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The Shulchan Aruch · Orach Chayim

אורח חיים שי״גOrach Chayim 313

Siman 313 of 697 in Orach Chayim — 10 se'ifim

הלכות שבתLaws of Shabbat· siman 313

Se’if 1א׳

פְּקַק הַחַלּוֹן, כְּגוֹן: לוּחַ, אוֹ שְׁאָר כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁסוֹתְמִין בּוֹ הַחַלּוֹן, יְכוֹלִים לְסָתְמוֹ אֲפִלּוּ אִם אֵינוֹ קָשׁוּר וְלֹא אַמְרִינָן דְּהָוֵי כְּמוֹסִיף עַל הַבִּנְיָן; וְהוּא שֶׁיַּחֲשֹׁב עָלָיו מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְסָתְמוֹ בּוֹ. וְקָנֶה שֶׁהִתְקִינוּ לִהְיוֹת נוֹעֵל בּוֹ, אֵין צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּקְשְׁרֶנּוּ בַּדֶּלֶת וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם דָּמִי לְבִנְיָן יוֹתֵר מִפְּקַק הַחַלּוֹן וְלֹא סַגֵּי בַּמַּחְשָׁבָה שֶׁיַּחֲשֹׁב עָלָיו מֵאֶתְמוֹל וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּתַקְּנֶנּוּ לְכָךְ; לְרַשִׁ"י, הַיְנוּ שֶׁיְּתַקְּנֶנּוּ לְשֵׁם כְּלִי, שֶׁיְּהֵא רָאוּי לְשׁוּם תַּשְׁמִישׁ, שֶׁיְּהֵא רָאוּי לַהֲפֹךְ בּוֹ זֵיתִים אוֹ לִפְצֹעַ בּוֹ אֱגוֹזִים; וּלְרַבֵּנוּ תָּם אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא רָאוּי לְדָבָר אַחֵר, אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁתִּקְּנוֹ וְעָשָׂה בּוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה וֶהֱכִינוֹ לְכָךְ סַגֵּי. הַגָּה: וּמִקְרֵי עַל יְדֵי כָּךְ כְּלִי שֶׁמְּלַאכְתּוֹ לְהֶתֵּר, וּמֻתָּר לְטַלְטְלוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סי' ש"ח (ס"ב) (בֵּית יוֹסֵף וְהָרַמְבָּ"ם). וְנֵגֶּר שֶׁהוּא יָתֵד שֶׁנּוֹעֲלִים בּוֹ וְתוֹחֲבִין אוֹתוֹ בְּאַסְקֻפָּה לְמַטָּה וְדוֹמֶה טְפֵי לְבִנְיָן, לֹא סַגֵּי בְּהָכֵי וְאֵין נוֹעֲלִים בּוֹ אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יְהֵא קָשׁוּר. וְכֵיצַד יְהֵא קָשׁוּר, אִם יֵשׁ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ גְּלוּסְטְרָא דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁהוּא עָב בְּאֶחָד מֵהָרָאשִׁים וְרָאוּי לִכְתֹּשׁ בּוֹ שֶׁדּוֹמֶה לִכְלִי, סַגֵּי אֲפִלּוּ אִם קָשׁוּר בְּחֶבֶל דַּק שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת נִטָּל בּוֹ, וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם אֵינוֹ קָשׁוּר בַּדֶּלֶת עַצְמוֹ אֶלָּא בִּבְרִיחַ הַדֶּלֶת, וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם הַחֶבֶל אָרֹךְ וְאֵינוֹ תָּלוּי כְּלָל בָּאֲוִיר אֶלָּא כֻּלּוֹ מֻנָּח בָּאָרֶץ; וְאִם אֵין בְּרֹאשׁוֹ גְּלוּסְטְרָא, אִם הוּא קָשׁוּר בַּדֶּלֶת עַצְמָהּ, סַגֵּי אֲפִלּוּ בְּחֶבֶל דַּק שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לִנָּטֵל בּוֹ וַאֲפִלּוּ כֻּלּוֹ מֻנָּח בָּאָרֶץ; וְאִם אֵינוֹ קָשׁוּר בַּדֶּלֶת אֶלָּא בַּבְּרִיחַ, צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא הַקֶּשֶׁר אַמִּיץ שֶׁיְּהֵא רָאוּי לִנָּטֵל בּוֹ, וַאֲפִלּוּ הָכֵי אֵין צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא תָּלוּי, אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ כֻּלּוֹ מֻנָּח בָּאָרֶץ, מֻתָּר שֶׁאֵין אָסוּר אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁשּׁוֹמְטוֹ וּמַנִּיחוֹ בְּקֶרֶן זָוִית.

