הלכות עירובין ז׳Eruvin 7

Halacha 1א׳

מִי שֶׁיָּצָא מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת חוּץ לַמְּדִינָה וְעָמַד בְּמָקוֹם יָדוּעַ בְּתוֹךְ הַתְּחוּם אוֹ בְּסוֹפוֹ וְאָמַר שְׁבִיתָתִי בְּמָקוֹם זֶה וְחָזַר לְעִירוֹ וְלָן שָׁם. יֵשׁ לוֹ לְהַלֵּךְ לְמָחָר מֵאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ. וְזֶה הוּא עִקַּר עֵרוּבֵי תְּחוּמִין לְעָרֵב בְּרַגְלָיו. וְלֹא אָמְרוּ לְעָרֵב בְּהַנָּחַת מְזוֹן שְׁתֵּי סְעֻדּוֹת בִּלְבַד בַּמָּקוֹם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא יָצָא וְלֹא עָמַד שָׁם אֶלָּא לְהָקֵל עַל הֶעָשִׁיר שֶׁלֹּא יֵצֵא אֶלָּא יִשְׁלַח עֵרוּבוֹ בְּיַד אַחֵר וְיַנִּיחוּ לוֹ:

Halacha 2ב׳

וְכֵן אִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לִקְבֹּעַ שְׁבִיתָתוֹ בְּמָקוֹם יָדוּעַ אֶצְלוֹ כְּגוֹן אִילָן אוֹ בַּיִת אוֹ גָּדֵר שֶׁהוּא מַכִּיר מְקוֹמוֹ וְיֵשׁ בֵּינוֹ וּבֵינוֹ כְּשֶׁחָשְׁכָה אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה אוֹ פָּחוֹת וְהֶחֱזִיק בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְהָלַךְ כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לְאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם וְיִקְנֶה בּוֹ שְׁבִיתָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הִגִּיעַ וְלֹא עָמַד שָׁם אֶלָּא הֶחְזִירוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ לָלוּן אֶצְלוֹ אוֹ שֶׁחָזַר מֵעַצְמוֹ לָלוּן אוֹ נִתְעַכֵּב. לְמָחָר יֵשׁ לוֹ לְהַלֵּךְ עַד מָקוֹם שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לוֹ וּמֵאוֹתוֹ הַמָּקוֹם אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ. שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁגָּמַר בְּלִבּוֹ לִקְבֹּעַ שָׁם שְׁבִיתָתוֹ וְהֶחֱזִיק בַּדֶּרֶךְ נַעֲשָׂה כְּמִי שֶׁעָמַד שָׁם אוֹ שֶׁהִנִּיחַ עֵרוּבוֹ שָׁם:

And likewise if he intended to establish his resting in a place that is known to him, such as a tree or a house or a fence the location of which is known to him, and that and there is two thousand ells or less between him and it when it gets dark and he began the journey and walked in order to reach that place and acquire his resting [there] — even though he did not reach [it] and did not stand there, but was rather brought back by his friend to lodge with him or he returned on his own to lodge or got delayed — on the morrow, he may walk to the place he intended, and two thousand ells from that place in each direction. For since he decided in his heart to establish his resting and he began the journey, he becomes like someone who stood there or placed his eruv there.

Halacha 3ג׳

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּעָנִי שֶׁאֵין מַטְרִיחִין אוֹתוֹ לְהַנִּיחַ עֵרוּב אוֹ בְּרָחוֹק כְּגוֹן מִי שֶׁהָיָה בָּא בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְהָיָה יָרֵא שֶׁמָּא תֶּחְשַׁךְ. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּשָּׁאֵר מִן הַיּוֹם כְּדֵי לְהַגִּיעַ לְאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם שֶׁקָּנָה בּוֹ שְׁבִיתָה קֹדֶם שֶׁתֶּחְשַׁךְ אִם רָץ בְּכָל כֹּחוֹ וְהָיָה בֵּינוֹ וּבֵין אוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם כְּשֶׁתֶּחְשַׁךְ אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה אוֹ פָּחוֹת. אֲבָל אִם לֹא הָיָה רָחוֹק וְלֹא עָנִי אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא נִשְׁאַר מִן הַיּוֹם כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ אֲפִלּוּ רָץ בְּכָל כֹּחוֹ אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה בֵּין הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁבֹּת בּוֹ וּבֵין הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד בּוֹ כְּשֶׁחָשְׁכָה יֶתֶר מֵאַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא כִּוֵּן הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁקָּנָה בּוֹ שְׁבִיתָה. הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא קָנָה שְׁבִיתָה בְּרִחוּק מָקוֹם וְאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ מִמָּקוֹם שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד בּוֹ כְּשֶׁחָשְׁכָה:

To what are these words applicable? To a poor person, who we do not burden to place his eruv [there] or [someone] distant — such as one who was coming on the journey but was afraid lest it get dark, yet there remained enough of the day to reach that place in which he acquired his resting before it would get dark if he ran with all of his strength; and there was two thousand ells or less between him and that place when it got dark. But if he was not distant or poor; or there did not remain enough of the day to reach [that place] even if he ran with all of his strength; or there was more than two thousand ells between the place in which he intended to rest and the place that he was standing when it got dark; or he did not specify the [exact] place in which he acquired [his] resting — such a one surely did not acquire his resting from a distant place. So he only has two thousand ells in every direction from the place in which he is standing when it got dark.

