הלכות שגגות א׳Offerings for Unintentional Transgressions 1

Halacha 4ד׳

חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה הִיא הַבָּאָה מִן הַבְּהֵמָה בִּלְבַד וְקָרְבָּן עוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד הוּא קָרְבָּן שֶׁאֵינוֹ קָבוּעַ אֶלָּא אִם הָיָה עָשִׁיר מֵבִיא חַטַּאת בְּהֵמָה וְאִם הָיָה עָנִי מֵבִיא עוֹף אוֹ עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵיפָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר. נִמְצֵאתָ לָמֵד שֶׁכָּל הָעֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁהַיָּחִיד מֵבִיא עַל שִׁגְגָתָן חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה אַרְבָּעִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: א) הַבָּא עַל אִמּוֹ. ב) הַבָּא עַל אֵם אִשְׁתּוֹ. ג) הַבָּא עַל אֵם אִמָּהּ. ד) הַבָּא עַל אֵם אָבִיהָ. ה) הַבָּא עַל בִּתּוֹ. ו) הַבָּא עַל בַּת בִּתּוֹ. ז) הַבָּא עַל בַּת בְּנוֹ. ח) הַבָּא עַל בַּת אִשְׁתּוֹ. ט) הַבָּא עַל בַּת בִּתָּהּ. י) הַבָּא עַל בַּת בְּנָהּ. יא) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹתוֹ. יב) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹתוֹ שֶׁהִיא בַּת אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו. יג) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹת אָבִיו. יד) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹת אִמּוֹ. טו) הַבָּא עַל אֲחוֹת אִשְׁתּוֹ. טז) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו. יז) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אֲחִי אָבִיו. יח) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת בְּנוֹ. יט) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אָחִיו. כ) הַבָּא עַל אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ. כא) הַבָּא עַל הַנִּדָּה. כב) הַשּׁוֹכֵב עִם זָכָר. כג) הַבָּא עַל אָבִיו. כד) הַבָּא עַל אֲחִי אָבִיו. כה) הַשּׁוֹכֵב עִם בְּהֵמָה. כו) הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁמְּבִיאָהּ עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה. נִמְצְאוּ כָּל כְּרֵתוֹת שֶׁבַּעֲרָיוֹת עֶשְׂרִים וְשֵׁשׁ. וּבִשְׁאָר הָעֲבֵרוֹת שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: א) הָעוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה בְּמַעֲשֶׂה. ב) הַנּוֹתֵן מִזַּרְעוֹ לַמּלֶךְ. ג) בַּעַל אוֹב. ד) בַּעַל יִדְּעוֹנִי בְּמַעֲשֶׂה. ה) הַמְחַלֵּל אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת. ו) הָעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. ז) הָאוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. ח) הָאוֹכֵל נוֹתָר. ט) הָאוֹכֵל חָמֵץ בְּפֶסַח. י) הָאוֹכֵל חֵלֶב. יא) הָאוֹכֵל דָּם. יב) הָאוֹכֵל פִּגּוּל. יג) הַשּׁוֹחֵט קָדָשִׁים חוּץ לָעֲזָרָה. יד) הַמַּעֲלֶה קָרְבָּן חוּץ לָעֲזָרָה. טו) הַמְפַטֵּם אֶת שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה. טז) הַמְפַטֵּם אֶת הַקְּטֹרֶת. יז) הַסָּךְ בְּשֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ אַרְבָּעִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁמְּבִיאִין עַל שִׁגְגָתָן חַטָּאת קְבוּעָה. וּמַה הוּא הַקָּרְבָּן שֶׁמֵּבִיא הַשּׁוֹגֵג בְּאַחַת מֵאֵלּוּ. אִם שָׁגַג בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה מֵבִיא עֵז בַּת שְׁנָתָהּ לְחַטָּאת וְהִיא הָאֲמוּרָה בְּפָרָשַׁת שְׁלַח לְךָ בֵּין שֶׁהָיָה הַחוֹטֵא הֶדְיוֹט אוֹ מֶלֶךְ אוֹ כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל אוֹ מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה הַכּל שָׁוִין בְּשִׁגְגַת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. אֲבָל אִם שָׁגַג בְּאַחַת מִשְּׁאָר אַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁתַּיִם אִם הָיָה הֶדְיוֹט מֵבִיא שְׂעִירַת עִזִּים אוֹ נְקֵבָה מִן הַכְּבָשִׂים וְזוֹ הִיא חַטָּאת שֶׁל אֶחָד מֵעַם הָאָרֶץ הָאֲמוּרָה בְּפָרָשַׁת וַיִּקְרָא. וְאִם הַמֶּלֶךְ הוּא שֶׁשָּׁגַג בְּאַחַת מֵהֶן מֵבִיא שְׂעִירַת עִזִּים לְחַטָּאת. וְאִם כֹּהֵן מָשׁוּחַ הוּא מֵבִיא פַּר בֶּן בָּקָר לְחַטָּאת וְהוּא נִשְׂרָף כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְפָּרֵשׁ שָׁם:

