הלכות דעות ה׳Human Dispositions 5

Halacha 1א׳

כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהֶחָכָם נִכָּר בְּחָכְמָתוֹ וּבְדֵעוֹתָיו וְהוּא מֻבְדָּל בָּהֶם מִשְּׁאָר הָעָם. כָּךְ צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִכָּר בְּמַעֲשָׂיו בְּמַאֲכָלוֹ וּבְמַשְׁקֵהוּ וּבִבְעִילָתוֹ וּבַעֲשִׂיַּת צְרָכָיו וּבְדִבּוּרוֹ וּבְהִלּוּכוֹ וּבְמַלְבּוּשׁוֹ וּבְכִלְכּוּל דְּבָרָיו וּבְמַשָּׂאוֹ וּבְמַתָּנוֹ. וְיִהְיוּ כָּל הַמַּעֲשִׂים הָאֵלּוּ נָאִים וּמְתֻקָּנִים בְּיוֹתֵר. כֵּיצַד. תַּלְמִיד חָכָם לֹא יִהְיֶה גַּרְגְּרָן אֶלָּא אוֹכֵל מַאֲכָל הָרָאוּי לְהַבְרוֹת גּוּפוֹ. וְלֹא יֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ אֲכִילָה גַּסָּה. וְלֹא יְהֵא רוֹדֵף לְמַלְּאֹת בִּטְנוֹ כְּאֵלּוּ שֶׁמִּתְמַלְּאִין מִמַּאֲכָל וּמִשְׁתֶּה עַד שֶׁתִּפַּח כְּרֵסָם. וַעֲלֵיהֶם מְפֹרָשׁ בַּקַּבָּלָה (מלאכי ב ג) "וְזֵרִיתִי פֶרֶשׁ עַל פְּנֵיכֶם". אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אֵלּוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁאוֹכְלִין וְשׁוֹתִין וְעוֹשִׂין כָּל יְמֵיהֶם כְּחַגִּים. וְהֵם הָאוֹמְרִים (ישעיה כב יג) "אָכוֹל וְשָׁתֹה כִּי מָחָר נָמוּת". וְזֶהוּ מַאֲכַל הָרְשָׁעִים. וְשֻׁלְחָנוֹת אֵלּוּ הֵם שֶׁגִּנָּה הַכָּתוּב וְאָמַר (ישעיה כח ח) "כִּי כָּל שֻׁלְחָנוֹת מָלְאוּ קִיא צֹאָה בְּלִי מָקוֹם". אֲבָל הֶחָכָם אֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל אֶלָּא תַּבְשִׁיל אֶחָד אוֹ שְׁנַיִם וְאוֹכֵל מִמֶּנּוּ כְּדֵי חַיָּיו וְדַּיּוֹ. הוּא שֶׁאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה (משלי יג כה) "צַדִּיק אֹכֵל לְשֹׂבַע נַפְשׁוֹ":

Just as a wise man is recognizable by his wisdom and dispositions, and distinguished by them from the rest of the people, so [too] does he need to be recognizable in his eating, in his drinking, in his sexual relations, in his taking care of his needs, in his speech, in his walking, in his clothing, in the maintenance of his things, and in his business dealings. And all of these activities should be especially nice and proper. How is this? A Torah scholar should not be a glutton, but should eat food that is fitting for his body's health. And he should not overeat of it. And he should not run after stuffing his belly like those who stuff themselves with food and drink until their stomachs burst. And about them it is explicit in the tradition, "and I will spread dung upon your faces" (Malachi 2:3). The sages said (Shabbat 151a) that these are people who eat and drink and make all of their days like holidays. And they are the ones that say, "Eat and drink, for tomorrow we die." And this is the eating of the wicked. And these tables are the ones that Scripture condemned and said, "As all tables are filled with vomit and filth, with no space" (Isaiah 28:8). But the wise man only eats one or two dishes and eats of it enough for his living and that is enough for him. This is what Solomon meant by "A righteous one eats to satisfy his soul" (Proverbs 13:25).

