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The Rambam · Sefer Taharah

הלכות טומאת מת ט״זDefilement by a Corpse 16

Chapter 16 of 25 in Defilement by a Corpse — 7 halachot

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Halacha 1א׳

אֲרֻבָּה שֶׁהִיא בְּאֶמְצַע תִּקְרַת הַבַּיִת בֵּין שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח בֵּין שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְהָיְתָה טֻמְאָה תַּחַת תִּקְרַת הַבַּיִת כְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבָּה טָהוֹר שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא גָּלוּי לָאֲוִיר וּשְׁאָר הַבַּיִת טָמֵא. הָיְתָה טֻמְאָה כְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבָּה בִּלְבַד כָּל הַבַּיִת טָהוֹר. הָיְתָה מִקְצָת הַטֻּמְאָה תַּחַת הַתִּקְרָה וּמִקְצָתָהּ תַּחַת אֲרֻבָּה אִם הָיָה בָּאֲרֻבָּה פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח הַבַּיִת כֻּלּוֹ טָמֵא וּכְנֶגֶד כָּל הָאֲרֻבָּה טָמֵא. אֵין בָּהּ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח אִם יֵשׁ בַּטֻּמְאָה כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּתְחַלֵּק וְיִמָּצֵא כַּשִּׁעוּר תַּחַת הַתִּקְרָה וְכַשִּׁעוּר תַּחַת הָאֲרֻבָּה הַכּל טָמֵא. וְאִם לָאו הַבַּיִת טָמֵא וּכְנֶגֶד הָאֲרֻבָּה טָהוֹר. הָיָה בָּאֲרֻבָּה פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְנָתַן אָדָם רַגְלוֹ מִלְּמַעְלָה עַל הָאֲרֻבָּה נַעֲשֶׂה הַכּל אֹהֶל אֶחָד. וּבֵין שֶׁהָיְתָה הַטֻּמְאָה תַּחַת הַתִּקְרָה בִּלְבַד אוֹ תַּחַת הָאֲרֻבָּה בִּלְבַד הַכּל טָמֵא הַבַּיִת וּמַה שֶּׁכְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבָּה. וְהָאָדָם שֶׁעֵרֵב אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה טָמֵא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה אֹהֶל עַל הַטֻּמְאָה. אֵין בָּאֲרֻבָּה פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְהָיְתָה הַטֻּמְאָה תַּחַת הַתִּקְרָה זֶה שֶׁנָּתַן רַגְלוֹ מִלְּמַעְלָה טָהוֹר שֶׁאֵין טֻמְאָה יוֹצֵאת לוֹ בְּפָחוֹת מִטֶּפַח. הָיְתָה הַטֻּמְאָה תַּחַת הָאֲרֻבָּה אִם טֻמְאָה קָדְמָה אֶת רַגְלוֹ טָמֵא שֶׁהֲרֵי הֶאֱהִיל עַל הַטֻּמְאָה. אִם רַגְלוֹ קָדְמָה אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה טָהוֹר שֶׁהֲרֵי רַגְלוֹ מִקְצָת הָאֹהֶל וְאֵין טֻמְאָה יוֹצֵאת לוֹ:

A skylight that is in the middle of the ceiling of a house — whether there is in it an opening of a handbreadth or there is not in it an opening of a handbreadth — and there was impurity beneath the ceiling of the house: what is opposite the skylight is pure, since it is open to the air, and the rest of the house is impure. If the impurity was opposite the skylight alone, the whole house is pure. If part of the impurity was beneath the ceiling and part of it beneath the skylight: if there was in the skylight an opening of a handbreadth, the whole house is impure and the whole space opposite the skylight is impure. If there is not in it an opening of a handbreadth: if there is in the impurity enough that it may be divided and there be found the requisite measure beneath the ceiling and the requisite measure beneath the skylight, all is impure; and if not, the house is impure and what is opposite the skylight is pure. If there was in the skylight an opening of a handbreadth and a man set his foot from above over the skylight, the whole becomes one tent; and whether the impurity was beneath the ceiling alone or beneath the skylight alone, all is impure, the house and what is opposite the skylight. And the man who mingled the impurity is impure, since he has become a tent over the impurity. If there is not in the skylight an opening of a handbreadth and the impurity was beneath the ceiling, this man who set his foot above is pure, since impurity does not go out to him through less than a handbreadth. If the impurity was beneath the skylight: if the impurity came before his foot, he is impure, since he has overshadowed the impurity; if his foot came before the impurity, he is pure, since his foot is part of the tent and impurity does not go out to him.

Halacha 2ב׳

הָיָה כְּזַיִת מִן הַמֵּת בְּפִי הָעוֹרֵב וְהֶאֱהִיל עַל גַּבֵּי אֲרֻבָּה עַד שֶׁנִּמְצָא כְּזַיִת בַּאֲוִיר אֲרֻבָּה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח הַבַּיִת טָמֵא:

If an olive's bulk of a corpse was in the mouth of a raven and it overshadowed the top of a skylight, so that the olive's bulk was found within the airspace of the skylight, then even though there is not in it an opening of a handbreadth, the house is impure.

