הלכות מתנות עניים ט׳Gifts to the Poor 9

Halacha 1א׳

כָּל עִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל חַיָּבִין לְהַעֲמִיד מֵהֶם גַּבָּאֵי צְדָקָה אֲנָשִׁים יְדוּעִים וְנֶאֱמָנִים שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מַחְזִירִין עַל הָעָם מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת וְלוֹקְחִין מִכָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מַה שֶּׁהוּא רָאוּי לִתֵּן וְדָבָר הַקָּצוּב עָלָיו. וְהֵן מְחַלְּקִין הַמָּעוֹת מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת וְנוֹתְנִין לְכָל עָנִי וְעָנִי מְזוֹנוֹת הַמַּסְפִּיקִין לְשִׁבְעָה יָמִים. וְזוֹ הִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת קֻפָּה:

Any city in which there is a Jewish community is obligated to raise up collectors of tzedakah, people who are well-known and trustworthy, to go door-to-door among the people from Sabbath eve to Sabbath eve and to take from each and every one what is appropriate for them to give. [The amount] should be a set and clear matter for each person. They also distribute the money from Sabbath eve to Sabbath eve and give to each and every poor person enough food to last them for seven days. This method is called the kupah [the "coffer" for the charity fund].163For laws 1-12, see Babylonian Talmud Bava Batra 8a-11b in addition to the citations listed below.

Halacha 2ב׳

וְכֵן מַעֲמִידִין גַּבָּאִין שֶׁלּוֹקְחִין בְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם מִכָּל חָצֵר וְחָצֵר פַּת וּמִינֵי מַאֲכָל אוֹ פֵּרוֹת אוֹ מָעוֹת מִמִּי שֶׁמִּתְנַדֵּב לְפִי שָׁעָה. וּמְחַלְּקִין אֶת הַגָּבוּי לָעֶרֶב בֵּין הָעֲנִיִּים וְנוֹתְנִין לְכָל עָנִי מִמֶּנּוּ פַּרְנָסַת יוֹמוֹ. וְזֶהוּ הַנִּקְרָא תַּמְחוּי:

So also [the community] must enlist collectors to take [donations] on a day-to-day basis, from each and every yard, a main dish, other types of food, fruit, or money for anyone who would donate something at that time, and they distribute this collection in the evening among the poor and give to each poor person from it a day's sustenance. This method is called the tamchui [the "charity plate"].

Halacha 3ג׳

מֵעוֹלָם לֹא רָאִינוּ וְלֹא שָׁמַעְנוּ בְּקָהָל מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין לָהֶן קֻפָּה שֶׁל צְדָקָה. אֲבָל תַּמְחוּי יֵשׁ מְקוֹמוֹת שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ בּוֹ וְיֵשׁ מְקוֹמוֹת שֶׁלֹּא נָהֲגוּ בּוֹ. וְהַמִּנְהָג הַפָּשׁוּט הַיּוֹם שֶׁיִּהְיוּ גַּבָּאֵי הַקֻּפָּה מַחְזִירִין בְּכָל יוֹם וּמְחַלְּקִין מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת:

Never have we seen or heard of a Jewish community that does not have a kupah, but as for a tamchui, there are places whose custom it is to have it and places that do not. The widespread custom today is that the collectors of the kupah make their rounds each day [to collect the tzedakah], and they distribute it on each Sabbath eve.164See also Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 17b on the basic requirements for a community.

Halacha 4ד׳

בְּתַעֲנִיּוֹת מְחַלְּקִים מְזוֹנוֹת לָעֲנִיִּים. וְכָל תַּעֲנִית שֶׁאָכְלוּ הָעָם וְלָנוּ וְלֹא חִלְּקוּ צְדָקָה לָעֲנִיִּים הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כְּשׁוֹפְכֵי דָּמִים וַעֲלֵיהֶם נֶאֱמַר בַּקַּבָּלָה (ישעיה א כא) "צֶדֶק יָלִין בָּהּ וְעַתָּה מְרַצְּחִים". בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּשֶׁלֹּא נָתְנוּ לָהֶן הַפַּת וְהַפֵּרוֹת שֶׁאוֹכְלִים בָּהֶם הַפַּת כְּגוֹן תְּמָרִים וַעֲנָבִים. אֲבָל אִם אֵחֲרוּ הַמָּעוֹת אוֹ הַחִטִּים אֵינָן כְּשׁוֹפְכֵי דָּמִים:

On fast days, they must still distribute food for the poor. Any fast where the community eats [at the end after sundown], goes to sleep, and did not distribute tzedakah to the poor is like [a community] that sheds blood. About them it is written in the prophetic books, (Isaiah 1:21) Where righteousness [tzedek] dwelt, but now murderers. To what does this refer? When they have not given them a main dish and fruit with which to eat it, such as dates or grapes. But if the money or the wheat was delayed [and they did not give them food because of a mitigating circumstance], then they are not like murderers.165See Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 35a.

