אבן העזר ל״אEven HaEzer 31

Siman 31 of 178 in Even HaEzer — 9 se'ifim

הלכות קידושיןLaws of Kiddushin· siman 31

Se’if 1א׳

אֵין מְקַדְּשִׁין בְּפָחוֹת מִשְּׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה. וּמִיהוּ, אִם קִדְּשָׁהּ בְּחֵפֶץ סְתָם, אֵין צָרִיךְ לָשׁוּם אוֹתוֹ תְּחִלָּה אִם שָׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה, אֶלָּא אִם שָׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה, מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת. וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם אָמַר לָהּ: הִתְקַדְּשִׁי לִי בְּחֵפֶץ זֶה שֶשָּׁוֶה חֲמִשִּׁים זוּז, וְלֹא שָׁמוּ אוֹתוֹ תְּחִלָּה, אִם נִמְצָא אַחַר כָּךְ שֶׁשָּׁוֶה חֲמִשִּׁים זוּז, מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת:

Kiddushin (the initial "acquisition" part of marriage) may not be performed with less than the equivalent of a perutah. Despite this, if he acquired a wife with an unspecified object, he does not need to first assay it to determine that it is worth a perutah, rather if is indeed worth a perutah, she is acquired. Even if he tells her, "Marry me with this item worth 50 zuz," and they did not first assay it, if it is afterward found to be worth 50 zuz, she is acquired.

Se’if 2ב׳

יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאִם קִדְּשָׁהּ בְּדָבָר שֶׁאֵין בְּקִיאִין בְּשׁוּמָתָן וּפְעָמִים טוֹעִים בָּהֶם הַרְבֵּה, כְּגוֹן אֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם, וְאָמַר לָהּ: הִתְקַדְּשִׁי לִי בְּאֶבֶן זוֹ שֶׁשָּׁוָה חֲמִשִּׁים זוּז, צָרִיךְ שׁוּמָא, דְּלֹא סָמְכָה דַּעְתָּהּ. וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁאוֹמֵר, שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ קִדְּשָׁהּ בְּאֶבֶן סְתָם, וְלֹא אָמַר לָהּ שֶׁשָּׁוָה חֲמִשִּׁים זוּז, צְרִיכָה שׁוּמָא, וּלְכָךְ נָהֲגוּ לְקַדֵּשׁ בְּטַבַּעַת שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ אֶבֶן. הַגָּה: וְאִם קִדְּשָׁהּ בְּטַבַּעַת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ אֶבֶן, אוֹ בִּסְתָם טַבַּעַת, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁל נְחשֶׁת, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ לְקַדֵּשׁ בְּכָךְ, חַיְשִׁינָן לְקִדּוּשִׁין (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם תְּשׁוּבַת הָר"ש בַּר צֶמַח וּמָרְדְּכַי פֶּרֶק קַמָּא דְּקִדּוּשִׁין). וַאֲפִלּוּ אָמְרוּ הָעֵדִים תַּחַת הַחֻפָּה שֶׁהוּא שֶׁל זָהָב, וְנִמְצָא נְחשֶׁת, אַף עַל גַּב דִּלְעִנְיַן דִּינָא נִרְאֶה דְּלָא הָוֵי מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת, אֲפִלּוּ הָכִי יֵשׁ לְהַחֲמִיר לְעִנְיַן מַעֲשֶׂה (תְּשׁוּבַת מַיְמוֹנִי סוֹף הִלְכוֹת נָשִׁים). וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם נוֹהֲגִין תַּחַת הַחֻפָּה לִשְׁאֹל לָעֵדִים אִם הַטַּבַּעַת שָׁוָה פְּרוּטָה, כְּדֵי שֶׁתֵּדַע הַכַּלָּה שֶׁאֵין מְקַדְּשָׁהּ רַק בִּשְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה (אָרְחוֹת חַיִּים). גַּם נוֹהֲגִין לְכַסוֹת פְּנֵי הַכַּלּוֹת הַצְּנוּעוֹת, וְאֵינָן מַקְפִּידוֹת בַּמֶּה מְקַדֵּשׁ אוֹתָן (מְבֹאָר בִּתְשׁוּבַת הָרַשְׁבָּ"א):

There are those who say that if he betrothed her with something for which there are no experts able to appraise its value and sometimes people make large mistakes [in its appraisal] such as precious stones and pearls, and he said to her: Become betrothed to me with this stone worth fifty zuz", it needs to be appraised, for she cannot be assured [as to its value]. And there are those who say that even if he betrothed her with a stone and didn't say that it was worth fifty zuz, that it must be appraised. This is why the custom is to betroth with a ring in which there is no stone. Hagah: And if he betrothed her with a ring in which there was a stone, or with a regular ring and it turned out to be copper, even though it is not customary to use this for betrothal, we must be concerned that she is betrothed (Bet Yosef citing a responsa of R. Shimon bar Tzemah, and Mordecai, first chapter of Kiddushin). And even if witnesses under the huppah say that it was gold and it turns out that it was copper, even though according to the law it would seem that she shouldn't be betrothed, even in this case we should rule stringently when it comes to acting (Responsa of Maimonides, end of Laws of Women). And in any case, we have the custom to ask the witnesses under the huppah if the ring is worth a perutah, so that the bride would know that she is betrothed only with something worth a perutah (Orhot Hayyim). We also have the custom to cover the face of modest brides, and they are not so cautious about what they are betrothed with (explained in a responsum of the Rashba).

