הלכות יסודי התורה ד׳Foundations of the Torah 4

Halacha 1א׳

אַרְבָּעָה גּוּפִים הַלָּלוּ שֶׁהֵם אֵשׁ וְרוּחַ וּמַיִם וְאֶרֶץ הֵם יְסוֹדוֹת כָּל הַנִּבְרָאִים לְמַטָּה מִן הָרָקִיעַ. וְכָל שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מֵאָדָם וּמִבְּהֵמָה וְעוֹף וְרֶמֶשׂ וְדָג וְצֶמַח וּמַתֶּכֶת וַאֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת וּשְׁאָר אַבְנֵי בִּנְיָן וְהָרִים וְגוּשֵׁי עָפָר הַכּל גָּלְמָן מְחֻבָּר מֵאַרְבָּעָה יְסוֹדוֹת הַלָּלוּ. נִמְצְאוּ כָּל הַגּוּפִים שֶׁלְּמַטָּה מִן הָרָקִיעַ חוּץ מֵאַרְבָּעָה יְסוֹדוֹת הָאֵלּוּ מְחֻבָּרִים מִגֹּלֶם וְצוּרָה. וְגֹלֶם שֶׁלָּהֶם מְחֻבָּר מֵאַרְבָּעָה יְסוֹדוֹת הָאֵלּוּ. אֲבָל כָּל אֶחָד מֵאַרְבָּעָה הַיְסוֹדוֹת אֵינוֹ מְחֻבָּר אֶלָּא מִגֹּלֶם וְצוּרָה בִּלְבַד:

These four bodies, which are fire and air and water and earth, are the elements of all created things below the firmament. And whatever there is of man, and of beast, and bird, and creeping thing, and fish, and plant, and metal, and precious stones and pearls, and the rest of the stones of building, and mountains and clods of earth — the matter of all of them is compounded of these four elements. All the bodies below the firmament, apart from these four elements, are therefore found to be compounded of matter and form, and their matter is compounded of these four elements; but each one of the four elements is compounded of nothing but matter and form alone.

Halacha 2ב׳

דֶּרֶךְ הָאֵשׁ וְהָרוּחַ לִהְיוֹת מַהֲלָכָם מִמַּטָּה מִטַּבּוּר הָאָרֶץ לְמַעְלָה כְּלַפֵּי הָרָקִיעַ. וְדֶרֶךְ הַמַּיִם וְהָאָרֶץ לִהְיוֹת מַהֲלָכָם מִתַּחַת הָרָקִיעַ לְמַטָּה עַד לָאֶמְצַע. שֶׁאֶמְצַע הָרָקִיעַ הוּא הַמַּטָּה שֶׁאֵין לְמַטָּה מִמֶּנּוּ. וְאֵין הִלּוּכָם לֹא בְּדַעְתָּם וְלֹא בְּחֶפְצָם אֶלָּא מִנְהָג שֶׁנִּקְבַּע בָּהֶן וְטֶבַע שֶׁנִּטְבַּע בָּהֶן. טֶבַע הָאֵשׁ חַם וְיָבֵשׁ וְהוּא קַל מִכֻּלָּם. וְהָרוּחַ חַם וְלַח. וְהַמַּיִם קָרִים וְלַחִים. וְהָאָרֶץ יְבֵשָׁה וְקָרָה. וְהִיא כְּבֵדָה מִכֻּלָּם וְהַמַּיִם קַלִּים מִמֶּנָּה לְפִיכָךְ נִמְצָאִים לְמַעְלָה עַל הָאָרֶץ. וְהָרוּחַ קַל מִן הַמַּיִם לְפִיכָךְ הוּא מְרַחֵף עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם. וְהָאֵשׁ קַל מִן הָרוּחַ. וּמִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵם יְסוֹדוֹת לְכָל גּוּפִים שֶׁתַּחַת הָרָקִיעַ יִמָּצֵא כָּל גּוּף וְגוּף מֵאָדָם וּבְהֵמָה וְחַיָּה וְעוֹף וְדַג וְצֶמַח וּמַתֶּכֶת וְאֶבֶן גָּלְמוֹ מְחֻבָּר מֵאֵשׁ וְרוּחַ וּמַיִם וְעָפָר. וְאַרְבַּעְתָּן יִתְעָרְבוּ בְּיַחַד וְיִשְׁתַּנּוּ כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶם בְּעֵת הָעֵרוּב עַד שֶׁיִּמָּצֵא הַמְחֻבָּר מֵאַרְבַּעְתָּן אֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה לְאֶחָד מֵהֶן כְּשֶׁהוּא לְבַדּוֹ. וְאֵין בַּמְעֹרָב מֵהֶן אֲפִלּוּ חֵלֶק אֶחָד שֶׁהוּא אֵשׁ בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ אוֹ מַיִם בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן אוֹ אֶרֶץ בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ אוֹ רוּחַ בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ אֶלָּא הַכּל נִשְׁתַּנּוּ וְנַעֲשׂוּ גּוּף אֶחָד. וְכָל גּוּף וְגוּף הַמְחֻבָּר מֵאַרְבַּעְתָּן יִמָּצֵא בּוֹ קֹר וְחֹם לַח וְיָבֵשׁ כְּאֶחָד. אֲבָל יֵשׁ מֵהֶם גּוּפִים שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בָּהֶם חָזְקָה מִיסוֹד הָאֵשׁ כְּמוֹ בַּעֲלֵי נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה. לְפִיכָךְ יֵרָאֶה בָּהֶם הַחֹם יָתֵר. וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן גּוּפִין שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בָּהֶן חָזְקָה מִיסוֹד הָאָרֶץ כְּמוֹ הָאֲבָנִים. לְפִיכָךְ יֵרָאֶה בָּהֶם הַיֹּבֶשׁ הַרְבֵּה. וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶן גּוּפִין שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בָּהֶן חָזְקָה מִיסוֹד הַמַּיִם. לְפִיכָךְ יֵרָאֶה בָּהֶם הַלַּח יָתֵר. וְעַל הַדֶּרֶךְ הַזֶּה יִמָּצֵא גּוּף חַם יֶתֶר מִגּוּף אַחֵר חַם. וְגוּף יָבֵשׁ יֶתֶר מִגּוּף אַחֵר יָבֵשׁ. וְכֵן יִמָּצְאוּ גּוּפִים שֶׁיֵּרָאֶה בָּהֶן הַקֹּר בִּלְבַד. וְגוּפִים יֵרָאֶה בָּהֶן הַלַּח בִּלְבַד. וְגוּפִים יֵרָאֶה בָּהֶן הַקֹּר וְהַיֹּבֶשׁ כְּאֶחָד בְּשָׁוֶה. אוֹ הַקֹּר וְהַלַּח כְּאֶחָד בְּשָׁוֶה. אוֹ הַחֹם וְהַיֹּבֶשׁ כְּאֶחָד בְּשָׁוֶה. אוֹ הַחֹם וְהַלַּח כְּאֶחָד בְּשָׁוֶה. לְפִי רֹב הַיְסוֹד שֶׁהָיָה בְּעִקַּר הַתַּעֲרֹבֶת יֵרָאֶה מַעֲשֵׂה אוֹתוֹ הַיְסוֹד וְטִבְעוֹ בַּגּוּף הַמְעֹרָב:

The way of fire and air is that their course is from below, from the navel of the earth, upward toward the firmament; and the way of water and earth is that their course is from beneath the firmament downward to the middle, for the middle of the firmament is the lowest place, below which there is nothing. And their going is not by their knowledge and not by their desire, but a custom that is fixed in them and a nature that is impressed in them. The nature of fire is hot and dry, and it is the lightest of them all; and air is hot and moist; and water is cold and moist; and earth is dry and cold, and it is the heaviest of them all — and water is lighter than it, and therefore the waters are found above the earth; and air is lighter than water, and therefore it hovers over the face of the waters; and fire is lighter than air. And because they are the elements of all the bodies that are beneath the firmament, the matter of every single body — of man and beast and wild creature and bird and fish and plant and metal and stone — is found compounded of fire and air and water and earth. And the four of them mingle together, and each of them changes at the time of the mingling, until the compound of the four of them is found to be unlike any one of them alone; and there is not in the mixture of them even one part that is fire by itself, or water by itself, or earth by itself, or air by itself, but all of them have changed and become one body. And in every single body compounded of the four of them there is found cold and heat, moist and dry, together. But among them are bodies in which the element of fire is strong, such as living creatures, and therefore the heat appears in them the more; and among them are bodies in which the element of earth is strong, such as stones, and therefore the dryness appears in them greatly; and among them are bodies in which the element of water is strong, and therefore the moisture appears in them the more. And in this way one body is found hotter than another hot body, and one body drier than another dry body. And so too there are found bodies in which the cold alone appears, and bodies in which the moisture alone appears, and bodies in which the cold and the dryness appear together in equal measure, or the cold and the moisture together in equal measure, or the heat and the dryness together in equal measure, or the heat and the moisture together in equal measure. According to the greater part of the element that was at the root of the mixture, the working of that element and its nature appear in the mingled body.

Halacha 3ג׳

וְכָל הַמְחֻבָּר מֵאַרְבָּעָה יְסוֹדוֹת אֵלּוּ הוּא נִפְרָד בַּסּוֹף. יֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא נִפְרָד לְאַחַר יָמִים אֲחָדִים. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא נִפְרָד לְאַחַר שָׁנִים רַבּוֹת. וְכָל שֶׁנִּתְחַבֵּר מֵהֶם אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יִפָּרֵד לָהֶן. אֲפִלּוּ הַזָּהָב וְהָאֹדֶם אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יִפָּסֵד וְיַחֲזֹר לִיסוֹדוֹתָיו. וְיָשׁוּב מִקְצָתוֹ לָאֵשׁ. וּמִקְצָתוֹ לַמַּיִם. וּמִקְצָתוֹ לָרוּחַ. וּמִקְצָתוֹ לָאָרֶץ:

And everything compounded of these four elements is at the last dissolved. There is that which is dissolved after a few days, and there is that which is dissolved after many years; and everything that was compounded of them cannot but be dissolved into them. Even gold and ruby cannot but decay and return to their elements: part of it returns to fire, and part of it to water, and part of it to air, and part of it to earth.