Halacha 5ה׳

הַקֻּפָּה אֵינָהּ נִגְבֵּית אֶלָּא בִּשְׁנַיִם שֶׁאֵין עוֹשִׂים שְׂרָרָה עַל הַצִּבּוּר בְּמָמוֹן פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁנַיִם. וּמֻתָּר לְהַאֲמִין לְאֶחָד הַמָּעוֹת שֶׁל קֻפָּה. וְאֵינָהּ נֶחְלֶקֶת אֶלָּא בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא כְּדִינֵי מָמוֹנוֹת. שֶׁנּוֹתְנִים לְכָל אֶחָד דֵּי מַחֲסוֹרוֹ לְשַׁבָּת. והַתַּמְחוּי נִגְבֶּה בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה שֶׁאֵינוֹ דָּבָר קָצוּב. וּמִתְחַלֵּק בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה:

The kupah may only be collected by two individuals, for there is no authority to an institution in the community in financial matters except if there are at least two people [to run it], but it is permissible to entrust one person with the money from the kupah. It may only be distributed by three individuals, because it is as if they are making judicial decisions about money [and a Jewish court is comprised of three individuals], for they give to each one enough to fill this lack for the Sabbath [and this is a matter of judgment]. And the tamchui is collected by three, for this is not a clearly defined matter [and also requires judicial decisions], and it is distributed by three.166See Mishnah Péah 8:7.

Halacha 6ו׳

הַתַּמְחוּי נִגְבֶּה בְּכָל יוֹם. וְהַקֻּפָּה מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת. וְהַתַּמְחוּי לַעֲנִיֵּי עוֹלָם. וְהַקֻּפָּה לַעֲנִיֵּי אוֹתָהּ הָעִיר בִּלְבַד:

The tamchui is collected each day, and the kupah [is collected] each Sabbath eve. The tamchui is given to the poor everywhere, and the kupah is given to [the poor of] that city alone.

Halacha 7ז׳

רַשָּׁאִין בְּנֵי הָעִיר לַעֲשׂוֹת קֻפָּה תַּמְחוּי. וְתַמְחוּי קֻפָּה. וּלְשַׁנּוֹתָן לְכָל מַה שֶּׁיִּרְצוּ מִצָּרְכֵי צִבּוּר. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הִתְנוּ כֵּן בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁגָּבוּ. וְאִם הָיָה בַּמְּדִינָה חָכָם גָּדוֹל שֶׁהַכּל גּוֹבִין עַל דַּעְתּוֹ וְהוּא יְחַלֵּק לָעֲנִיִּים כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁיִּרְאֶה. הֲרֵי זֶה רַשַּׁאי לְשַׁנּוֹתָן לְכָל מַה שֶּׁיֵּרָאֶה לוֹ מִצָּרְכֵי צִבּוּר:

The citizens of the city are permitted to interchange the kupah and the tamchui one with the other, and they may exchange them according to the desires fitting the needs of the community, even though they did not stipulate such at the time it was collected. If there is someone in the province who is especially wise, everything should be collected according to his understanding, and he should distribute it as he sees best. This person is permitted to exchange them [the kupah and the tamchui] as he sees fit according to the needs of the community.

Halacha 8ח׳

גַּבָּאֵי צְדָקָה אֵין רַשָּׁאִין לִפְרשׁ זֶה מִזֶּה בַּשּׁוּק. אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה זֶה פּוֹרֵשׁ לַשַּׁעַר וְזֶה פּוֹרֵשׁ לַחֲנוּת וְגוֹבִין:

Collectors of tzedakah are not permitted to spread out far from each other [while collecting] in the market [so as to avoid suspicion], except when one goes through a gate while the other goes into a store so they may make a collection.

Halacha 9ט׳

מָצָא הַגַּבַּאי מָעוֹת בַּשּׁוּק לֹא יִתְּנֵם לְתוֹךְ כִּיסוֹ אֶלָּא לְתוֹךְ אַרְנְקִי שֶׁל צְדָקָה. וּכְשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְבֵיתוֹ יִטְלֵם:

If a tzedakah collector finds money in the market, he may not put it in his pocket [so it looks like he is stealing], but rather he puts it in the money bag of the tzedakah, and when he gets home he may take it out.

