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ויקרא רבה י״גVayikra Rabbah 13

Parashah 13 of 37 in Vayikra Rabbah — 5 sections

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Section 1א׳

וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה וְאֶל אַהֲרֹן לֵאמֹר אֲלֵהֶם (ויקרא יא, א), רַבִּי פִּנְחָס וְרַבִּי יִרְמְיָה פָּתַח (משלי טו, לא): אֹזֶן שֹׁמַעַת תּוֹכַחַת חַיִּים וגו', אֹזֶן שׁוֹמַעַת תּוֹכַחַת חַיִּים, אֵלּוּ בָנָיו שֶׁל אַהֲרֹן. בְּקֶרֶב חֲכָמִים תָּלִין, שֶׁהָיוּ בְּצַד הַמִּיתָה זָכוּ וְנִתְיַחֵד הַדִּבּוּר אֲלֵיהֶם וְעַל אֲבִיהֶם וְעַל אֲחִי אֲבִיהֶם בְּחַיֵּיהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ויקרא י, טז): וְאֵת שְׂעִיר הַחַטָּאת דָּרשׁ דָּרַשׁ משֶׁה, מַהוּ דָּרשׁ דָּרַשׁ, שְׁתֵּי דְּרִישׁוֹת, אָמַר לָהֶם אִם שְׁחַטְתֶּם לָמָּה לֹא אֲכַלְתֶּם, אִם לֹא הֱיִיתֶם עֲתִידִין לֶאֱכֹל לָמָּה שְׁחַטְתֶּם, מִיָּד (ויקרא י, טז): וַיִּקְצֹף עַל אֶלְעָזָר וְעַל אִיתָמָר, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁכָּעַס נִתְעַלְּמָה מִמֶּנּוּ הֲלָכָה. אָמַר רַבִּי הוּנָא בִּשְׁלשָׁה מְקוֹמוֹת כָּעַס משֶׁה וְנִתְעַלְּמָה מִמֶּנּוּ הֲלָכָה, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: בְּשַׁבָּת, וּבִכְלֵי מַתָּכוֹת, וְאוֹנֵן. בְּשַׁבָּת מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות טו, טז): וַיּוֹתִרוּ אֲנָשִׁים מִמֶּנּוּ וגו', כֵּיוָן שֶׁכָּעַס שָׁכַח לוֹמַר לָהֶם הִלְכוֹת שַׁבָּת, אָמַר לָהֶם (שמות טו, כג כה): הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר ה' אִכְלֻהוּ הַיּוֹם כִּי שַׁבָּת הַיּוֹם לַה'. וּבִכְלֵי מַתָּכוֹת מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר לא, יד): וַיִּקְצֹף משֶׁה עַל פְּקוּדֵי הֶחָיִל, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁכָּעַס נִתְעַלְּמָה מִמֶּנּוּ הֲלָכָה, שָׁכַח לוֹמַר לָהֶם הִלְכוֹת כְּלֵי מַתָּכוֹת, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר משֶׁה אָמַר אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן תַּחְתָּיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר לא, כא): וַיֹּאמֶר אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן אֶל אַנְשֵׁי הַצָּבָא, אָמַר לָהֶם לְמשֶׁה רַבִּי צִוָּה וְלִי לֹא צִוָּה. בְּאוֹנֵן מִנַּיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא י, טז): וַיִּקְצֹף עַל אֶלְעָזָר וְעַל אִיתָמָר, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁכָּעַס נִתְעַלְּמָה מִמֶּנּוּ הֲלָכָה שֶׁאוֹנֵן אָסוּר לֶאֱכֹל בַּקֳּדָשִׁים. (ויקרא, י, טז): הַנּוֹתָרִם לֵאמֹר, רַבִּי פִּנְחָס וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אֲמַר לְהוֹן אַף אַתּוּן לָא אִשְׁתְּרֵיתוּן. (ויקרא י, יט): וַיְדַבֵּר אַהֲרֹן אֶל משֶׁה, בְּדִבּוּר עָנָה כְּנֶגְדוֹ, כְּדִכְתִיב (בראשית מב, ל): דִּבֶּר הָאִישׁ אֲדֹנֵי הָאָרֶץ וגו'. (ויקרא י, יט): הֵן הַיּוֹם הִקְרִיבוּ אֶת חַטָּאתָם וְאֶת עֹלָתָם, אָמַר לוֹ הַיּוֹם מֵתוּ בָּנַי וְהַיּוֹם אַקְרִיב קָרְבָּן, הַיּוֹם מֵתוּ וְהַיּוֹם אֹכַל בַּקֳּדָשִׁים, מִיָּד דָּרַשׁ אַהֲרֹן קַל וָחוֹמֶר לְמשֶׁה, וּמַה מַּעֲשֵׂר הַקַּל אָסוּר לְאוֹנֵן חַטָּאת דְּחָמִיר אֵינוֹ דִין שֶׁיְהֵא אָסוּר בְּאוֹנֵן, מִיָּד (ויקרא י, כ): וַיִּשְׁמַע משֶׁה וַיִּיטַב בְּעֵינָיו, הוֹצִיא כָּרוֹז לְכָל הַמַּחֲנֶה וְאָמַר, אֲנִי טָעִיתִי אֶת הַהֲלָכָה וְאַהֲרֹן אָחִי בָּא וְלִמֵּד לִי. אֶלְעָזָר יָדַע אֶת הַהֲלָכָה וְשָׁתַק, אִיתָמָר יָדַע אֶת הַהֲלָכָה וְשָׁתַק, זָכוּ וְנִתְיַחֵד הַדִּבּוּר עֲלֵיהֶם וְעַל אֲבִיהֶם וְעַל אֲחִי אֲבִיהֶם בְּחַיֵּיהֶם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: וַיְדַבֵּר ה' אֶל משֶׁה וְאֶל אַהֲרֹן לֵאמֹר אֲלֵהֶם, תָּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּיא לֵאמֹר אֲלֵהֶם, לַבָּנִים לְאֶלְעָזָר וְאִיתָמָר.

