הלכות יסודי התורה ה׳Foundations of the Torah 5

Chapter 5 of 10 in Foundations of the Torah — 11 halachot

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Halacha 1א׳

כָּל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל מְצֻוִּין עַל קִדּוּשׁ הַשֵּׁם הַגָּדוֹל הַזֶּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כב לב) "וְנִקְדַּשְׁתִּי בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל". וּמֻזְהָרִין שֶׁלֹּא לְחַלְּלוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כב לב) "וְלֹא תְחַלְּלוּ אֶת שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי". כֵּיצַד. כְּשֶׁיַּעֲמֹד עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים וְיֶאֱנֹס אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲבֹר עַל אַחַת מִכָּל מִצְוֹת הָאֲמוּרוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה אוֹ יַהַרְגֶּנּוּ יַעֲבֹר וְאַל יֵהָרֵג שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּמִּצְוֹת (ויקרא יח ה) "אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה אוֹתָם הָאָדָם וָחַי בָּהֶם". וָחַי בָּהֶם וְלֹא שֶׁיָּמוּת בָּהֶם. וְאִם מֵת וְלֹא עָבַר הֲרֵי זֶה מִתְחַיֵּב בְּנַפְשׁוֹ:

The entire House of Israel is commanded concerning the sanctification of this great Name, as it is said, "And I will be sanctified in the midst of the children of Israel (Leviticus 22:32)." And they are warned that they not desecrate it, as it is said, "And you shall not desecrate My Holy Name (Leviticus 22:32)." In what manner? When an idolater stands and coerces an Israelite to transgress one of the commandments that are stated in the Torah or be killed, he should transgress and not be killed, as it says, "which a person will do them and live by them" (Leviticus 18:5) - and live by them and not that he should die by them. And if he died rather than transgress, behold [such a] one is obligated [to pay] with his soul.

Halacha 2ב׳

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּשְׁאָר מִצְוֹת חוּץ מֵעֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים וְגִלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת וּשְׁפִיכַת דָּמִים. אֲבָל שָׁלֹשׁ עֲבֵרוֹת אֵלּוּ אִם יֹאמַר לוֹ עֲבֹר עַל אַחַת מֵהֶן אוֹ תֵּהָרֵג. יֵהָרֵג וְאַל יַעֲבֹר. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּזְמַן שֶׁהָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים מִתְכַּוֵּן לַהֲנָאַת עַצְמוֹ. כְּגוֹן שֶׁאֲנָסוֹ לִבְנוֹת לוֹ בֵּיתוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת אוֹ לְבַשֵּׁל לוֹ תַּבְשִׁילוֹ. אוֹ אָנַס אִשָּׁה לְבָעֳלָהּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. אֲבָל אִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לְהַעֲבִירוֹ עַל הַמִּצְוֹת בִּלְבַד. אִם הָיָה בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין עַצְמוֹ וְאֵין שָׁם עֲשָׂרָה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל יַעֲבֹר וְאַל יֵהָרֵג. וְאִם אֲנָסוֹ לְהַעֲבִירוֹ בַּעֲשָׂרָה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל יֵהָרֵג וְאַל יַעֲבֹר. וַאֲפִלּוּ לֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן לְהַעֲבִירוֹ אֶלָּא עַל מִצְוָה מִשְּׁאָר מִצְוֹת בִּלְבַד:

When is this the case? With the other commandments besides idol worship, sexual immorality and murder. But with these three sins, if he says to him, "Transgress one of them or be killed," he should be killed and not transgress. When is this the case? At a time when the idolater intends it for his own pleasure; for example, if he forces him to build his house on Shabbat or to cook his meal or if he forces a woman to have intercourse, and similar to this. But if he intended it only to have him transgress the commandments, if [the Jew] were by himself and there are not ten [others] from Israel, he should transgress and not be killed. But if he forced him to have him transgress in the midst of ten of Israel, he should let himself be killed and not transgress. And even if he only had the intention to have him transgress only one of all of the commandments.