Halacha 4ד׳

מִי שֶׁעָמַד מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד וְקָנָה שָׁם שְׁבִיתָה אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה בָּא בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁבֹּת בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד הַיָּדוּעַ אֶצְלוֹ וְקָנָה שָׁם שְׁבִיתָתוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה מְהַלֵּךְ אֶת כֻּלָּהּ וְחוּצָה לָהּ אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ. וְאִם הָיְתָה רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד זוֹ מָקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא הֻקַּף לְדִירָה אוֹ תֵּל אוֹ בִּקְעָה אִם הָיָה בָּהּ בֵּית סָאתַיִם אוֹ פָּחוֹת מְהַלֵּךְ אֶת כֻּלָּהּ וְחוּצָה לָהּ אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ. וְאִם הָיְתָה יוֹתֵר עַל בַּיִת סָאתַיִם אֵין לוֹ בָּהּ אֶלָּא אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְחוּצָה מֵהֶן אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ. וְכֵן אִם הִנִּיחַ עֵרוּבוֹ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא הֻקַּף לְדִירָה:

[If] one stood in a private domain while it was still day and acquired his resting there or was on a journey and intended to rest in a private domain known to him and acquired his resting there: He may surely walk throughout all of it and two thousand ells outside of it in every direction. But if this private domain was a place that was not encircled for residence or was a mound or a vale: If there was two beit seah or less in it, he may [still] walk throughout all of it and two thousand ells outside of it in every direction; however if there was more than two beit seah, he only has four ells in it and two thousand ells outside of it in every direction. And likewise if he left his eruv in a place that was not encircled for residence.

Halacha 5ה׳

הַקּוֹנֶה שְׁבִיתָה בְּרִחוּק מָקוֹם וְלֹא סִיֵּם מְקוֹם שְׁבִיתָתוֹ לֹא קָנָה שְׁבִיתָה שָׁם. כֵּיצַד. הָיָה בָּא בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְאָמַר שְׁבִיתָתִי בְּמָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי אוֹ בְּשָׂדֶה פְּלוֹנִית אוֹ בְּבִקְעָה פְּלוֹנִית אוֹ בְּרִחוּק אֶלֶף אַמָּה אוֹ אַלְפַּיִם מִמְּקוֹמִי זֶה הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא קָנָה שְׁבִיתָה בְּרָחוֹק וְאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ מִמָּקוֹם שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד בּוֹ כְּשֶׁחָשְׁכָה:

One who acquires his resting from a distant place but did not delineate the place of his resting did not acquire his resting there. How is that? [If] he was coming on a journey and said, "My resting is in x place," or "in x field," or "in x vale," or "one thousand ells" or "two thousand ells from my place [here]," such a one surely did not acquire his resting at a distance. So he only has two thousand ells in every direction from the place where he is standing when it gets dark.

Halacha 6ו׳

אָמַר שְׁבִיתָתִי תַּחַת אִילָן פְּלוֹנִי אוֹ תַּחַת סֶלַע פְּלוֹנִי אִם יֵשׁ תַּחַת אוֹתוֹ אִילָן אוֹ אוֹתוֹ סֶלַע שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת אוֹ יָתֵר לֹא קָנָה שְׁבִיתָה שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא כִּוֵּן מְקוֹם שְׁבִיתָתוֹ. שֶׁאִם בָּא לִשְׁבֹּת בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת אֵלּוּ שֶׁמָּא בְּאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת הָאֲחֵרוֹת הוּא שֶׁקָּנָה שְׁבִיתָה:

[But if] he said, "My resting is under tree x," or "under boulder x": If there were eight ells or more under that tree or that boulder, he did not acquire his resting; as he surely did not delineate the place of his resting. For if he did not rest within these four ells (on one side), maybe it is in the other four ells that he acquired his resting.

Halacha 7ז׳

לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ לְהִתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁבֹּת בְּעִקָּרוֹ אוֹ בְּאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת שֶׁבִּדְרוֹמוֹ אוֹ שֶׁבִּצְפוֹנוֹ. וְאִם הָיָה תַּחְתָּיו פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁבֹּת תַּחְתָּיו קָנָה שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין שָׁם שִׁעוּר שְׁנֵי מְקוֹמוֹת וַהֲרֵי מִקְצָת מְקוֹמוֹ מְסֻיָּם. הָיוּ שְׁנַיִם בָּאִים בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֶחָד מֵהֶן מַכִּיר אִילָן אוֹ גָּדֵר אוֹ מָקוֹם שֶׁהוּא קוֹבֵעַ בּוֹ שְׁבִיתָה וְהַשֵּׁנִי אֵינוֹ מַכִּיר. זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַכִּיר מוֹסֵר שְׁבִיתָתוֹ לַמַּכִּיר וְהַמַּכִּיר מִתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁבֹּת הוּא וַחֲבֵרוֹ בַּמָּקוֹם שֶׁהוּא מַכִּיר:

Hence, he must specify to rest at its trunk or in the four ells to its north or to its south. But if there was less than eight ells and he [simply] specified to rest under it, he did acquire [it]. For there are surely not two places there, so part of his place was surely delineated. [In a case in which] there were two people coming on a journey [together, and] one of them knows a tree or fence or place to establish his resting but the second one does not know [it]: The one who does not know [it] gives over his resting to the one who knows [it]; and the who knows [it] should intend that he and his fellow rest in the place that he knows.

