לְעֵיל סִימָן קס"ד. גַּם נִתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל אִם אָכַל הַמַּלְוֶה הַפֵּרוֹת לְאַחַר זְמַן הַמַּשְׁכַּנְתָּא.
This mashkanta: if the lender comes and lets it back to the borrower for a set sum by the year, there are those who forbid (the Baal haTerumot, and the Rivash, siman 305, in the name of the Ramban), and there are those who permit (the Rivash in the name of those who say so, whom the Beit Yosef brings in siman 164). And if another man hired it from the lender, he may hire it from him. Hagah [Rema]: And see above, siman 164. It has also been explained above where the lender ate the produce after the time of the mashkanta.
Se’if 3ג׳
בְּמַשְׁכַּנְתָּא זוֹ אִם נוֹתֵן הַמַּלְוֶה לַלֹּוֶה דָּבָר מֻעָט לְשָׁנָה בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁיְּקַבֵּל עָלָיו אֵיזֶה תִּקּוּן קַל, כְּגוֹן שְׁבִירַת קוֹרָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָזֶה, מֻתָּר. וְאִם נוֹתֵן לוֹ דָּבָר קָצוּב לְשָׁנָה כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּקַבֵּל אַחֲרָיוּת מִנְּפִילָה אוֹ שְׂרֵפָה, יֵשׁ מִי שֶׁאוֹסֵר. הַגָּה: כָּל מַשְׁכַּנְתָּא אֵינָהּ נִפְדֵּית לַחֲצָאִין, וְאִם הֵבִיא לוֹ קְצָת מְעוֹתָיו, הַמַּלְוֶה אוֹכֵל פֵּרוֹתָיו עַד שֶׁיִּתֵּן לוֹ כֻּלָּם (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם הָרַשְׁבָּ"א). הָא דְּמַשְׁכַּנְתָּא שַׁרְיָא דַּוְקָא כְּשֶׁהִשְׁכִּין לוֹ הַשָּׂדֶה בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנּוֹתֵן לוֹ הַמָּעוֹת, דְּהָוֵי כְּמֶכֶר, אֲבָל אִם נוֹתְנָהּ לוֹ בְּחוֹב קָדוּם, אָסוּר (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם עִטּוּר). וְאִם עָשׂוּ מַשְׁכּוֹנָא סְתָם, וְלֹא הִתְנוּ זֶה עִם זֶה בְּמַשְׁכַּנְתָּא דְּסוּרָא אוֹ בְּנַכְיָתָּא, אָזְלִינָן בָּתַר מִנְהַג הָעִיר, וּמִסְּתָמָא דַּעְתַּיְהוּ כְּמִנְהַג הָעִיר. וְכֵן אִם יוּכַל לְסַלְּקוֹ, הוֹלְכִים אַחַר הַמִּנְהָג (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם בַּעַל הַתְּרוּמוֹת) (ועי' ס"ק כ"ד). וְעַיִּןִ בְּחֹשֶׁן הַמִּשְׁפָּט נִתְבָּאֲרוּ בּוֹ שְׁאָר דִּינֵי הַמַּשְׁכַּנְתָּא.
In this mashkanta, if the lender gives the borrower a small thing by the year in order that he accept upon himself some light repair, such as the breaking of a beam and the like, it is permitted. And if he gives him a set sum by the year in order that he accept the liability against collapse or fire, there is one who forbids. Hagah [Rema]: No mashkanta is redeemed by halves; and if he brought him part of his money, the lender eats its produce until he gives him the whole (Beit Yosef in the name of the Rashba). This, that a mashkanta is permitted, is specifically where he pledged him the field at the hour that he gives him the money, for then it is as a sale; but if he gives it to him for an earlier debt, it is forbidden (Beit Yosef in the name of the Ittur). And if they made a mashkanta without more, and did not stipulate with one another as to a mashkanta de-Sura or with deduction, we go after the custom of the city, for in the ordinary case their mind is as the custom of the city. And likewise as to whether he may remove him, they go after the custom (Beit Yosef in the name of the Baal haTerumot) (and see se'if katan 24). And see in Choshen Mishpat, where the rest of the laws of the mashkanta have been explained.
Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah — Torat Emet 357 edition, via Sefaria — public domain
English rendered from the Hebrew for this app — The Gematria's own rendering program. A rendering of the words, not a ruling; practical halacha is learned with a rav