Se’if 3ג׳

קִדֵּשׁ בְּאֹכֶל אוֹ בִּכְלִי וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ, שֶׁשָּׁוֶה פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה, הֲרֵי זוֹ מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת מִסָפֵק, שֶׁמָּא דָּבָר זֶה שָׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאִם קִדֵּשׁ בְּתַבְשִׁיל אוֹ בְּיָרָק שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְקַיֵּם וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם, אִם לֹא הָיָה שָׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה בְּאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם, אֵינָהּ מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת כְּלָל, שֶׁהֲרֵי דָּבָר זֶה אֵינוֹ מַגִּיעַ לְמָקוֹם אַחֵר עַד שֶׁיַּפְסִיד וְיֹאבַד וְלֹא יִהְיֶה שָׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה:

If he betrothed her with food or a vessel or something like this that is worth less than a perutah, she is doubtfully betrothed, lest this thing is worth a perutah somewhere else. And there are those who say that if he betrothed her with a cooked dish or a vegetable that cannot last or something of this nature, if it was not worth a perutah in that place, she isn't betrothed at all, for this thing cannot go somewhere else before it loses its value and won't be worth a perutah.

Se’if 4ד׳

הָא דְּאָמְרִינָן שֶׁהִיא מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת מִסָפֵק שֶׁמָּא דָּבָר זֶה שָׁוֶה פְּרוּטָה בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר, צְרִיכָה גֵּט לְהַתִּירָהּ לְעָלְמָא. וְאִם רוֹצֶה לְקַיְּמָהּ, צְרִיכָה קִדּוּשִׁין אֲחֵרִים. וְאִם קִדְּשָׁהּ אַחֵר קִדּוּשִׁין גְּמוּרִים, יְגָרֵשׁ רִאשׁוֹן וְנוֹשֵׂא שֵׁנִי; אֲבָל לֹא יְגָרֵשׁ שֵׁנִי וְיִשָּׂא רִאשׁוֹן. הַגָּה: וְדַוְקָא שֶׁלֹּא בָּא עָלֶיהָ הַשֵּׁנִי קֹדֶם גֵּרוּשִׁין, אֲבָל בָּא עָלֶיהָ הֲרֵי נֶאֶסְרָה לָרִאשׁוֹן (מָרְדְּכַי פֶּרֶק קַמָּא דְּקִדּוּשִׁין). וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁאֲסוּרָה לַבַּעַל כָּךְ אֲסוּרָה לַבּוֹעֵל וְעַיֵּן לְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"ו סָעִיף ה'. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאִם יָלְדָה מִשֵּׁנִי וְלֹא גֵּרַשׁ רִאשׁוֹן, הַוָּלָד כָּשֵׁר:

That which we said that she is betrothed based on the doubt that perhaps this thing is worth a *perutah* [small coin] somewhere else [means that] she requires a *get* [bill of divorce] to permit her to the world. And if he wants to keep her, she needs another betrothal transaction. And if he betrothed her after a full betrothal [by another man], the first should divorce, and the second should marry, but the secound should not divorce, while the first marries. Rem"a: And this is only when the second one did not come upon her before the divorce, but if he did come upon her, she is thereby forbidden to the first one (Mordechai, first chapter of Kiddushin). And just as she is forbidden to the husband, so she is forbidden to the one who had relations. And see later, Siman 46, Se'if 5. And there are those who say that if she bore a child from the second, and the first had not divorced, the child is kosher.

Se’if 5ה׳

הָאוֹמֵר לְאִשָּׁה: הִתְקַדְּשִׁי לִי בִּתְמָרָה זוֹ, הִתְקַדְּשִׁי לִי בְּזוֹ, הִתְקַדְּשִׁי לִי בְּזוֹ, אִם יֵשׁ בְּאַחַת מֵהֶן שְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה הֲרֵי זוֹ מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת; וְאִם לָאו, אֵינָהּ מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת אֶלָּא מִסָפֵק, שֶׁמָּא תִּשְׁוֶה תְּמָרָה אַחַת פְּרוּטָה בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר. וְאִם אָמַר לָהּ: הִתְקַדְּשִׁי לִי בְּזוֹ וּבְזוֹ וּבְזוֹ, כֻּלָּן מִצְטָרְפוֹת, שֶׁאִם יֵשׁ בְּכֻלָּן שְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה, מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת, וְאִם לָאו, אֵינָהּ מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת אֶלָּא מִסָפֵק. הָיְתָה אוֹכֶלֶת רִאשׁוֹנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה אִם יֵשׁ בָּאֲחַרוֹנָה שְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת וְאִם לָאו אֵינָה מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת אֶלָא מִסָפֵק שֶׁאוֹתָם תְּמָרִים שֶׁאָכְלָה הֲרֵי הֵן כְּמִלְוֶה, וְהַמְקַדֵּשׁ בְּמִלְוֶה אֵינָהּ מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁאֵין קִדּוּשִׁין אֶלָּא בִּתְמָרָה אַחֲרוֹנָה:

One who says to a woman, "Become betrothed to me with this date. Become betrothed to me with this one. Become betrothed to me with this one," if one of them has in it the value of a *perutah* [small coin], she is thereby betrothed. And if not, she is only betrothed doubtfully, just in case a single date is worth a *perutah* somewhere else. And if he said to her, "Become betrothed to me with this, and with this, and with this," they are all joined, so that if all of them [together] have in them the value of a *perutah*, she is betrothed, and if not, she is only betrothed doubtfully. If she was eating one at a time, if the last one had in it the value of a *perutah*, she is betrothed, and if not, she is only doubtfully betrothed, as those dates that she ate were like a loan, and one who betrothed with a loan - she is not betrothed, and it turns out that only the final date is a betrothal transaction.

…and 4 more se'ifim in this siman.

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Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer — Torat Emet 357 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: Sefaria Community Translation — CC0