“The Lord spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying to them” (Leviticus 11:1). “The Lord spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying to them.” Rabbi Pinḥas and Rabbi Yirmeya began: “An ear that heeds life’s rebuke…” (Proverbs 15:31). “An ear that heeds life’s rebuke,” these are the sons of Aaron. “Will abide among the wise” (Proverbs 15:31), as they were close to death, yet the divine speech was directed to them, to their father, and to their father’s brother during their lifetimes. That is what is written: “Moses inquired [darosh darash] about the goat of the sin offering [and, behold, it was burned, and he was angry with Elazar and with Itamar, the remaining sons of Aaron, saying]” (Leviticus 10:16). What is darosh darash? Two inquiries; he said to them: ‘If you slaughtered, why did you not eat? If you were not going to eat, why did you slaughter?’ Immediately, “he was angry with Elazar and with Itamar” (Leviticus 10:16). When he became angry, a halakha escaped him. Rabbi Huna said: In three instances, Moses became angry and a halakha escaped him, and these are: Regarding Shabbat, regarding metal vessels, and the acute mourner. Regarding Shabbat, from where is it derived? As it is stated: “People left from it until the morning…[and Moses became angry with them]” (Exodus 16:20). Because he became angry, he forgot to tell them the halakhot of Shabbat. He said to them: “It is what the Lord said…eat it today as it is Shabbat for the Lord” (Exodus 16:23, 25). Regarding metal vessels, from where is it derived? As it is stated: “Moses became angry at the commanders of the army” (Numbers 31:14). Because he became angry, the halakha escaped him; he forgot to tell them the halakhot of metal vessels. Since Moses did not say it, Elazar the priest said it in his stead, as it is stated: “Elazar the priest said to the people of the army: [This is the statute of the law that the Lord commanded Moses]” (Numbers 31:21). He said to them: ‘He commanded to Moses, my master, He did not command me.’ Regarding the acute mourner, from where is it derived? As it is stated: “He was angry with Elazar and with Itamar.” Because he became angry, the halakha escaped him that it is prohibited for an acute mourner to partake of consecrated foods. “The remaining...saying” (Leviticus 10:16). Rabbi Pinḥas and Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon: He said to them: ‘You, too, did not remain.’ “Aaron [vaydaber] spoke to Moses” (Leviticus 10:19). He answered him with harsh speech [dibbur], as it is written: “The man, lord of the land, spoke [dibber] [harshly with us]” (Genesis 42:30). “Indeed, today they presented their sin offering and their burnt offering” (Leviticus 10:19). He said to him: ‘My sons died today, and today I will sacrifice an offering? Today they died, and I will eat consecrated foods today?’ Immediately, Aaron expounded an a fortiori inference to Moses: ‘If the lenient second tithe is prohibited for an acute mourner, is it not logical that the stringent sin offering will be prohibited for the acute mourner?’ Immediately, “Moses heard and he approved” (Leviticus 10:20). He dispatched a herald to the entire camp and said: ‘I was mistaken regarding the halakha, and Aaron my brother came and taught me.’ Elazar knew the halakha and was silent. Itamar knew the halakha and was silent. They merited and the divine speech was directed to them, to their father, and to their father’s brother in their lifetimes. That is what is written: “The Lord spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying to them” – Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: To the sons, Elazar and Itamar.