Halacha 8ח׳

אַנְשֵׁי הָעִיר שֶׁשָּׁלְחוּ אֶחָד מֵהֶן לְהוֹלִיךְ לָהֶן עֵרוּבָן לְמָקוֹם יָדוּעַ וְהֶחֱזִיק בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְהֶחְזִירוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ וְלֹא הוֹלִיךְ עֵרוּבָן. הֵן לֹא קָנוּ שְׁבִיתָה בְּאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא הֻנַּח שָׁם עֵרוּבָן וְאֵין לָהֶן לְהַלֵּךְ מִמְּדִינָתָן אֶלָּא אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ. וְהוּא קָנָה שָׁם עֵרוּב שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא בָּא בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁבֹּת שָׁם וְהֶחֱזִיק בַּדֶּרֶךְ. לְפִיכָךְ יֵשׁ לוֹ לְהַלֵּךְ לְאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם לְמָחָר וּלְהַלֵּךְ מִמֶּנּוּ אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ:

[In a case in which] people of a city sent one of them to bring their eruv to a known place; and he started on the journey but was brought back by his friend and did not bring their eruv: They did not acquire resting in that place — as their eruv was surely not placed there. So they may only walk two thousand ells in each direction from their city. But he did acquire [his] eruv there — as he was surely coming on a journey, intended to rest there and started his journey. Hence on the morrow, he may surely walk to that place and walk two thousand ells in every direction from it.

Halacha 9ט׳

זֶה שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ שֶׁצָּרִיךְ הַקּוֹנֶה שְׁבִיתָה בְּרִחוּק מָקוֹם שֶׁיַּחֲזִיק בַּדֶּרֶךְ. לֹא שֶׁיֵּצֵא וְיֵלֵךְ בַּשָּׂדֶה אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ יֵרֵד מִן הָעֲלִיָּה לֵילֵךְ לְאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם וְקֹדֶם שֶׁיֵּצֵא מִפֶּתַח הֶחָצֵר הֶחְזִירוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה הֶחֱזִיק וְקָנָה שְׁבִיתָה. וְכָל הַקּוֹנֶה שְׁבִיתָה בְּרִחוּק מָקוֹם אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שְׁבִיתָתִי בְּמָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁגָּמַר בְּלִבּוֹ וְהֶחֱזִיק בְּדֶרֶךְ כָּל שֶׁהוּא קָנָה שָׁם שְׁבִיתָה. וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר מִי שֶׁיָּצָא בְּרַגְלָיו וְעָמַד בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁקּוֹנֶה בּוֹ שְׁבִיתָה שֶׁאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר כְּלוּם אֶלָּא כֵּיוָן שֶׁגָּמַר בְּלִבּוֹ קָנָה:

That which we said that one who acquires his resting from a distant place must start on the journey — it is not that he [must] go out and walk in the field. But rather even if he came down from the attic to walk to that place — but before he could go out of the courtyard entrance, he was brought back by his friend — this one surely started [his journey] and acquired the resting. And anyone who acquires resting from a distant place need not say, "My resting is in place x." Rather once he has decided [it] in his heart and started [even] the smallest [distance] on the journey, he acquired his resting there. And there is no need to say [that] one who [actually] went out with his feet and stood on the place in which he acquires resting does not need to say anything. But rather once he has decided [about it] in his heart, he has acquired [it].

Halacha 10י׳

הַתַּלְמִידִים שֶׁהוֹלְכִין וְאוֹכְלִין בְּלֵילֵי שַׁבָּת בַּשָּׂדוֹת וּבַכְּרָמִים אֵצֶל בַּעֲלֵי הַבָּתִּים שֶׁפִּתָּן מְצוּיָה לְעוֹבְרֵי דְּרָכִים הַבָּאִים שָׁם וּבָאִים וְלָנִים בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ. מְהַלְּכִין אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ מִבֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לֹא מִמְּקוֹם הָאֲכִילָה. שֶׁאִלּוּ מָצְאוּ סְעֻדָּתָן בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לֹא הָיוּ יוֹצְאִין לַשָּׂדֶה וְאֵין דַּעְתָּן סוֹמֶכֶת לַדִּירָה אֶלָּא עַל בֵּית מִדְרָשָׁם:

[In a case of] students who go and eat on Shabbat nights in the fields and vineyards with homeowners — whose bread is made available to passersby that go there — but come [back] to lodge in the study hall (beit hamidrash): They may walk two thousand ells in every direction from the study hall. For if they had found their meal in the study hall, they would not have gone out to the field. And their minds only rely upon their study hall for residence.