Halacha 10י׳

הָיָה הַגַּבַּאי נוֹשֶׁה בַּחֲבֵרוֹ מָנֶה וּפְרָעוֹ בַּשּׁוּק לֹא יִתְּנֵם לְתוֹךְ כִּיסוֹ אֶלָּא לְתוֹךְ אַרְנְקִי שֶׁל צְדָקָה. וּכְשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְבֵיתוֹ יִטְלֵם. וְלֹא יִמְנֶה מָעוֹת הַקֻּפָּה שְׁנַיִם שְׁנַיִם אֶלָּא אֶחָד אֶחָד מִפְּנֵי הַחֲשָׁד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר לב כב) "וִהְיִיתֶם נְקִיִּים מֵה' וּמִיִּשְׂרָאֵל":

If a tzedakah collector engages in business with another in the market [while he is collecting tzedakah] and he [the other person] pays him [the collector in front of others], he may not place [the money] in his pocket, but rather he puts it in the money bag of tzedakah, and when he gets home he may take it out. He may also not count the money from the kupah two by two but rather one coin at a time so that there is no suspicion, as it is said, (Num. 32:22) You shall be clear before the LORD and before Israel.

Halacha 11י״א

גַּבָּאֵי צְדָקָה שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם עֲנִיִּים לְחַלֵּק מְצָרְפִין הַמָּעוֹת דִּינָרִין לַאֲחֵרִים אֲבָל לֹא לְעַצְמָן. גַּבָּאֵי תַּמְחוּי שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם עֲנִיִּים לְחַלֵּק מוֹכְרִים לַאֲחֵרִים וְאֵין מוֹכְרִים לְעַצְמָם. וְאֵין מְחַשְּׁבִים בִּצְדָקָה עִם גַּבָּאֵי צְדָקָה. וְלֹא בַּהֶקְדֵּשׁ עִם הַגִּזְבָּרִין. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב כב ז) "אַךְ לֹא יֵחָשֵׁב אִתָּם הַכֶּסֶף הַנִּתָּן עַל יָדָם כִּי בֶּאֱמוּנָה הֵם עוֹשִׂים":

If the collectors of tzedakah do not have poor people [at that moment] to whom to distribute, they may combine the money into dinarim, for the sake of others but not for themselves. The collectors of the tamchui who do not have poor people to whom to distribute may sell [donated gifts] for the sake of others but not for their own sake. People should not investigate the collectors of tzedakah, the treasurer of the Temple, [that is, demand a list of who gave what,] as it is said, (II Kings 22:7) However, no check is to be kept on them for the silver that is delivered to them, for they deal honestly.

Halacha 12י״ב

מִי שֶׁיָּשַׁב בַּמְּדִינָה שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם כּוֹפִין אוֹתוֹ לִתֵּן צְדָקָה לַקֻּפָּה עִם בְּנֵי הַמְּדִינָה. יָשַׁב שָׁם שְׁלֹשָׁה חֳדָשִׁים כּוֹפִין אוֹתוֹ לִתֵּן הַתַּמְחוּי. יָשַׁב שָׁם שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים כּוֹפִין אוֹתוֹ לִתֵּן צְדָקָה בִּכְסוּת שֶׁמְּכַסִּים בָּהּ עֲנִיֵּי הָעִיר. יָשַׁב שָׁם תִּשְׁעָה חֳדָשִׁים כּוֹפִין אוֹתוֹ לִתֵּן צְדָקָה לִקְבוּרָה שֶׁקּוֹבְרִין בָּהּ אֶת הָעֲנִיִּים וְעוֹשִׂין לָהֶם כָּל צָרְכֵי קְבוּרָה:

If someone stays in a province for thirty days, they may coerce him to give tzedakah for the kupah for the citizens of that province. If he stays for three months, they may coerce him to give to the tamchui. If he stays for six months, they may coerce him to give tzedakah for clothing, so they may clothe the poor of that city. If he stays for nine months, they may coerce him to give tzedakah for burial, so they may bury the poor and take care of all of the needs for burial.

