יורה דעה קכ״טYoreh De'ah 129

Se’if 1א׳

הַמַּנִּיחַ עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים בַּחֲנוּתוֹ וְיָצָא, אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ יַיִן בִּסְפִינָה אוֹ בְּקָרוֹן וְהִנִּיחוֹ עִם הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים וְהָלַךְ לוֹ לְבֵית (הַכְּנֶסֶת) אוֹ לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ, אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים מַעֲבִיר לוֹ חָבִיּוֹת יַיִן מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם וְהִנִּיחוֹ לְבַדּוֹ עִם הַיַּיִן וְיָצָא מֻתָּר, לְכַתְּחִלָּה לֹא יַנִּיחַ אָדָם בְּבֵיתוֹ יַיִן אוֹ חֹמֶץ אֵצֶל עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים לְבַד כְּלָל, אֲבָל בְּדִיעֲבַד מֻתָּר (מָרְדְּכַי פ' ר"י בְּשֵׁם ראב"ן) אֲפִלּוּ שָׁהָה זְמַן רַב, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא יָרֵא בְּכָל שָׁעָה עַתָּה יָבֹא וְיִרְאֵנִי. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא נוֹדַע שֶׁסָגַר הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים הַחֲנוּת, אוֹ שֶׁהִרְחִיק הַקָּרוֹן וְהַסְפִינָה בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁאֵין יְכוֹלִים לִרְאוֹתוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ סָגַר הַחֲנוּת כָּל זְמַן שֶׁיֵּשׁ שָׁם סֶדֶק אוֹ חוֹר שֶׁיְּכוֹלִים לִרְאוֹת בְּתוֹכוֹ חָשׁוּב כְּפָתוּחַ (שָׁם בְּמָרְדְּכַי וּבִסְמַ"ג). בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, שֶׁיֵּשׁ דֶּרֶךְ עֲקַלְתּוֹן שֶׁיָּכוֹל לָבֹא עָלָיו פִּתְאֹם, שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאֶנּוּ, וְכֵן כְּשֶׁהָלַךְ לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ, הָלַךְ דֶּרֶךְ עֲקַלְתּוֹן, בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁלֹּא יָדַע הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁהָלַךְ לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ. אֲבָל אִם רָאָה שֶׁהָלַךְ לִכָּנֵס לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ, יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁלֹּא יְמַהֵר לָבֹא. וְכֵן אִם אָמַר לַעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁהִנִּיחַ בַּחֲנוּת: שְׁמֹר לִי, יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁנִּסְתַּלֵּק מִשְּׁמִירָתוֹ. וְכֵן אִם אָמַר לַעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים הַמַּעֲבִיר הֶחָבִיּוֹת: לֵךְ, וַאֲנִי אָבֹא אַחֲרֶיךָ; אוֹ שֶׁהוֹדִיעוֹ שֶׁהוּא מַפְלִיג, אִם הֶחָבִיּוֹת פְּתוּחוֹת, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנֶּעֶלְמוּ מֵעֵינָיו, אֲסוּרוֹת. וְאִם הֵם סְתוּמוֹת, אִם יֵשׁ בְּהַפְלָגָתוֹ שִׁעוּר כְּדֵי שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהָסִיר מִגוּפוֹת הֶחָבִית כֻּלָּהּ, בֵּין שֶׁהִיא שֶׁל טִיט בֵּין שֶׁהִיא שֶׁל סִיד, וּלְהַחֲזִירָהּ, וְתִנָּגֵב, אָסוּר. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דְּאִם הֵם סְתוּמוֹת, שָׁרֵי בְּכָל עִנְיָן, דְּיַיִן סָגֵי לֵיהּ בְּחוֹתָם א'. (דַּעַת ר"ת) וְיֵשׁ לִסְמֹךְ עַל זֶה בְּהֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה, וְע"ל סִימָן ק"ל.

One who leaves an idolater (oved kokhavim — the standing term for a gentile) in his shop and went out, or who had wine in a boat or in a wagon and left it with the idolater and went off to the synagogue or to the bath-house, or where an idolater was carrying barrels of wine for him from place to place and he left him alone with the wine and went out — it is permitted. At the outset a man shall not leave wine or vinegar in his house beside an idolater alone at all, but after the fact it is permitted (Mordechai, chapter "Rabbi Yishmael", in the name of Raavan), even if he tarried a long time, because he is afraid at every hour: now he will come and see me. And that is where it did not become known that the idolater shut the shop, or that he removed the wagon and the boat to a distance in such a manner that they are not able to see him. And even if he shut the shop, so long as there is there a crack or a hole through which they are able to see inside, it is reckoned as open (there in Mordechai, and in the Semag). In what case are these words said? Where there is a winding way by which he can come upon him suddenly, so that he will not see him; and likewise where he went to the bath-house, he went by a winding way, in such a manner that the idolater did not know that he had gone to the bath-house. But if he saw that he went in to enter the bath-house, he knows that he will not be quick to come. And likewise if he said to the idolater whom he left in the shop: guard it for me — he knows that he has withdrawn from watching it. And likewise if he said to the idolater who is carrying the barrels: go, and I shall come after you; or where he informed him that he is going far off — if the barrels are open, once they have been hidden from his eyes they are forbidden. And if they are stopped up, if there is in his going far off measure enough that he could remove the whole of the barrel's bung, whether it is of clay or of lime, and put it back, and it dry — it is forbidden. Hagah [Rema]: And there are those who say that if they are stopped up it is permitted in every case, for with wine one seal suffices for it. (the opinion of Rabbeinu Tam) And there is ground to rely upon this in a case of great loss; and see below, siman 130.

Se’if 2ב׳

הָא דְּשָׁרֵי כְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ דֶּרֶךְ עֲקַלְתּוֹן, דַּוְקָא כְּשֶׁהָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים לְבַדּוֹ. אֲבָל אִם הֵם שְׁנַיִם אוֹ יוֹתֵר, אָסוּר, שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר לְאֶחָד מֵהֶם לִשְׁמֹר הַדֶּרֶךְ עֲקַלְתּוֹן, וְהָאַחֵר יִגַּע.

This that it is permitted where there is a winding way is specifically where the idolater is alone. But if they are two or more, it is forbidden, for it is possible for one of them to watch the winding way while the other touches.

Se’if 3ג׳

הָא דְּשָׁרֵי בְּחָבִיּוֹת פְּתוּחוֹת לְגַמְרֵי בְּלֹא פְּקָק, הָנֵי מִלֵּי בִּסְפִינָה אוֹ בַּחֲנוּת שֶׁאֵין לוֹ רְשׁוּת לִגַּע בֶּחָבִיּוֹת עַצְמָם. אֲבָל בְּמַעֲבִיר חָבִית מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם, לֹא. וַאֲפִלּוּ הִיא חֲסֵרָה, אֲסוּרָה, דְּחַיְשִׁינָן דִּלְמָא נָגַע וְלֹא יִירָא כְּלָל, שֶׁיָּכוֹל לְהִשָּׁמֵט וְלוֹמַר: לְהַחֲזִיק בָּהּ כִּוַּנְתִי, שֶׁלֹּא תִּפֹּל.

This that it is permitted with barrels that are wholly open, without a stopper, applies only in a boat or in a shop, where he has no permission to touch the barrels themselves. But with one who is carrying a barrel from place to place, no. And even if it is not full, it is forbidden, for we are concerned lest he touched it and had no fear at all, since he can evade and say: my intent was to hold it, that it should not fall.