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The Shulchan Aruch · Choshen Mishpat

חושן משפט מ״וChoshen Mishpat 46

Siman 46 of 427 in Choshen Mishpat — 38 se'ifim

הלכות הלואהLoans· siman 46

Choshen Mishpat is set from the Lemberg 1898 edition, which is unpointed, so the vowels switch has nothing to remove here.

Se’if 1א׳

העדים שאמרו קטנים היינו או פסולים היינו או שטר אמנה היה וכל דין קיום שטרות. ובו לח סעיפים: המוציא שט"ח על חבירו כל זמן שלא נתקיים יכול הלוה לומר מזויף הוא ומעולם לא צויתי לכתבו ואפי' אם מודה ואומר אמת שאני צויתי לכתבו אבל פרעתיו או אמנה הוא או כתבתי ללות ועדיין לא לויתי וכל כיוצא בזה הואיל ואם רצה אמר לא היו דברים מעולם והרי מפיו נתקיים ה"ז נאמן וישבע היסת ויפטר ואם קיימו המלוה אח"כ בב"ד הרי הוא כשאר השטרות (וע"ל ריש סי' פ"ב):

1. Witnesses That Said We Were Minors or We Were Disqualified or the Document Was Given on Trust and All the Laws of Verifying Documents, 38 Seifim: If one produces a loan document against his counterparty, so long as the document has not been verified the borrower can claim the document is a forgery and he never instructed anyone to write it. Even if the borrower confesses and says it is true that he instructed it to be written but he paid back, it was given on trust or he wrote it with the intention to borrow but he never borrowed or anything similar, he is believed because if he wanted he could have said the loan never occurred and the document is only verified on his say-so. He must swear a heses oath and will be exempt. If the lender later has the document verified, the document will be like any other document. (See later at the beginning of Siman 82).

Se’if 2ב׳

י"א דהא דמהימני ללוה במיגו דוקא כשאין בו נאמנות למלוה אבל אם יש בו נאמנות לא וי"א דאפי' יש בו נאמנות למלוה נאמן הלוה (במגו דאי בעי אומר מזוייף והכי מסתברא) (טור):

2. There are those that say that this - that we believe a borrower with a migu - is only where the document does not contain a believability clause for the lender. If, however, the document does contain a believability clause, there would be no migu. There are those that say that even if the document contains a believability clause the borrower is believed (with a migu that he could have claimed the document was forged. This opinion is logical.) (Tur)

Se’if 3ג׳

כיצד הוא הקיום באים עידי השטר ומעידים לפני ג' אפילו הם הדיוטות שזאת היא חתימתן וכותבין למטה במותב תלתא כחדא הוינא ואתא פלוני ופלוני ואסהידו קדמנא אחתימת ידיהו ומדאתברר לנא דדא היא חתימת ידייהו אישרנוהי וקיימנוהי כדחזי וחותמים למטה:

3. What is the verification process? The witnesses of the document come and testify in front of three judges- who may even be laymen- that this is their signature and the judges will write on the bottom, “we were three who sat as one and so and so and so and so came and testified in front of us regarding their signatures and it became clear to us that this is their signature. We uphold and affirm as is appropriate,” and they sign on bottom.

…and 33 more se'ifim in this siman.

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Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat — Lemberg 1898 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: Sefaria Community Translation — CC0