הלכות שגגות י׳Offerings for Unintentional Transgressions 10

Halacha 4ד׳

עַל שְׁבוּעַת הָעֵדוּת וְעַל שִׁגְגַת שְׁבוּעַת בִּטּוּי וְעַל שִׁגְגַת טֻמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְטֻמְאַת קָדָשָׁיו מֵבִיא כִּשְׂבָּה אוֹ שְׂעִירָה כִּשְׁאָר הַחַטָּאוֹת הַקְּבוּעוֹת. וְאִם אֵין יָדוֹ מַשֶּׂגֶת מֵבִיא שְׁתֵּי תּוֹרִים אוֹ שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי יוֹנָה אֶחָד עוֹלָה וְאֶחָד חַטָּאת. וְאִם אֵין יָדוֹ מַשֶּׂגֶת לְעוֹף מֵבִיא עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה סלֶת וְהִיא הַקְּרוּיָה מִנְחַת חוֹטֵא שֶׁכְּבָר נִתְפָּרְשׁוּ מַעֲשֶׂיהָ בְּהִלְכוֹת מַעֲשֵׂה הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת:

For the oath of testimony, for an unintentional oath of utterance, and for unintentionally defiling the Sanctuary or its consecrated food, he brings a ewe-lamb or a she-goat, like the other fixed sin-offerings. And if his means do not suffice, he brings two turtledoves or two young pigeons, one as a burnt-offering and one as a sin-offering. And if his means do not suffice even for a bird, he brings a tenth of an ephah of fine flour, and this is what is called the meal-offering of a sinner, whose preparation has already been set out in the Laws of Sacrificial Procedure.

Halacha 5ה׳

כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת הָאֵלּוּ מְפֹרָשִׁין בַּתּוֹרָה וּמְפֹרָשׁ זֶה שֶׁחַיָּב לַהֲבִיאָן. חוּץ מִטָּמֵא שֶׁנִּכְנַס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ בִּשְׁגָגָה אוֹ אָכַל קֹדֶשׁ שֶׁכָּךְ כָּתוּב שָׁם (ויקרא ה א) "וְנֶפֶשׁ כִּי תֶחֱטָא וְשָׁמְעָה קוֹל אָלָה" וְגוֹ'. (ויקרא ה ב) "אוֹ נֶפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר תִּגַּע בְּכָל דָּבָר טָמֵא" וְגוֹ'. (ויקרא ה ד) "אוֹ נֶפֶשׁ כִּי תִשָּׁבַע לְבַטֵּא בִשְׂפָתַיִם" וְגוֹ'. (ויקרא ה ה) "וְהָיָה כִי יֶאְשַׁם לְאַחַת מֵאֵלֶּה" וְגוֹ'. מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁחִיֵּב כָּאן קָרְבָּן לְטָמֵא כְּשֶׁנִּטְמָא וְנִכְנַס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ אוֹ אָכַל קֹדֶשׁ וְהוּא לֹא יָדַע אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַדָּבָר מִפִּי הַקַּבָּלָה הֲרֵי הוּא כִּמְפֹרָשׁ שֶׁהֲרֵי בְּפֵרוּשׁ חִיְּבָה תּוֹרָה כָּרֵת לְטָמֵא שֶׁאָכַל קֹדֶשׁ וּלְטָמֵא שֶׁנִּכְנַס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ. בְּאוֹכֵל נֶאֱמַר (ויקרא ז כ) "וְהַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכַל בָּשָׂר מִזֶּבַח הַשְּׁלָמִים אֲשֶׁר לַה' וְטֻמְאָתוֹ עָלָיו וְנִכְרְתָה". וּבְנִכְנָס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ נֶאֱמַר (במדבר יט כ) "וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִיא מִתּוֹךְ הַקָּהָל כִּי אֶת מִקְדַּשׁ ה' טִמֵּא". וְכֵיוָן שֶׁחִיְּבָה תּוֹרָה כָּרֵת עַל טֻמְאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וְקָדָשָׁיו פֵּרֵשׁ הַקָּרְבָּן שֶׁמְּבִיאִין עַל שִׁגְגָתָן:

All these offerings are set out explicitly in the Torah, and so is the one who is obligated to bring them — except for one who is impure and entered the Sanctuary unwittingly or ate consecrated food. For thus is it written there (Leviticus 5:1-5): "And if a person sins, in that he hears the voice of adjuration, etc."; "or if a person touches any impure thing, etc."; "or if a person swears, uttering with his lips, etc."; "and it shall be, when he is guilty in one of these, etc." From tradition they learned that the one made liable here to an offering is the impure man, when he became impure and entered the Sanctuary or ate consecrated food and did not know. And even though the matter comes from tradition, it is as though set out explicitly; for the Torah explicitly made an impure man who ate consecrated food, and an impure man who entered the Sanctuary, liable to excision. Of the one who eats it is said (Leviticus 7:20), "But the person who eats the flesh of the sacrifice of peace-offerings that belongs to the Lord while his impurity is upon him, that person shall be cut off"; and of the one who enters the Sanctuary it is said (Numbers 19:20), "that person shall be cut off from the midst of the assembly, because he has defiled the Sanctuary of the Lord." And since the Torah made one liable to excision for defiling the Sanctuary and its consecrated food, it set out the offering that is brought for their unintentional commission.