ויקרא רבה א׳Vayikra Rabbah 1

Section 1א׳

וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה, רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בַּר חֲנִילָאי פָּתַח (תהלים קג, כ): בָּרְכוּ ה' מַלְאָכָיו גִּבֹּרֵי כֹחַ עֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ וגו', בַּמֶּה הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר אִם בָּעֶלְיוֹנִים הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר וַהֲלוֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר (תהלים קג, כא): בָּרְכוּ ה' כָּל צְבָאָיו, הָא אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בַּתַּחְתּוֹנִים, עֶלְיוֹנִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהֵן יְכוֹלִין לַעֲמֹד בְּתַפְקִידָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נֶאֱמַר: בָּרְכוּ ה' כָּל צְבָאָיו, אֲבָל תַּחְתּוֹנִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁאֵינָן יְכוֹלִין לַעֲמֹד בְּתַפְקִידָיו שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: בָּרְכוּ ה' מַלְאָכָיו וְלֹא כָל מַלְאָכָיו. דָּבָר אַחֵר, נִקְרְאוּ הַנְּבִיאִים מַלְאָכִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (במדבר כ, טז): וַיִּשְׁלַח מַלְאָךְ וַיֹּצִיאֵנוּ מִמִּצְרָיִם וגו', וְכִי מַלְאַךְ ה' הָיָה וַהֲלוֹא משֶׁה הָיָה, וְלָמָּה קוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ מַלְאָךְ, אֶלָּא מִכָּאן שֶׁהַנְּבִיאִים נִקְרָאִים מַלְאָכִים. וְדִכְוָתֵיהּ (שופטים ב, א): וַיַּעַל מַלְאַךְ ה' מִן הַגִּלְגָּל אֶל הַבֹּכִים, וְכִי מַלְאָךְ הָיָה וַהֲלוֹא פִּנְחָס הָיָה, וְלָמָּה קוֹרֵא אוֹתוֹ מַלְאָךְ, אֶלָּא אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן פִּנְחָס בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיְתָה רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ שׁוֹרָה עָלָיו, הָיוּ פָּנָיו בּוֹעֲרוֹת כַּלַּפִּידִים. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל מָנוֹחַ מָה הָיְתָה אוֹמֶרֶת לוֹ (שופטים יג, ו): [הנה] אִישׁ [ה]אֱלֹהִים בָּא אֵלַי וּמַרְאֵהוּ כְּמַרְאֵה מַלְאַךְ הָאֱלֹהִים, כַּסְּבוּרָה בוֹ שֶׁהוּא נָבִיא וְאֵינוֹ אֶלָּא מַלְאָךְ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִבֵּית אָב שֶׁלָּהֶן נִקְרְאוּ הַנְּבִיאִים מַלְאָכִים, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (חגי א, יג): וַיֹּאמֶר חַגַּי מַלְאַךְ ה' בְּמַלְאֲכוּת ה', הָא עַל כָּרְחֲךָ אַתָּה לָמֵד שֶׁמִּבֵּית אָב שֶׁלָּהֶן נִקְרְאוּ הַנְּבִיאִים מַלְאָכִים, (תהלים קג, כ): גִּבֹּרֵי כֹחַ עֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ, בַּמֶּה הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי שְׁבִיעִית הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם עוֹשֶׂה מִצְוָה לְיוֹם אֶחָד, לְשַׁבָּת אֶחָת, לְחֹדֶשׁ אֶחָד, שֶׁמָּא לִשְׁאָר יְמוֹת הַשָּׁנָה, וְדֵין חָמֵי חַקְלֵיהּ בָּיְרָה כַּרְמֵיהּ בָּיְרָה וְיָהֵב אַרְנוֹנָא וְשָׁתִיק, יֵשׁ לְךָ גִּבּוֹר גָּדוֹל מִזֶּה. וְאִם תֹּאמַר אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי שְׁבִיעִית, נֶאֱמַר כָּאן: עֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן (דברים טו, ב): וְזֶה דְבַר הַשְּׁמִטָּה, מַה דָּבָר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי שְׁבִיעִית הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, אַף דָּבָר הָאָמוּר כָּאן בְּשׁוֹמְרֵי שְׁבִיעִית הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. עֹשֵׂי דְבָרוֹ, רַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמַר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁעָמְדוּ לִפְנֵי הַר סִינַי הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר שֶׁהִקְדִּימוּ עֲשִׂיָּה לִשְׁמִיעָה וְאָמְרֵי (שמות כד, ז): כֹּל אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר ה' נַעֲשֶׂה וְנִשְׁמָע. לִשְׁמֹעַ בְּקוֹל דְּבָרוֹ, אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּם בַּר חֲנִילָאי בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם מַשּׂוֹי שֶׁקָשֶׁה לְאֶחָד נוֹחַ לִשְׁנַיִם, וְלִשְׁנַיִם נוֹחַ לְאַרְבָּעָה, אוֹ שֶׁמָּא מַשּׂוֹי שֶׁקָּשֶׁה לְשִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא נוֹחַ לְאֶחָד, כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמְדִים לִפְנֵי הַר סִינַי וְאוֹמְרִים (דברים ה, כב): אִם יֹסְפִים אֲנַחְנוּ לִשְׁמֹעַ וגו', וּמשֶׁה שׁוֹמֵעַ קוֹל הַדִּבּוּר עַצְמוֹ וְחָיָה. תֵּדַע לְךָ שֶׁהוּא כֵּן, שֶׁמִּכֻּלָּן לֹא קָרָא אֶלָּא לְמשֶׁה, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר: וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה.