The laws of moving a door and a window and the lock on Shabbat. And there are ten sections in it: 1.The window plug, such as a board or any other thing that blocks the window, can be used to block it even if it is not tied, and we do not consider it as adding to a building; as long as he had in mind on Friday night to use it for that purpose. And a reed that was designated to be used as a lock does not need to be tied to the door but it is more similar to building than a window plug, and having it in mind from yesterday is not sufficient, and he needs to designate it for that use. According to Rashi, this means that he designates it for the sake of a utensil that is fit for some use, such as turning olives with it or cracking nuts with it. And according to R"T, there is no need for it to be fit for something else, but since he designated it and did an action and prepared it for that use, it is sufficient. Rema: And by doing so, it is considered a utensil whose function is permitted, and it is allowed to move it as explained above in section 308 paragraph 2 (Beit Yosef and Rambam). And for a carpenter’s peg, which is used to lock with it and inserted into a hole below and is more like building this is not enough, and one may not lock with it unless it is tied. And how should it be tied? If there is a knob at its head, which means that it is thick at one of its ends and fit for crushing with it, which makes it similar to a utensil, then it is enough even if it is tied with a thin rope that is not fit for carrying with it, and even if it is not tied to the door itself but to the door bar, and even if the rope is long and not hanging at all in the air but all lying on the ground. And if there is no knob at its head, if it is tied to the door itself, then it is enough even with a thin rope that is not fit for carrying with it, and even if all of it is lying on the ground. And if it is not tied to the door but to the bar, then it needs to be a strong knot that is fit for carrying with it, and even so, it does not need to be hanging but even if all of it is lying on the ground, then it is permitted because there is no prohibition unless when they drop it and place it in a corner:

Se’if 2ב׳

כָּל נֵגֶּר שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ, מַיְרֵי שֶׁאַסְקֻפָּה גָּבוֹהַּ וּכְשֶׁנּוֹעֵץ אוֹתוֹ בַּמִּפְתָּן אֵינוֹ נוֹקֵב בָּאָרֶץ, אֲבָל אִם נִפְחֲתָה הָאַסְקֻפָּה בְּעִנְיָן, שֶׁכְּשֶׁמַּכְנִיס הַנַּגָּר בַּחֹר נוֹקֵב תַּחְתָּיו בָּאָרֶץ, הָוֵי בִּנְיָן וְאָסוּר לִנְעֹל בּוֹ.

2. The rule of any carpenter’s peg that we mentioned applies only when the threshold is high enough that when he sticks it into the hole it does not penetrate the earth, but if the threshold has been lowered so much that when he puts the carpenter’s peg in the hole it digs into the earth underneath it, then this is a form of building and it is prohibited to lock with it on Shabbat.

Se’if 3ג׳

רְחָבָה שֶׁאֲחוֹרֵי הַבָּתִּים, שֶׁאֵין נִכְנָסִים וְיוֹצְאִים בָּהּ תָּדִיר, אִם עָשָׂה דֶּלֶת לְפִתְחָהּ אוֹ שֶׁתּוֹלֶה בָּהּ מַחְצֶלֶת שֶׁל קָנִים, וְכֵן פִּרְצָה שֶׁגְּדָרָהּ בְּקוֹצִים כְּעֵין דֶּלֶת, אִם יֵשׁ לָהֶם צִיר (פי' צִיר נוֹקְבִין הַדֶּלֶת וְקוֹבְעִים בּוֹ עֵץ חַד כְּדֵי לְהַכְנִיסוֹ בָּאֶדֶּן לְכָאן וּלְכָאן), אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ אֵין לָהֶם עַתָּה צִיר אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיָה לָהֶם צִיר, נוֹעֲלִים בָּהֶם אֲפִלּוּ הֵם נִגְרָרִים בָּאָרֶץ רַק שֶׁקְּשָׁרָם וּתְלָאָם לִנְעֹל בָּהֶם; וְלֹא חָשׁוּב כְּבוֹנֶה, שֶׁנִּכָּר בָּהֶם שֶׁהוּא דֶּלֶת כֵּיוָן שֶׁהָיָה לָהֶם צִיר. הַגָּה: וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן אִם יֵשׁ לָהֶם צִיר עֲדַיִן; וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יַחֲזִיר הַצִּיר לִמְקוֹמוֹ, כַּדֶּרֶךְ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סי' תקי"ט (בֵּית יוֹסֵף). אֲבָל אִם אֵין לָהֶם צִיר וְלֹא הָיָה לָהֶם צִיר, אֵין נוֹעֲלִים בָּהֶם אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיוּ גְּבוֹהִים מִן הָאָרֶץ; וּפֶתַח הֶעָשׂוּי לִכְנִיסָה וִיצִיאָה תָּדִיר נוֹעֲלִים בּוֹ, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא הָיָה לוֹ צִיר מֵעוֹלָם וְהוּא נִגְרָר.

3. A courtyard that is behind the houses, that is not used frequently for entering and exiting, if he made a door for its opening or hung a reed mat on it, and also a gap that he enclosed with thorns like a door, if they have a hinge (meaning a hinge that goes through the door and has a sharp piece of wood attached to it that can be inserted into the ground to swing back and forth), or even if they do not have a hinge at present but they used to have a hinge, one may lock them even if they scrape the ground as long as he tied them and suspended them for locking with them and this is not regarded as building, since it is evident from them that they are a door since they had a hinge. Rema: And certainly if they still have a hinge; but he should not put back the hinge in its place, as will be clarified later in section 519 (Beit Yosef). But if they do not have a hinge and they never had a hinge, one may not lock them unless they are raised from the ground; and an opening that is made for regular entering and exiting one may lock with it, even if it never had a hinge and it scrapes.

…and 5 more se'ifim in this siman.

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Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim — Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: Sefaria Community Translation — CC0