Section 2ב׳

רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי פָּתַח (חבקוק ג, ו): עָמַד וַיְמֹדֶד אֶרֶץ, מָדַד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּל הָאֻמּוֹת וְלֹא מָצָא אֻמָּה שֶׁהָיְתָה רְאוּיָה לְקַבֵּל אֶת הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא דּוֹר הַמִּדְבָּר. מָדַד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּל הֶהָרִים וְלֹא מָצָא הַר שֶׁתִּנָּתֶן בּוֹ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא סִינָי. מָדַד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת כָּל הָעֲיָרוֹת וְלֹא מָצָא עִיר שֶׁיִּבָּנֶה בּוֹ בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ אֶלָּא יְרוּשָׁלָיִם. מָדַד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת וְלֹא מָצָא אֶרֶץ שֶׁרְאוּיָה לִנָּתֵן לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: עָמַד וַיְמֹדֶד אֶרֶץ רָאָה וַיַּתֵּר וגו'. רַב אָמַר דָּמָן שֶׁל כְּנַעֲנִים הִתִּיר וּמָמוֹנָן הִתִּיר, דָּמָן הִתִּיר (דברים כ, טז): לֹא תְחַיֶּה כָּל נְשָׁמָה, מָמוֹנָן הִתִּיר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ, יד): וְאָכַלְתָּ אֶת שְׁלַל אֹיְבֶיךָ. רַבִּי הוּנָא אָמַר הִתִּיר זוֹנִין שֶׁלָּהֶן, כְּדִכְתִיב (איוב יב, יח): מוּסַר מְלָכִים פִּתֵּחַ. עוּלָא בִּירָאָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי אָמַר מָשָׁל לְאֶחָד שֶׁיָּצָא לַגֹּרֶן וְכַלְבּוֹ וַחֲמוֹרוֹ עִמּוֹ, הִטְעִין לַחֲמוֹרוֹ חָמֵשׁ סְאִין וּלְכַלְבּוֹ שְׁנֵי סְאִין, וְהָיָה הַחֲמוֹר מְהַלֵּךְ וְהַכֶּלֶב מַלְחִית, נָטַל מִמֶּנּוּ אֶחָד וְנָתַן עַל גַּבֵּי הַחֲמוֹר, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן הָיָה מַלְחִית, אָמַר לֵיהּ אַתְּ טָעוּן מַלְחִית לֵית אַתְּ טָעוּן מַלְחִית. כָּךְ אֲפִלּוּ שֶׁבַע מִצְווֹת שֶׁקִּבְּלוּ בְּנֵי נֹחַ כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא יָכְלוּ לַעֲמֹד בָּהֶן עָמַד וּפְרָקוּם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בַּר חֲנִילָאי, מָשָׁל לְרוֹפֵא שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְבַקֵּר שְׁנֵי חוֹלִים, אֶחָד לְחַיִּים וְאֶחָד לְמִיתָה, אָמַר לָזֶה שֶׁל חַיִּים זֶה תֹּאכַל וְזֶה לֹא תֹאכַל, וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ לְחַיִּים אָמַר, כָּל דְּבָעֵי הָבוּ לֵיהּ. כָּךְ עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים שֶׁאֵינָן לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא כְּתִיב בָּהֶם (בראשית ט, ג): כְּיֶרֶק עֵשֶׂב נָתַתִּי לָכֶם אֶת כֹּל. אֲבָל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהֵם לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא (דברים יד, ד): זֹאת הַבְּהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכֵלוּ.

Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai began: “He stood and assessed the earth” (Habakkuk 3:6). The Holy One blessed be He assessed all the nations and did not find a nation that was worthy of receiving the Torah other than [the Israelites in] the generation of the Wilderness. The Holy One blessed be He assessed all the mountains and did not find a mountain that was worthy for the Torah to be received upon it other than Sinai. The Holy One blessed be He assessed all the cities and did not find a city in which the Temple should be built other than Jerusalem. The Holy One blessed be He assessed all the lands and did not find a land worthy to be given to Israel other than the Land of Israel. That is what is written: “He stood and assessed the earth. He saw and disbanded [vayater] [nations. Endless mountains exploded; eternal hills were laid low. The ways of the world are His]” (Habakkuk 3:6). Rav said: He permitted [hitir] the blood of the Canaanites and permitted [seizure of] their property. He permitted their blood: “You shall not allow a soul to remain alive” (Deuteronomy 20:16). He permitted their property, as it is stated: “You shall consume the spoils of your enemies” (Deuteronomy 20:14). Rabbi Huna said: He removed [hitir] their weapon belts, as it is written: “He loosened the bonds of kings” (Job 12:18). Ulla Bira’a said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai: This is analogous to one who went out to the threshing floor and his dog and his donkey were with him. He loaded five se’a onto his donkey and two se’a onto his dog. The donkey was walking and the dog was collapsing. He took one from it and placed it upon the donkey. Nevertheless, [the dog] was collapsing. He said to it: ‘When you are loaded, you collapse [and even] when you are not loaded you collapse.’ So too, when the descendants of Noah were unable to bear even the seven mitzvot that they received , He arose and unloaded them to Israel. Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai said: This is analogous to a doctor who entered to visit two ill people, one [with a prognosis] to live and one [with a prognosis] to die. To the one [with a prognosis] to live, he said: ‘Eat this, do not eat that.’ Of the one [whose prognosis] was not to live, he said: ‘Give him anything that he wants.’ So too, of the idolaters, who are not destined for life in the World to Come, it is written: “Like green vegetation I have given you everything” (Genesis 9:3). But for Israel, who are destined to life in the World to Come: “This is the animal that you may eat” (Deuteronomy 14:4).

