הלכות שבת י״בSabbath 12

Halacha 1א׳

הַמַּבְעִיר כָּל שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב. וְהוּא שֶׁיְּהֵא צָרִיךְ לָאֵפֶר. אֲבָל אִם הִבְעִיר דֶּרֶךְ הַשְׁחָתָה פָּטוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְקַלְקֵל. וְהַמַּבְעִיר גְּדִישׁוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ הַשּׂוֹרֵף דִּירָתוֹ חַיָּב אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא מַשְׁחִית. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכַּוָּנָתוֹ לְהִנָּקֵם מִשּׂוֹנְאוֹ וַהֲרֵי נִתְקָרְרָה דַּעְתּוֹ וְשָׁכְכָה חֲמָתוֹ וְנַעֲשָׂה כְּקוֹרֵעַ עַל מֵתוֹ אוֹ בַּחֲמָתוֹ שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב וּבְחוֹבֵל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ בִּשְׁעַת מְרִיבָה שֶׁכָּל אֵלּוּ מְתַקְּנִים הֵן אֵצֶל יִצְרָן הָרַע. וְכֵן הַמַּדְלִיק אֶת הַנֵּר אוֹ אֶת הָעֵצִים בֵּין לְהִתְחַמֵּם בֵּין לְהָאִיר הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב. הַמְחַמֵּם אֶת הַבַּרְזֶל כְּדֵי לְצָרְפוֹ בְּמַיִם הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת מַבְעִיר וְחַיָּב:

One who burns a minimal amount is liable; and that is when he needs the ashes. But if he burns [something] in a destructive way, he is exempt – as he is destroying. One who burns the hedge of his fellow or his home is liable, even though he wrecks it. For his intention was to take vengeance against his enemy, and his mind was surely put at ease and his anger was assuaged. So it was like the one who tears for his dead [relative] or in his anger who is liable; and like one who wounds his fellow during his dispute. As all of these are improving [something] with regards to their evil impulse. Likewise, one who kindles a lamp or wood – whether for warming or for giving light – is surely liable. One who heats iron in order to strengthen it in water is surely [doing] a subcategory of burning, so he is liable.

Halacha 2ב׳

הַמְכַבֶּה כָּל שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב. אֶחָד הַמְכַבֶּה אֶת הַנֵּר וְאֶחָד הַמְכַבֶּה אֶת הַגַּחֶלֶת שֶׁל עֵץ. אֲבָל הַמְכַבֶּה גַּחֶלֶת שֶׁל מַתֶּכֶת פָּטוּר. וְאִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לְצָרֵף חַיָּב. שֶׁכֵּן לוֹטְשֵׁי הַבַּרְזֶל עוֹשִׂים מְחִמִּים אֶת הַבַּרְזֶל עַד שֶׁיֵּעָשֶׂה גַּחֶלֶת וּמְכַבִּין אוֹתוֹ בְּמַיִם כְּדֵי לְחַסְּמוֹ. וְזֶהוּ לְצָרֵף שֶׁהָעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ חַיָּב וְהוּא תּוֹלֶדֶת מְכַבֶּה. וּמֻתָּר לְכַבּוֹת גַּחֶלֶת שֶׁל מַתֶּכֶת בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִזּוֹקוּ בָּהּ רַבִּים. הַנּוֹתֵן שֶׁמֶן לְתוֹךְ הַנֵּר הַדּוֹלֵק חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מַבְעִיר. וְהַמִּסְתַּפֵּק מִן הַשֶּׁמֶן שֶׁבַּנֵּר חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מְכַבֶּה:

One who extinguishes a minimal amount is liable. It is the same whether one extinguishes a lamp or extinguishes a wood coal. But if one extinguishes a burning piece of metal, he is exempt. However if he intends to harden it, he is liable – as this is what metal smelters do: They heat up the metal until it becomes burning and [then] extinguish it in water in order to seal it. This is strengthening [metal], such that one who does it is liable; and it is a subcategory of extinguishing. But it is permissible to extinguish a burning piece of metal in a public domain in order that the public not be hurt by it. One who puts oil into a lit lamp is liable on account of burning. One who takes from the oil in the lamp is liable on account of extinguishing.

Halacha 3ג׳

דְּלֵקָה שֶׁנָּפְלָה בְּשַׁבָּת הַמְכַבֶּה אוֹתָהּ מִפְּנֵי אִבּוּד מָמוֹן חַיָּב שֶׁאֵין אִבּוּד מָמוֹן דּוֹחֶה שַׁבָּת אֶלָּא אִבּוּד נְפָשׁוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ יֵצְאוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יָמוּתוּ וְיַנִּיחוּ הָאֵשׁ תְּלַהֵט וַאֲפִלּוּ שׂוֹרֶפֶת כָּל דִּירָתוֹ כֻּלָּהּ:

[In a case of] a fire that broke out on Shabbat, one who extinguishes it on account of the loss of property is liable. For the loss of property does not override Shabbat, but rather [only] the loss of lives. Hence people leave the house in order that they not die and leave the fire burning – and even if it completely burns down his whole residence.