“He called to Moses, and the Lord spoke to him from the Tent of Meeting, saying” (Leviticus 1:1). “He called to Moses” – Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai began: “Bless the Lord, His emissaries [malakhav], mighty in strength, who perform His bidding…” (Psalms 103:20). Regarding whom is the verse speaking? If the verse is speaking of the supernal, but is it not already stated: “Bless the Lord, all His hosts” (Psalms 103:21)? It is speaking, rather, of the earthly. Because the supernal are able to successfully perform the tasks of the Holy One blessed be He, it is stated [of them]: “Bless the Lord, all His hosts.” But because the earthly are unable to successfully perform the tasks of the Holy One blessed be He, it is stated [of them]: “Bless the Lord, His emissaries,” but not all his emissaries. Another matter: The prophets were called malakhim – that is what is written: “He sent a malakh and took us out of Egypt…” (Numbers 20:16). Was it an angel? Was it not Moses? Why does it call him a malakh? It is because the prophets are called malakhim. Similarly, “The malakh of the Lord ascended from Gilgal to Bokhim” (Judges 2:1) – was it an angel? Was it not Pinḥas? Why does it call him a malakh? Rather, Rabbi Simon said: When the Divine Spirit would rest upon Pinḥas, his face would shine like a torch. The Rabbis say: What was Manoaḥ’s wife saying to him? “a man of God came to me, and his appearance was like the appearance of an angel of God” (Judges 13:6). She thought that he was a prophet, but he was none other than an angel. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: By their very nature the prophets are called malakhim. That is what is written: “Haggai, the malakh of the Lord, on mission from the Lord, said” (Haggai 1:13). Perforce, you learn that by their very nature, the prophets are called malakhim. “Mighty in strength, who perform His bidding” (Psalms 103:20) – regarding whom is the verse speaking? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: The verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year. The way of the world is that a person performs a mitzva for one day, for one week, for one month. But does one do so for the rest of the days of the year? Yet this one sees his field fallow, his vineyard fallow, and pays his land tax and remains silent. Is there anyone mightier than that? If you say that it is not speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year, it is stated here: “Who perform His bidding [devaro],” and it is stated there: “This is the matter of [devar] the Sabbatical Year” (Deuteronomy 15:2). Just as when davar is stated there the verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year, so too, when davar stated here, the verse is speaking of those who observe the Sabbatical Year. “Who perform His bidding” – Rabbi Huna said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: The verse is speaking of Israel when they stood before Mount Sinai, for having preceded performance to heeding and having said: “Everything that the Lord has spoken we will perform and we will heed” (Exodus 24:7). “Hearing His word” (Psalms 103:20) – Rabbi Tanḥum bar Ḥanilai said: The way of the world is that a burden that is difficult for one is easy for two; [one that is difficult] for two is easy for four. But can a burden that is difficult for six hundred thousand be easy for one? All of Israel was standing before Mount Sinai and saying: “If we continue to hear [the voice of the Lord our God, we will die]” (Deuteronomy 5:22), and Moses was hearing the voice of the divine speech himself, and he lived. Know that it is so, as from all of them, He called only Moses. That is why it is stated: “He called to Moses.”