Halacha 3ג׳

וְכָל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא בִּשְׁעַת הַגְּזֵרָה אֲבָל בִּשְׁעַת הַגְּזֵרָה וְהוּא שֶׁיַּעֲמֹד מֶלֶךְ רָשָׁע כִּנְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר וַחֲבֵרָיו וְיִגְזֹר גְּזֵרָה עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבַטֵּל דָּתָם אוֹ מִצְוָה מִן הַמִּצְוֹת. יֵהָרֵג וְאַל יַעֲבֹר אֲפִלּוּ עַל אַחַת מִשְּׁאָר מִצְוֹת בֵּין נֶאֱנָס בְּתוֹךְ עֲשָׂרָה בֵּין נֶאֱנָס בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים:

And all of these things are when it is not a time of [religious persecution]. But at a time of [religious persecution] - and that is when an evil king, like Nevuchadnetsar and his colleagues, rises up and makes decrees against Israel to eliminate their religion or a commandment from [all of] the commandments - he should let himself be killed and not transgress even one of all of the commandments; whether he is forced in the midst of ten or whether he is forced by himself among the idolaters.

Halacha 4ד׳

כָּל מִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ יַעֲבֹר וְאַל יֵהָרֵג וְנֶהֱרַג וְלֹא עָבַר הֲרֵי זֶה מִתְחַיֵּב בְּנַפְשׁוֹ. וְכָל מִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ יֵהָרֵג וְאַל יַעֲבֹר וְנֶהֱרַג וְלֹא עָבַר הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ אֶת הַשֵּׁם. וְאִם הָיָה בַּעֲשָׂרָה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ אֶת הַשֵּׁם בָּרַבִּים כְּדָנִיֵּאל חֲנַנְיָה מִישָׁאֵל וַעֲזַרְיָה וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וַחֲבֵרָיו. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן הֲרוּגֵי מַלְכוּת שֶׁאֵין מַעֲלָה עַל מַעֲלָתָן. וַעֲלֵיהֶן נֶאֱמַר (תהילים מד כג) "כִּי עָלֶיךָ הֹרַגְנוּ כָל הַיּוֹם נֶחְשַׁבְנוּ כְּצֹאן טִבְחָה". וַעֲלֵיהֶם נֶאֱמַר (תהילים נ ה) "אִסְפוּ לִי חֲסִידָי כֹּרְתֵי בְרִיתִי עֲלֵי זָבַח". וְכָל מִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ יֵהָרֵג וְאַל יַעֲבֹר וְעָבַר וְלֹא נֶהֱרַג הֲרֵי זֶה מְחַלֵּל אֶת הַשֵּׁם. וְאִם הָיָה בַּעֲשָׂרָה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל הֲרֵי זֶה חִלֵּל אֶת הַשֵּׁם בָּרַבִּים וּבִטֵּל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהִיא קִדּוּשׁ הַשֵּׁם וְעָבַר עַל מִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁהִיא חִלּוּל הַשֵּׁם. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁעָבַר בְּאֹנֶס אֵין מַלְקִין אוֹתוֹ וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין מְמִיתִין אוֹתוֹ בֵּית דִּין אֲפִלּוּ הָרַג בְּאֹנֶס. שֶׁאֵין מַלְקִין וּמְמִיתִין אֶלָּא לְעוֹבֵר בִּרְצוֹנוֹ וּבְעֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּנוֹתֵן מִזַּרְעוֹ לַמּלֶךְ (ויקרא כ ה) "(וְנָתַתִּי) [וְשַׂמְתִּי] אֲנִי אֶת פָּנַי בָּאִישׁ הַהוּא". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ הַהוּא לֹא אָנוּס וְלֹא שׁוֹגֵג וְלֹא מֻטְעֶה. וּמָה אִם עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁהִיא חֲמוּרָה מִן הַכּל הָעוֹבֵד אוֹתָהּ בְּאֹנֶס אֵינוֹ חַיָּב כָּרֵת וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין. קַל וָחֹמֶר לִשְׁאָר מִצְוֹת הָאֲמוּרוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה. וּבַעֲרָיוֹת הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים כב כו) "וְלַנַּעֲרָה לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה דָבָר". אֲבָל אִם יָכוֹל לְמַלֵּט נַפְשׁוֹ וְלִבְרֹחַ מִתַּחַת יַד הַמֶּלֶךְ הָרָשָׁע וְאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה הִנֵּה הוּא כְּכֶלֶב שָׁב עַל קֵאוֹ. וְהוּא נִקְרָא עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים בְּמֵזִיד וְהוּא נִטְרָד מִן הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא וְיוֹרֵד לַמַּדְרֵגָה הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה שֶׁל גֵּיהִנֹּם:

Anyone about whom it is stated that he should transgress and not be killed and he [nonetheless] lets himself be killed and not transgress, behold [such a] one is obligated [to pay] with his soul. And anyone about whom it is stated, that he should let himself be killed and not transgress and is killed and did not transgress, behold [such a one] sanctified the Name. And if it was among ten of Israel, behold, [such a] one sanctified the Name in public, like Daniel, Chananiah, Mishael and Azariah, and Rabbi Akiva and his colleagues. And these are the victims of the government of which there is no level above their level. And about them is it written (Psalms 44:23), "Since for you are we killed all the day; we are considered like sheep of the slaughterer." And about them it is [also] stated (Psalms 50:5), "Gather for Me all my pious ones, those have made a covenant with me by sacrifice." And all about whom it is stated, let him be killed and not transgress, and he [nonetheless] transgresses and does not let himself be killed, behold, [such a one] is desecrating the Name. And if it was among ten of Israel, behold, [such a one] has desecrated the Name in public. And [such a one] nullified a positive commandment, which is the commandment of sanctification of the Name; and he transgressed a negative commandment, which is desecration of the Name. And nonetheless, since he transgressed under duress, we do not give him lashes - and it is not necessary to say that the court does not put him to death, even if he killed under duress. As we only give lashes and put to death one who willfully transgresses with witnesses and a warning, as it is stated with someone who gives of his seed to Molekh (Leviticus 20:5), "And I will (give) [set] My face to that man." And they learned from tradition that such a one is not under duress and not accidental and not through an error. And if [regarding] idol worship - which is more weighty than everything [else] - the worshipper under duress is not liable for excision, all the more so for the other commandments that are written in the Torah. And with sexual immorality, it states (Deuteronomy 22:26), "And to the maiden, do not do a thing." But if he could spare his soul and escape from under the hand of the evildoer king and he does not, behold he is like a dog that returns to its vomit. And he is called one who worships idols willingly and he is expelled from [reaching] the world to come and he goes down to the lowest level of Gehinnom.

Halacha 5ה׳

נָשִׁים שֶׁאָמְרוּ לָהֶם עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים תְּנוּ לָנוּ אַחַת מִכֶּן וּנְטַמֵּא אוֹתָהּ וְאִם לָאו נְטַמֵּא אֶת כֻּלְּכֶן יִטָּמְאוּ כֻּלָּן וְאַל יִמְסְרוּ לָהֶם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל. וְכֵן אִם אָמְרוּ לָהֶם עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים תְּנוּ לָנוּ אֶחָד מִכֶּם וְנַהַרְגֶּנּוּ וְאִם לָאו נַהֲרֹג כֻּלְּכֶם. יֵהָרְגוּ כֻּלָּם וְאַל יִמְסְרוּ לָהֶם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל. וְאִם יִחֲדוּהוּ לָהֶם וְאָמְרוּ תְּנוּ לָנוּ פְּלוֹנִי אוֹ נַהֲרֹג אֶת כֻּלְּכֶם. אִם הָיָה מְחֻיָּב מִיתָה כְּשֶׁבַע בֶּן בִּכְרִי יִתְּנוּ אוֹתוֹ לָהֶם. וְאֵין מוֹרִין לָהֶם כֵּן לְכַתְּחִלָּה. וְאִם אֵינוֹ חַיָּב מִיתָה יֵהָרְגוּ כֻּלָּן וְאַל יִמְסְרוּ לָהֶם נֶפֶשׁ אַחַת מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל:

Women to whom idolaters said, "Give us one of you and we will defile her - and if not, we will defile all of you" - they should all be defiled and not give them one soul of Israel. And so [too], if the idolaters said to them, "Give us one of you and we will kill him - and if not, we will kill all of you" - they should all be killed and not give them one soul of Israel. And if they specify to them and say, "Give us x or we will kill all of you" - if he was guilty of death like Sheva ben Bichri, they should give him to them, yet we do not instruct them so, ab initio; but if he is not guilty of death, they should all be killed and not give them one soul of Israel.

…and 6 more halachot in this chapter.

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Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: Sefaria Community Translation — CC0