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The Rambam · Sefer Taharah

הלכות טומאת מת ט׳Defilement by a Corpse 9

Chapter 9 of 25 in Defilement by a Corpse — 12 halachot

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Halacha 1א׳

מִי שֶׁהָיָה חוֹפֵר בְּשָׂדֶה וּמָצָא מֵתִים רַבִּים בְּגֻמָּא אַחַת זֶה עַל גַּב זֶה אוֹ זֶה בְּצַד זֶה אוֹ שֶׁמָּצָא הֲרוּגִים אוֹ שֶׁמָּצָא מֵת יוֹשֵׁב אוֹ רֹאשׁוֹ בֵּין בִּרְכָּיו אֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ שֶׁמָּא מָקוֹם זֶה בֵּית הַקְּבָרוֹת הָיָה אֶלָּא נוֹטֵל הַמֵּת שֶׁמָּצָא וְנוֹטֵל כָּל הֶעָפָר הַתִּחוֹחַ שֶׁתַּחְתָּיו וְחוֹפֵר בִּבְתוּלַת קַרְקַע שָׁלֹשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת וּמוֹצִיא הַכּל וּשְׁאָר הַשָּׂדֶה בְּחֶזְקַת טָהֳרָה כְּשֶׁהָיְתָה קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּמְצָא. וְעָפָר זֶה עִם שָׁלֹשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת שֶׁחוֹפֵר הוּא הַנִּקְרָא תְּבוּסַת הַמֵּת:

One who was digging in a field and found many corpses in a single hollow, one upon another or one beside another; or who found slain persons; or who found a corpse sitting, or with its head between its knees — he is not apprehensive that this place may have been a burial ground. Rather he takes up the corpse that he found, and takes up all the loose soil that is beneath it, and digs three fingerbreadths into virgin soil and removes the whole; and the rest of the field is presumed pure, as it was before he found it. And this soil, together with the three fingerbreadths that he digs, is what is called tevusat ha-met.

Halacha 2ב׳

שָׂדֶה שֶׁנֶּהֶרְגוּ בּוֹ הֲרוּגִים מְלַקֵּט כָּל הָעֲצָמוֹת שֶׁבָּהּ וַהֲרֵי הִיא טְהוֹרָה. וְכֵן הַמְפַנֶּה קִבְרוֹ מִתּוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ מְלַקֵּט כָּל הָעֲצָמוֹת עֶצֶם עֶצֶם וַהֲרֵי הִיא טְהוֹרָה. וְכֵן בּוֹר שֶׁמְּטִילִים בְּתוֹכוֹ נְפָלִים אוֹ הֲרוּגִים מְלַקֵּט כָּל הָעֲצָמוֹת שֶׁבּוֹ עֶצֶם עֶצֶם וַהֲרֵי הוּא טָהוֹר:

A field in which slain persons were killed — he gathers up all the bones that are in it, and it is pure. So too one who clears his grave away from within his field gathers up all the bones, bone by bone, and it is pure. So too a pit into which miscarried fetuses or slain persons are cast — he gathers up all the bones that are in it, bone by bone, and it is pure.

Halacha 3ג׳

הָיָה חוֹפֵר וּמָצָא מֵת מֻשְׁכָּב כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁקּוֹבְרִין הַמֵּתִים נוֹטְלוֹ וְאֶת תְּבוּסָתוֹ. וְכֵן אִם מָצָא שְׁנַיִם נוֹטֵל כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן וּתְבוּסָתוֹ עִמּוֹ וְכָל הַשָּׂדֶה טְהוֹרָה. מָצָא שְׁלֹשָׁה מֵתִים כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן מֻטָּל כְּדֶרֶךְ הַנִּקְבָּרִין אִם יֵשׁ בֵּין זֶה לָזֶה מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְעַד שְׁמוֹנֶה כִּמְלוֹא מִטָּה וְקוֹבְרֶיהָ הֲרֵי זֶה חוֹשֵׁשׁ שֶׁמָּא בֵּית הַקְּבָרוֹת הוּא זֶה וְצָרִיךְ לִבְדֹּק מִן הָאַחֲרוֹן עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה שֶׁהֵן כִּשְׁתֵּי מְעָרוֹת וְחָצֵר שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶן. וְאִם לֹא מָצָא שָׁם מֵת אַחֵר הֲרֵי אוֹתָן הָעֶשְׂרִים שֶׁבָּדַק טְהוֹרוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן שְׁכוּנַת קְבָרוֹת. מָצָא מֵת אֶחָד בְּסוֹף עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה צָרִיךְ לִבְדֹּק מִמֶּנּוּ עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה אֲחֵרוֹת לְפִי שֶׁרַגְלַיִם לַדָּבָר. וְאִם הָיָה אֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ שֶׁמָּצָא בַּתְּחִלָּה אוֹ בַּסּוֹף הָרוּג אוֹ יוֹשֵׁב אוֹ מֻשְׁכָּב שֶׁלֹּא כְּדַרְכּוֹ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה רֹאשׁוֹ בֵּין יַרְכוֹתָיו אֵינוֹ בּוֹדֵק עֶשְׂרִים אַמָּה אֶלָּא נוֹטְלָן וְאֶת תְּבוּסָתָן בִּלְבַד שֶׁחֶזְקָתָן עַכּוּ"ם:

If he was digging and found a corpse lying in the manner in which the dead are buried, he takes it up together with its tevusah. So too if he found two, he takes up each one of them and its tevusah with it, and the whole field is pure. If he found three corpses, each one of them laid out in the manner of those who are buried, and there is between one and another from four cubits up to eight — the full space of a bier and those who bury with it — he is apprehensive that this may be a burial ground, and he must examine twenty cubits from the last of them, which are as two caves and the courtyard between them. And if he did not find another corpse there, those twenty that he examined are pure, even though they are a neighbourhood of graves. If he found one corpse at the end of the twenty cubits, he must examine another twenty cubits from it, since there is ground for the matter. And if one of these that he found, at the beginning or at the end, was slain, or sitting, or lying not in the ordinary manner, so that its head was between its thighs, he does not examine twenty cubits, but takes them up and their tevusah alone, since they are presumed to be gentiles.

…and 7 more halachot in this chapter.

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Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: rendered from the Hebrew for this app — our own, not a borrowed translation