Halacha 2ב׳

כְּשֶׁהֶחָכָם אוֹכֵל מְעַט זֶה הָרָאוּי לוֹ לֹא יֹאכְלֶנּוּ אֶלָּא בְּבֵיתוֹ עַל שֻׁלְחָנוֹ. וְלֹא יֹאכַל בַּחֲנוּת וְלֹא בַּשּׁוּק אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי צֹרֶךְ גָּדוֹל. כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְגַּנֶּה בִּפְנֵי הַבְּרִיּוֹת. וְלֹא יֹאכַל אֵצֶל עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ וְלֹא עַל אוֹתָן הַשֻּׁלְחָנוֹת הַמְּלֵאִים קִיא צוֹאָה. וְלֹא יַרְבֶּה סְעֻדּוֹתָיו בְּכָל מָקוֹם וַאֲפִלּוּ עִם הַחֲכָמִים. וְלֹא יֹאכַל בִּסְעֻדּוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן קִבּוּץ הַרְבֵּה. וְאֵין רָאוּי לוֹ לֶאֱכל אֶלָּא בִּסְעֻדָּה שֶׁל מִצְוָה בִּלְבַד כְּגוֹן סְעֻדַּת אֵרוּסִין וְנִשּׂוּאִין. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה תַּלְמִיד חָכָם שֶׁנָּשָׂא בַּת תַּלְמִיד חָכָם. וְהַצַּדִּיקִים וְהַחֲסִידִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים לֹא אָכְלוּ מִסְּעֻדָּה שֶׁאֵינָהּ שֶׁלָּהֶן:

When a wise person eats the little that is appropriate for him, he should only dine in his home, at his table. And he should only eat in a shop or in the marketplace because of a great need, so that he not be degraded in front of [the people]. And he should not dine with ignoramuses, nor at those tables which are "full of filth and vomit." And he should not have many meals all over the place, even together with the wise, nor should he eat at meals which have large gatherings. And it's only appropriate for him to eat at a meal [outside of his home] that is related to a commandment, such as an engagement or wedding feast, and that is when a Torah scholar is marrying the daughter of [another] Torah scholar. And the early righteous and pious people did not eat from any meal which was not theirs.

Halacha 3ג׳

כְּשֶׁהֶחָכָם שׁוֹתֶה יַיִן אֵינוֹ שׁוֹתֶה אֶלָּא כְּדֵי לִשְׁרוֹת אֲכִילָה שֶׁבְּמֵעָיו. וְכָל הַמִּשְׁתַּכֵּר הֲרֵי זֶה חוֹטֵא וּמְגֻנֶּה וּמַפְסִיד חָכְמָתוֹ. וְאִם נִשְׁתַּכֵּר בִּפְנֵי עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ הֲרֵי זֶה חִלֵּל אֶת הַשֵּׁם. וְאָסוּר לִשְׁתּוֹת יַיִן בַּצָּהֳרַיִם וַאֲפִלּוּ מְעַט אֶלָּא אִם הָיָה בִּכְלַל הָאֲכִילָה. שֶׁהַשְּׁתִיָּה שֶׁהִיא בִּכְלַל הָאֲכִילָה אֵינָהּ מְשַׁכֶּרֶת. וְאֵין נִזְהָרִין אֶלָּא מִיַּיִן שֶׁלְּאַחַר הַמָּזוֹן:

When the wise man drinks wine, he only drinks in order to moisturize the food in his intestines. And anyone who gets drunk - behold, he is a sinner and degraded and loses his wisdom. And if he gets drunk before ignoramuses, behold, he has profaned the name [of God]. And it is prohibited to drink wine in the afternoon - even a little - unless it was part of the [meal]; for drinking as part of the [meal] does not get one drunk, and [so] we are only warned about wine that [comes] after the meal.