Halacha 3ג׳

בַּיִת וַאֲרֻבָּה בְּאֶמְצַע תִּקְרַת הַבַּיִת וַעֲלִיָּה עַל גַּבָּיו. וַאֲרֻבָּה אַחֶרֶת יֵשׁ בְּאֶמְצַע תִּקְרַת הָעֲלִיָּה וְהָאֲרֻבּוֹת מְכֻוָּנוֹת זוֹ לְמַעְלָה מִזּוֹ. בֵּין שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּאֲרֻבּוֹת פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח בֵּין שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶן פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח. וְטֻמְאָה בַּבַּיִת. כְּנֶגֶד הָאֲרֻבּוֹת טָהוֹר וְהַשְּׁאָר טָמֵא. הָיְתָה טֻמְאָה כְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבּוֹת הֲרֵי הַבַּיִת כֻּלּוֹ טָהוֹר. הָיוּ בָּאֲרֻבּוֹת פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְהַטֻּמְאָה בֵּין תַּחַת תִּקְרַת הַבַּיִת בֵּין כְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבּוֹת וְנָתַן דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה בֵּין לְמַעְלָה מֵאֲרֻבַּת הַבַּיִת בֵּין לְמַעְלָה מֵאֲרֻבַּת הָעֲלִיָּה הַכּל טָמֵא שֶׁאֵין דָּבָר טָמֵא חוֹצֵץ. נָתַן דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה עַל אֲרֻבַּת הַבַּיִת הַבַּיִת טָמֵא וְהָעֲלִיָּה טְהוֹרָה. נְתָנוֹ עַל אֲרֻבַּת הָעֲלִיָּה הַבַּיִת וְהָעֲלִיָּה טְמֵאִים וּכְנֶגְדוֹ מִלְּמַעְלָה וְלַשָּׁמַיִם טָהוֹר. אֵין בָּאֲרֻבּוֹת פּוֹתֵחַ טֶפַח וְהַטֻּמְאָה תַּחַת תִּקְרַת הַבַּיִת וְנָתַן בֵּין דָּבָר הַמְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה וּבֵין דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה בֵּין עַל אֲרֻבַּת הַבַּיִת בֵּין עַל אֲרֻבַּת הָעֲלִיָּה אֵין טָמֵא אֶלָּא הַבַּיִת שֶׁאֵין טֻמְאָה יוֹצֵאת לָעֲלִיָּה בְּפָחוֹת מִטֶּפַח. הָיְתָה הַטֻּמְאָה כְּנֶגֶד אֲרֻבּוֹת וְנָתַן דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה בֵּין לְמַעְלָן בֵּין לְמַטָּן הַבַּיִת וְהָעֲלִיָּה טְמֵאִין שֶׁהֲרֵי עֵרֵב אֶת הַטֻּמְאָה. נָתַן דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה בֵּין לְמַעְלָן בֵּין לְמַטָּן אֵינוֹ טָמֵא אֶלָּא הַבַּיִת. וְכָל אֵלּוּ הַדִּינִין בְּעוֹשֶׂה אֲרֻבָּה אֲבָל תִּקְרָה שֶׁנִּפְחֲתָה מֵאֵלֶיהָ שִׁעוּרָהּ מְלֹא אֶגְרוֹף כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:

A house with a skylight in the middle of the ceiling of the house, and an upper storey above it, and there is another skylight in the middle of the ceiling of the upper storey, and the skylights are aligned one above the other — whether there is in the skylights an opening of a handbreadth or there is not in them an opening of a handbreadth — and the impurity is in the house: what is opposite the skylights is pure and the rest is impure. If the impurity was opposite the skylights, the whole house is pure. If there was in the skylights an opening of a handbreadth, and the impurity is either beneath the ceiling of the house or opposite the skylights, and he set a thing that receives impurity either above the skylight of the house or above the skylight of the upper storey, all is impure, since an impure thing does not interpose. If he set a thing that does not receive impurity over the skylight of the house, the house is impure and the upper storey is pure. If he set it over the skylight of the upper storey, the house and the upper storey are impure, and what is opposite it from above and up to the sky is pure. If there is not in the skylights an opening of a handbreadth and the impurity is beneath the ceiling of the house, and he set either a thing that receives impurity or a thing that does not receive impurity, whether over the skylight of the house or over the skylight of the upper storey, none is impure but the house, since impurity does not go out to the upper storey through less than a handbreadth. If the impurity was opposite the skylights and he set a thing that receives impurity, whether above them or below them, the house and the upper storey are impure, since he has mingled the impurity. If he set a thing that does not receive impurity, whether above them or below them, none is impure but the house. And all these laws are where one makes a skylight; but a ceiling that broke through of itself, its measure is the fullness of a fist, as we have explained.

…and 2 more halachot in this chapter.

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Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: rendered from the Hebrew for this app — our own, not a borrowed translation