הלכות בכורות ו׳Firstlings 6

Chapter 6 of 8 in Firstlings — 16 halachot

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Halacha 1א׳

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהַפְרִישׁ אֶחָד מֵעֲשָׂרָה מִכָּל בְּהֵמוֹת טְהוֹרוֹת שֶׁיִּוָּלְדוּ לָאָדָם בְּכָל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה. וְאֵין מִצְוָה זוֹ נוֹהֶגֶת אֶלָּא בְּבָקָר וְצֹאן בִּלְבַד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כז לב) "וְכָל מַעְשַׂר בָּקָר וָצֹאן" וְגוֹ':

It is a positive commandment to set apart one in ten of all the pure animals born to a person in each and every year. And this commandment applies only to cattle and flock, as it is said (Leviticus 27:32), "And all the tithe of the herd or the flock, etc."

Halacha 2ב׳

מַעֲשַׂר בְּהֵמָה נוֹהֵג בְּחֻלִּין אֲבָל לֹא בְּמֻקְדָּשִׁין. וְנוֹהֵג בָּאָרֶץ וּבְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת וְשֶׁלֹּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת. אֲבָל חֲכָמִים אָסְרוּ לְעַשֵּׂר בְּהֵמָה בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה וְתִקְּנוּ שֶׁאֵין מְעַשְּׂרִין אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יֹאכְלֵהוּ תָּמִים וְנִמְצָא בָּא לִידֵי אִסּוּר כָּרֵת שֶׁהוּא שְׁחִיטַת קָדָשִׁים בַּחוּץ. וְאִם עָבַר וְעָשָׂה בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה הֲרֵי זֶה מַעֲשֵׂר וְיֵאָכֵל בְּמוּמוֹ:

The tithe of animals applies to unconsecrated animals but not to consecrated ones; and it applies in the Land and outside the Land, both when the Temple stands and when it does not. But the Sages forbade tithing animals in the present time, and ordained that one tithes only when the Temple stands — a decree lest one eat it while it is unblemished and so come to a prohibition punishable by excision, namely the slaughtering of consecrated animals outside the Temple. And if one transgressed and tithed in the present time, it is a tithe, and it is eaten once it is blemished.

Halacha 3ג׳

הַכֹּל חַיָּבִין בְּמַעֲשַׂר בְּהֵמָה. כֹּהֲנִים לְוִיִּים וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים:

All are obligated in the tithe of animals: priests, Levites and Israelites.

Halacha 4ד׳

וְדִין מַעֲשַׂר בְּהֵמָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִשְׁחָט בָּעֲזָרָה וְזוֹרְקִין אֶת דָּמוֹ זְרִיקָה אַחַת כְּנֶגֶד הַיְסוֹד וּמַקְטִירִין אֵימוּרָיו. וּשְׁאָר הַבָּשָׂר נֶאֱכָל לַבְּעָלִים בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם כִּשְׁאָר קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים וְאֵין לַכֹּהֲנִים בּוֹ כְּלוּם אֶלָּא כֻּלּוֹ לַבְּעָלִים כַּפֶּסַח. וְאִם הָיָה בַּעַל מוּם בֵּין שֶׁנָּפַל בּוֹ מוּם בֵּין שֶׁהִפְרִישׁוֹ בַּתְּחִלָּה בְּמוּמוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה נֶאֱכָל בְּכָל מָקוֹם:

And the law of the tithe of animals is that it be slaughtered in the Temple courtyard, that its blood be dashed in a single dashing against the base of the altar, and that its sacrificial portions be burned; and the rest of the meat is eaten by the owners in Jerusalem, like the other offerings of lesser sanctity, and the priests have nothing in it — rather all of it belongs to the owners, like the paschal offering. And if it was blemished, whether a blemish befell it or he set it apart blemished from the outset, it is eaten in any place.

Halacha 5ה׳

מַעֲשַׂר בְּהֵמָה אָסוּר לְמָכְרוֹ כְּשֶׁהוּא תָּמִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ (ויקרא כז לג) "לֹא יִגָּאֵל". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לֹא יִגָּאֵל אַף אִסּוּר מְכִירָה בְּמַשְׁמָע שֶׁאֵין נִגְאָל וְאֵינוֹ נִמְכָּר כְּלָל. וְיֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁהַמּוֹכֵר מַעֲשֵׂר לֹא עָשָׂה כְּלוּם וְלֹא קָנָה לוֹקֵחַ. וּלְפִיכָךְ אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה כְּמוֹכֵר חֶרְמֵי כֹּהֲנִים שֶׁלֹּא קָנָה לוֹקֵחַ וּכְמוֹכֵר יְפַת תֹּאַר כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בִּמְקוֹמוֹ:

The tithe of animals may not be sold while it is unblemished, as it is said of it (Leviticus 27:33), "it shall not be redeemed." From tradition they learned that this "it shall not be redeemed" implies also a prohibition of sale — that it is neither redeemed nor sold at all. And it appears to me that one who sells the tithe has done nothing, and the buyer has not acquired it; and therefore he is not flogged — like one who sells property devoted to the priests, where the buyer has not acquired it, and like one who sells a woman of beautiful form, as will be explained in its place.

…and 11 more halachot in this chapter.

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Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: rendered from the Hebrew for this app — our own, not a borrowed translation