A fixed sin-offering is one that comes from an animal alone. A sliding-scale offering is an offering that is not fixed: if he was wealthy he brings an animal sin-offering, and if he was poor he brings a bird or a tenth of an ephah, as will be explained. You learn from this that all the transgressions for which an individual brings a fixed sin-offering for his unintentional act are forty-three, and these are they: (1) one who has intercourse with his mother; (2) one who has intercourse with his wife's mother; (3) one who has intercourse with his wife's mother's mother; (4) one who has intercourse with his wife's father's mother; (5) one who has intercourse with his daughter; (6) one who has intercourse with his daughter's daughter; (7) one who has intercourse with his son's daughter; (8) one who has intercourse with his wife's daughter; (9) one who has intercourse with his wife's daughter's daughter; (10) one who has intercourse with his wife's son's daughter; (11) one who has intercourse with his sister; (12) one who has intercourse with his sister who is the daughter of his father's wife; (13) one who has intercourse with his father's sister; (14) one who has intercourse with his mother's sister; (15) one who has intercourse with his wife's sister; (16) one who has intercourse with his father's wife; (17) one who has intercourse with the wife of his father's brother; (18) one who has intercourse with his son's wife; (19) one who has intercourse with his brother's wife; (20) one who has intercourse with a married woman; (21) one who has intercourse with a menstruant; (22) one who lies with a male; (23) one who has intercourse with his father; (24) one who has intercourse with his father's brother; (25) one who lies with an animal; (26) a woman who brings an animal upon herself. The offences carrying excision among forbidden unions thus come to twenty-six. And among the other transgressions there are seventeen, and these are they: (1) one who worships an idol by an act; (2) one who gives of his seed to Molech; (3) one who consults a ghost; (4) one who practises divination by a familiar spirit through an act; (5) one who profanes the Sabbath; (6) one who does work on the Day of Atonement; (7) one who eats and drinks on the Day of Atonement; (8) one who eats leftover sacrificial meat; (9) one who eats leaven on Passover; (10) one who eats forbidden fat; (11) one who eats blood; (12) one who eats meat of an offering rendered unfit by improper intent; (13) one who slaughters consecrated animals outside the Temple courtyard; (14) one who offers up a sacrifice outside the Temple courtyard; (15) one who compounds the anointing oil; (16) one who compounds the incense; (17) one who anoints himself with the anointing oil. These, then, are the forty-three transgressions for whose unintentional commission a fixed sin-offering is brought. And what is the offering that one who acted unintentionally in one of these brings? If he erred in idolatry, he brings a goat in its first year as a sin-offering, which is the one stated in the portion of Shelach Lecha — whether the sinner was a commoner, or a king, or a High Priest, or the priest anointed for war; all are alike in the unintentional transgression of idolatry. But if he erred in one of the other forty-two: if he was a commoner, he brings a she-goat or a female of the sheep, and this is the sin-offering of one of the common people stated in the portion of Vayikra. And if it was the king who erred in one of them, he brings a she-goat as a sin-offering. And if he is an anointed priest, he brings a bull of the herd as a sin-offering, and it is burned, as is set out there.

Halacha 5ה׳

אֶחָד יָחִיד שֶׁשָּׁגַג בְּאַחַת מֵאֵלּוּ אוֹ מְרֻבִּין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו כט) "תּוֹרָה אַחַת תִּהְיֶה לָכֶם לָעשֶֹׁה בִּשְׁגָגָה". כֵּיצַד. אַנְשֵׁי מְדִינָה שֶׁשָּׁגְגוּ וְדִמּוּ שֶׁהַיּוֹם חֹל וַהֲרֵי הוּא יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים וְכֻלָּן אָכְלוּ וְעָשׂוּ מְלָאכָה. כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן מֵבִיא שְׁתֵּי חַטָּאוֹת כְּבָשׂוֹת אוֹ שְׂעִירוֹת. וְכֵן אִם שָׁגְגוּ כֻּלָּן וְהִקְטִירוּ לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִן הָעוֹבְדִים מֵבִיא עֵז בַּת שְׁנָתָהּ לְחַטָּאת:

Whether it is an individual who erred in one of these or many who erred, the law is one, as it is said (Numbers 15:29), "You shall have one law for one who acts unintentionally." How so? The people of a province who erred and supposed that the day had begun and that it was the Day of Atonement, and all of them ate and did work — each one of them brings two sin-offerings, ewe-lambs or she-goats. So too if all of them erred and burned incense to an idol, each and every one of the worshippers brings a goat in its first year as a sin-offering.