Halacha 13י״ג

מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מְזוֹן שְׁתֵּי סְעֻדּוֹת אָסוּר לוֹ לִטּל מִן הַתַּמְחוּי. הָיוּ לוֹ מְזוֹן אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה סְעֻדּוֹת לֹא יִטּל מִן הַקֻּפָּה. הָיוּ לוֹ מָאתַיִם זוּז אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ נוֹשֵׂא וְנוֹתֵן בָּהֶם [אוֹ שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ חֲמִשִּׁים זוּז וְנוֹשֵׂא וְנוֹתֵן בָּהֶם] הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא יִטּל לֶקֶט שִׁכְחָה וּפֵאָה וּמַעֲשֵׂר עָנִי. הָיוּ לוֹ מָאתַיִם חָסֵר דִּינָר אֲפִלּוּ אֶלֶף נוֹתְנִין לוֹ כְּאֶחָד הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִקַּח. הָיוּ בְּיָדוֹ מָעוֹת וַהֲרֵי הֵן עָלָיו חוֹב אוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ מְמֻשְׁכָּנִים לִכְתֻבַּת אִשְׁתּוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִקַּח:

One who has enough food for two meals is forbidden to take from the tamchui. If one has food for fourteen meals, he may not take from the kupah.167See Babylonian Talmud Shabbat 118a. If he had 200 zuz and does not engage in business with them, or if he had fifty zuz and does engage in business with them, then he may not take leket, shikhecha, péah, and ma'esar ani. If he had 199 dinar, even if a thousand people gave him at once, he is permitted to take [everything]. If he had money in his possession but he has a debt or this is collateral for the prenuptial agreement [ketubah] for his wife, then he is permitted to take [tzedakah].168See Mishnah Péah 8:7.

Halacha 14י״ד

עָנִי שֶׁצָּרִיךְ וְיֵשׁ לוֹ חָצֵר וּכְלֵי בַּיִת אֲפִלּוּ הָיוּ לוֹ כְּלֵי כֶּסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב אֵין מְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לִמְכֹּר אֶת בֵּיתוֹ וְאֶת כְּלֵי תַּשְׁמִישׁוֹ אֶלָּא מֻתָּר לִקַּח. וּמִצְוָה לִתֵּן לוֹ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּכְלֵי אֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה וּמַלְבּוּשׁ וּמַצָּעוֹת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. אֲבָל אִם הָיוּ כְּלֵי כֶּסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב כְּגוֹן מִגְרֶדֶת אוֹ עֵלִי וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מוֹכְרָן וְלוֹקֵחַ פָּחוֹת מֵהֶן. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לִגְבּוֹת מִן הָעָם. אֲבָל אַחַר שֶׁגָּבָה הַצְּדָקָה מְחַיְּבִים אוֹתוֹ לִמְכֹּר כֵּלָיו וְלִקַּח אֲחֵרִים פְּחוּתִין מֵהֶם וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִטּל:

If a poor person is in need who owns a yard and household utensils, even if they are made of silver or gold, they may not require him to sell his home or his utensils, but rather he is permitted to take [tzedakah], and it is a mitzvah to give to him. In what situation does this apply? To utensils for eating, drinking, doing laundry, for bedding, and similar such things. But if the utensils of silver and gold are things such as a trowel or a pestle or something similar, he must sell them and he gets [utensils] of lesser value. When does this apply [that they force him to sell extraneous tools]? Before he has collected [tzedakah] from the people. But even after he has collected tzedakah, they still make him sell his utensils and take others of lesser value, and then afterwards he may take [tzedakah again].169See Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 68a.

Halacha 15ט״ו

בַּעַל הַבַּיִת שֶׁהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ לָעִיר וְתַמּוּ לוֹ הַמָּעוֹת בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְאֵין לוֹ עַתָּה מַה יֹּאכַל הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִקַּח לֶקֶט שִׁכְחָה וּפֵאָה וּמַעֲשַׂר עָנִי וְלֵהָנוֹת מִן הַצְּדָקָה. וְלִכְשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְבֵיתוֹ אֵינוֹ חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם שֶׁהֲרֵי עָנִי הָיָה בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה. הָא לְמָה זֶה דּוֹמֶה לֶעָנִי שֶׁהֶעֱשִׁיר שֶׁאֵינוֹ חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם:

If a owner of a home was traveling to a city and lost his money while on the way and now has nothing to eat, then he is permitted to take leket, shikhecha, péah, ma'esar ani, and to benefit from tzedakah. And when he arrives at his home, he does not need to pay [the money back], for he was a poor person at that time. To what is this similar? To a poor person who becomes rich and does not need to pay [back all the money that sustained him while he was poor].170See Mishnah Péah 5:4.