Section 2ב׳

רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ פָּתַח (הושע יד, ח): יָשֻׁבוּ ישְׁבֵי בְצִלּוֹ, אֵלּוּ הַגֵּרִים שֶׁבָּאִין וְחוֹסִין בְּצִלּוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, (הושע יד, ח): יְחַיּוּ דָּגָן, נַעֲשׂוּ עִקָּר כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, כְּמָה דְּתֵימַר (זכריה ט, יז): דְּגַן בַּחוּרִים וְתִירשׁ יְנוֹבֵב בְּתוּלוֹת. (הושע יד, ח): וְיִפְרְחוּ כַגָּפֶן, כְּמָה דְתֵימַר (תהלים פ, ט): גֶּפֶן מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּסִּיעַ תְּגָרֵשׁ גּוֹיִם וַתִּטָּעֶהָ. דָּבָר אַחֵר (הושע יד, ח): יְחַיּוּ דָּגָן, בַּתַּלְמוּד. (הושע יד, ח): וְיִפְרְחוּ כַגָּפֶן, בְּאַגָּדָה. (הושע יד, ח): זִכְרוֹ כְּיֵין לְבָנוֹן, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חָבִיב עָלַי שְׁמוֹתָם שֶׁל גֵּרִים כְּיֵין נֶסֶךְ שֶׁקָּרֵב לְפָנַי עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ לְבָנוֹן, עַל שֵׁם (דברים ג, כה): הָהָר הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה וְהַלְּבָנֹן. תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי, לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ לְבָנוֹן שֶׁמַּלְבִּין עֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּשֶׁלֶג, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה א, יח): אִם יִהְיוּ חֲטָאֵיכֶם כַּשָּׁנִים כַּשֶּׁלֶג יַלְבִּינוּ וְאִם יַאְדִּימוּ כַתּוֹלָע כַּצֶּמֶר יִהְיוּ, רַבִּי טַבְיוֹמֵי אָמַר עַל שֵׁם שֶׁכָּל לְבָבוֹת שְׂמֵחִים בּוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים מח, ג): יְפֵה נוֹף מְשׂוֹשׂ כָּל הָאָרֶץ וגו'. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי עַל שֵׁם (מלכים א ט, ג): וְהָיוּ עֵינַי וְלִבִּי שָׁם כָּל הַיָּמִים.

Rabbi Abbahu began: “Those who dwell in His shade will return” (Hosea 14:8) – these are the proselytes who come and take shelter in the shade of the Holy One blessed be He. “They will give life to grain” (Hosea 14:8) – they will become primary like Israel, just as it says: “There will be grain for the young men, and new wine will make the young women sing” (Zechariah 9:17). “They will blossom like the vine” (Hosea 14:8) – just as it says: “You transported a vine from Egypt, drove out the nations and planted it” (Psalms 80:9). Another matter: “They will give life to grain” (Hosea 14:8) – in the Talmud. “They will blossom like the vine” (Hosea 14:8) – in aggada. “Its repute will be like the wine of Lebanon” (Hosea 14:8) – the Holy One blessed be He said: The names of proselytes are dear to me like wine libations that are offered before Me on the altar. Why is [the Temple] called Lebanon? It is in accordance with: “That good mountain and the Lebanon” (Deuteronomy 3:25). Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: Why is it called Lebanon? Because it whitens [malbin] the iniquities of Israel like snow. That is what is written: “If your sins will be like scarlet, they will be whitened as snow; if they will be reddened like crimson, they will be like wool” (Isaiah 1:18). Rabbi Tavyomei said: It is because all the hearts [levavot] rejoice in it. That is what is written: “Beautiful in its view, joy of the entire world…” (Psalms 48:3). The Rabbis say: It is in accordance with: “My eyes and My heart [velibi] will be there always” (I Kings 9:3).

Section 3ג׳

רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי וְרַבִּי חָמָא אֲבוּהָ דְּרַבִּי הוֹשַׁעְיָא בְּשֵׁם רַב, אָמְרֵי, לֹא נִתַּן דִּבְרֵי הַיָּמִים אֶלָּא לִדָּרֵשׁ, (דברי הימים א ד, יח): וְאִשְׁתּוֹ הַיְּהֻדִיָּה יָלְדָה אֶת יֶרֶד אֲבִי גְדוֹר וגו', וְאִשְׁתּוֹ הַיְּהֻדִיָּה, זוֹ יוֹכֶבֶד, וְכִי מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל יְהוּדָה הָיְתָה וַהֲלוֹא מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי הָיְתָה וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ יְהֻדִיָּה, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁהֶעֱמִידָה יְהוּדִים בָּעוֹלָם. יָלְדָה אֶת יֶרֶד, זֶה משֶׁה. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פָּפָּא וְרַבִּי סִימוֹן, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בַּר פָּפָּא אָמַר יֶרֶד שֶׁהוֹרִיד אֶת הַתּוֹרָה מִלְּמַעְלָה לְמַטָּה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, יֶרֶד, שֶׁהוֹרִיד אֶת הַשְּׁכִינָה מִלְּמַעְלָה לְמַטָּה, אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן אֵין לְשׁוֹן יֶרֶד אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן מְלוּכָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימַר (תהלים עב, ח): וְיֵרְדְּ מִיָּם עַד יָם, וּכְתִיב (מלכים א ה, ד): כִּי הוּא רֹדֶה בְּכָל עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר. אֲבִי גְדוֹר, רַבִּי הוּנָא בַּר אַחָא אָמַר הַרְבֵּה גּוֹדְרִין עָמְדוּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל וְזֶה הָיָה אֲבִיהֶן שֶׁל כֻּלָּן. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): חֶבֶר, שֶׁחִבֵּר אֶת הַבָּנִים לַאֲבִיהֶן שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, חֶבֶר, שֶׁהֶעֱבִיר הַפֻּרְעָנִיּוּת מִלָּבוֹא בָּעוֹלָם. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): אֲבִי סוֹכוֹ, שֶׁהָיָה אֲבִיהֶן שֶׁל נְבִיאִים שֶׁסּוֹכִים בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ. רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר לְשׁוֹן עֲרָבִי הוּא, בַּעֲרַבְיָא קוֹרִין לְנָבִיא סַכְיָא. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): יְקוּתִיאֵל, רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבִּי סִימָא אָמְרוּ שֶׁעָשָׂה אֶת הַבָּנִים מְקַוִּין לַאֲבִיהֶם שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): אֲבִי זָנוֹחַ, זֶה משֶׁה שֶׁהָיָה אָב לַמַּזְנִיחִים שֶׁהִזְנִיחוּם מֵעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות לב, כ): וַיִּזֶּר עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם וגו'. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): וְאֵלֶּה בְּנֵי בִּתְיָה בַת פַּרְעