הלכות מלכים ומלחמות י׳Kings and Wars 10

Halacha 1א׳

בֶּן נֹחַ שֶׁשָּׁגַג בְּאַחַת מִמִּצְוֹתָיו פָּטוּר מִכְּלוּם. חוּץ מֵרוֹצֵחַ בִּשְׁגָגָה שֶׁאִם הֲרָגוֹ גּוֹאֵל הַדָּם אֵינוֹ נֶהֱרָג עָלָיו. וְאֵין לוֹ עִיר מִקְלָט. אֲבָל בָּתֵּי דִּינֵיהֶן אֵין מְמִיתִין אוֹתוֹ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּשָׁגַג בְּאַחַת מִמִּצְוֹת וְעָבַר בְּלֹא כַּוָּנָה. כְּגוֹן שֶׁבָּעַל אֵשֶׁת חֲבֵרוֹ וְדִמָּה שֶׁהִיא אִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹ פְּנוּיָה. אֲבָל אִם יָדַע שֶׁהִיא אֵשֶׁת חֲבֵרוֹ וְלֹא יָדַע שֶׁהִיא אֲסוּרָה עָלָיו. אֶלָּא עָלָה עַל לִבּוֹ שֶׁדָּבָר זֶה מֻתָּר לוֹ. וְכֵן אִם הָרַג וְהוּא לֹא יָדַע שֶׁאָסוּר לַהֲרֹג. הֲרֵי זֶה קָרוֹב לְמֵזִיד וְנֶהֱרָג. וְלֹא תֵּחָשֵׁב זוֹ לָהֶם שְׁגָגָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ לִלְמֹד וְלֹא לָמַד:

A Ben Noach that transgressed unintentionally is exempt (from punishment) from all of them (the transgressions) – except for an unintentional killer (for instance, if he was chopping down a tree and the ax head flew off the handle and killed someone nearby). That if the redeemer of blood (a blood relative that has the right to kill an unintentional killer) killed him (the unintentional killer) – he (the redeemer of blood) is not killed for (killing) him (the unintentional killer). And he (the unintentional killer) has no refuge cities (to escape to where an unintentional killer may not be killed by a redeemer of blood) - however the courts of justice cannot have him executed. What case are we talking about – [about ] unintentionally [transgressing] one of the commandments without intention, for instance he had relations with the wife of his fellow, and he [actually] thought that she was his wife or single. However if he knew that she was his fellow's wife yet he did not know that she was forbidden to him, rather it entered into his mind that this matter was permitted to him. And also if he killed and did not that it was forbidden to kill – behold this is close to being done intentionally – and he is executed. And this is not considered unintentional because he should have learned and he did not.

Halacha 2ב׳

בֶּן נֹחַ שֶׁאֲנָסוֹ אַנָּס לַעֲבֹר עַל אַחַת מִמִּצְוֹתָיו. מֻתָּר לוֹ לַעֲבֹר. אֲפִלּוּ נֶאֱנַס לַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה עוֹבֵד. לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָן מְצֻוִּין עַל קִדּוּשׁ הַשֵּׁם. וּלְעוֹלָם אֵין עוֹנְשִׁין מֵהֶן לֹא קָטָן וְלֹא חֵרֵשׁ וְלֹא שׁוֹטֶה לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָן בְּנֵי מִצְוֹת:

A Ben Noach that they forced a forced act to transgress on one of their commandments – it is permitted for him to transgress. Even if he is forced to transgress idol worship, for he is not commanded upon [giving his life] for the sanctification of Hashem. And we do not punish a child and not a deaf-mute and not a mentally incompetent person – for they are not obligated for mitzvot.

Halacha 3ג׳

בֶּן נֹחַ שֶׁנִּתְגַּיֵּר וּמָל וְטָבַל וְאַחַר כָּךְ רָצָה לַחְזֹר מֵאַחֲרֵי ה' וְלִהְיוֹת גֵּר תּוֹשָׁב בִּלְבַד כְּשֶׁהָיָה מִקֹּדֶם. אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ. אֶלָּא יִהְיֶה כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל לְכָל דָּבָר אוֹ יֵהָרֵג. וְאִם הָיָה קָטָן כְּשֶׁהִטְבִּילוּהוּ בֵּית דִּין. יָכוֹל לִמְחוֹת בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁיַּגְדִּיל וְיִהְיֶה גֵּר תּוֹשָׁב בִּלְבַד. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁלֹּא מִחָה בִּשְׁעָתוֹ שׁוּב אֵינוֹ מוֹחֶה אֶלָּא הֲרֵי הוּא גֵּר צֶדֶק. לְפִיכָךְ אִם בָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל קְטַנָּה שֶׁהִטְבִּילוּהָ בֵּית דִּין. כֶּסֶף כְּתֻבָּתָהּ אוֹ קְנָס אוֹנֵס אוֹ מְפַתֶּה יִהְיֶה הַכּל תַּחַת יַד בֵּית דִּין עַד שֶׁתַּגְדִּיל וְלֹא תִּמְחֶה בַּגֵּרוּת. שֶׁמָּא תִּטּל וְתַגְדִּיל וְתִמְחֶה וְנִמְצֵאת זוֹ אוֹכֶלֶת בְּגֵיוּתָהּ מָעוֹת שֶׁאֵין לָהּ זְכוּת בָּהֶן אֶלָּא בְּדִינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל:

A ben noach that converted [to Judaism] and was circumcised and he immersed [in a mikve - ritual pool] and afterwards he wants to return from before Hashem – to be only a resident convert [who is only obligated for the 7 noahide laws] like he was previously – we do not listen to him. Rather he is treated like a Jew for all matters or he is executed. And if he was a minor when he was immersed [in a ritual bath] by the [Jewish] court of law – he can retract at the time he becomes an adult and he will be only a resident convert – and if he did not retract at the appropriate time – afterwards he cannot retract – behold he is a righteous convert [obligated for 613 commandments]. Therefor if a Jew had relations with a minor girl that performed [a ritual] immersion by the Beit Din [Jewish court of law], the money of her ketuva [marital contract] or of her penalty [payment she receives for] being violated or seduced [unlawfully] – will all be in the hands of the Beit Din until she reaches adulthood and she did not reject her conversion. Perhaps she wil take and become older and will reject [her conversion] and it will be found that the consumes money that she has no right to - only unless she was a lawfully Jewish.