Halacha 16ט״ז

מִי שֶׁהָיוּ לוֹ בָּתִּים שָׂדוֹת וּכְרָמִים וְאִם מוֹכְרָן בִּימֵי הַגְּשָׁמִים מוֹכְרָן בְּזוֹל וְאִם הִנִּיחָן עַד יְמוֹת הַחַמָּה מוֹכְרָן בְּשׁוְֹיֵהֶן. אֵין מְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לִמְכֹּר אֶלָּא מַאֲכִילִין אוֹתוֹ מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי עַד חֲצִי דְּמֵיהֶן וְלֹא יִדְחֹק עַצְמוֹ וְיִמְכֹּר שֶׁלֹּא בִּזְמַן מְכִירָה:

If one owns houses, fields, or vineyards, and if he sold them during the rainy season, it would be at a loss, whereas if he waited until the dry season, he could sell them for their worth, in such a case, they may not require him to sell [when he would lose money], but rather they feed him from ma'esar ani up until half their [his property's] worth,171See Babylonian Talmud Bava Kama 7a. and they do not pressure him to sell at a time when it would be disadvantageous to sell.

Halacha 17י״ז

הָיוּ שְׁאָר הָאָדָם לוֹקְחִין בְּיֹקֶר וְהוּא אֵינוֹ מוֹצֵא שֶׁיִּקַּח מִמֶּנּוּ אֶלָּא בְּזוֹל מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא דָּחוּק וְטָרוּד אֵין מְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לִמְכֹּר. אֶלָּא אוֹכֵל מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי וְהוֹלֵךְ עַד שֶׁיִּמְכֹּר בְּשָׁוֶה וְיֵדְעוּ הַכּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ דָּחוּק לִמְכֹּר:

If the rest of the people are buying at high prices, and he finds that no one will buy from him except at a cheap price because he is under pressure and in dire straits, they may not require him to sell [at that time]. Rather, he eats from ma'esar ani and continues until he can sell for their value, as everyone knows so he is not under pressure to sell [at a loss].172See Babylonian Talmud Bava Kamma 7a-b. It is remarkable, however, that the Talmud teaches the opposite of Maimonides' ruling. However, later legal decisions are in accordance with Maimonides, perhaps suggesting a problem with the transmission of texts.

Halacha 18י״ח

עָנִי שֶׁגָּבוּ לוֹ כְּדֵי לְהַשְׁלִים מַחֲסוֹרוֹ וְהוֹתִירוּ עַל מַה שֶּׁהוּא צָרִיךְ הֲרֵי הַמּוֹתָר שֶׁלּוֹ. וּמוֹתַר עֲנִיִּים לָעֲנִיִּים. וּמוֹתַר שְׁבוּיִים לַשְּׁבוּיִים. מוֹתַר שָׁבוּי לְאוֹתוֹ שָׁבוּי. מוֹתַר מֵתִים לַמֵּתִים. מוֹתַר הַמֵּת לְיוֹרְשָׁיו:

If they collected money for a certain poor person in order to fill his lack, and they accumulated a surplus [by collecting more than what he was lacking], the surplus belongs to him. And so if they collected a surplus for poor people in general, [the surplus is set aside] for the poor [in the future]. And so a surplus for captives [is set aside for future] captives, and so for a specific captive, [the surplus goes to] that specific captive. And so a surplus for taking care of the dead in general [is set aside for the future needs of] taking care of the dead, and so if there is a surplus [that they collected] for a specific dead person, it goes to his heirs.173See Mishnah Shekalim 2:5.

Halacha 19י״ט

עָנִי שֶׁנָּתַן פְּרוּטָה לַתַּמְחוּי אוֹ פְּרוּטָה לַקֻּפָּה מְקַבְּלִים מִמֶּנּוּ. וְאִם לֹא נָתַן אֵין מְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לִתֵּן. נָתְנוּ לוֹ בְּגָדִים חֲדָשִׁים וְהֶחֱזִיר לָהֶן אֶת הַשְּׁחָקִין מְקַבְּלִין מִמֶּנּוּ. וְאִם לֹא נָתַן אֵין מְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לִתֵּן:

A poor person who has given a perutah to the tamchui or to the kupah, they accept it from him. If he did not give [anything], they do not require him to give. If they gave him new clothes, and he returned the worn garments, they accept them from him. And if he did not donate [to the kupah], they do not require him to give.174See Tosefta Péah 4:10.