Section 3ג׳

דָּבָר אַחֵר, זֹאת הַבְּהֵמָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (משלי ל, ה): כָּל אִמְרַת אֱלוֹהַּ צְרוּפָה, רַב אָמַר לֹא נִתְּנוּ הַמִּצְווֹת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא לְצָרֵף בָּהֶן אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, וְכָל כָּךְ לָמָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ל, ה): מָגֵן הוּא לְכָל הַחֹסִים בּוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן כָּל בְּהֵמוֹת וְלִוְיָתָן הֵן קֶנִיגִין שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, וְכָל מִי שֶׁלֹּא רָאָה קֶנִיגִין שֶׁל אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, זוֹכֶה לִרְאוֹתָהּ לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, כֵּיצַד הֵם נִשְׁחָטִים, בְּהֵמוֹת נוֹתֵץ לַלִּוְיָתָן בְּקַרְנָיו וְקוֹרְעוֹ, וְלִוְיָתָן נוֹתֵץ לַבְּהֵמוֹת בִּסְנַפִּירָיו וְנוֹחֲרוֹ. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים זוֹ שְׁחִיטָה כְּשֵׁרָה הִיא, וְלֹא כָּךְ תָּנִינַן הַכֹּל שׁוֹחֲטִין וּבַכֹּל שׁוֹחֲטִין וּלְעוֹלָם שׁוֹחֲטִין חוּץ מִמַּגַּל קָצִיר, וְהַמְגֵרָה, וְהַשִּׁנַּיִם, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן חוֹנְקִין. אָמַר רַבִּי אָבִין בַּר כַּהֲנָא אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (ישעיה נא, ד): תּוֹרָה חֲדָשָׁה מֵאִתִּי תֵצֵא, חִדּוּשׁ תּוֹרָה מֵאִתִּי תֵצֵא. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִצְחָק אֲרִיסְטוֹן עָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַעֲשׂוֹת לַעֲבָדָיו הַצַּדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא וְכָל מִי שֶׁלֹּא אָכַל נְבֵלוֹת בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה זוֹכֶה לִרְאוֹתוֹ לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ויקרא ז, כד): וְחֵלֶב נְבֵלָה וְחֵלֶב טְרֵפָה יֵעָשֶׂה לְכָל מְלָאכָה וְאָכֹל לֹא תֹאכְלֻהוּ, בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁתֹּאכְלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, לְפִיכָךְ משֶׁה מַזְהִיר לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְאוֹמֵר לָהֶם (ויקרא יא, ב): זֹאת הַחַיָּה אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכֵלוּ.

Another matter, “this is the animal” – that is what is written: “Every saying of God is refined” (Proverbs 30:5). Rav said: The mitzvot were given to Israel only to refine mankind with them. Why to that extent? “He is a shield for all who rely on Him (Proverbs 30:5). Rabbi Yudan ben Rabbi Shimon said: The Behemoth and the Leviathan will engage in an animal fight before the righteous in the future. Anyone who was not a spectator at the animal fights of the nations of the world in this world, will merit to see it in the World to Come. How will they be slaughtered? The Behemoth will stab the Leviathan with its horns and tear it open, and the Leviathan will smash the Behemoth with its fins and stab it to death. The Sages say: Is this a valid ritual slaughter? But did we not learn: Everyone slaughters, and one may always slaughter, and one may slaughter with any item, except for the serrated side of the harvest sickle, a saw, the teeth of an animal, and a fingernail, because they strangle? Rabbi Avin bar Kahana said: The Holy One blessed be He said: “For [a new] Torah will emerge from Me” (Isaiah 51:4); a novel Torah ruling will emerge from Me. Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak: The Holy One blessed be He is destined to make a feast for His righteous servants in the future, and anyone who did not partake of unslaughtered carcasses in this world will be privileged to see it in the World to Come. That is what is written: “And the fat of an unslaughtered carcass and the fat of a mauled animal may be used for all labor; but you shall not eat it [ve’akhol lo tokheluhu]” (Leviticus 7:24). So that you will be able to partake of it in the future, therefore Moses cautions Israel and says to them: “These are the living beings that you may eat” (Leviticus 11:2).

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Vayikra Rabbah — Midrash Rabbah, TE edition, via Sefaria

English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 — CC BY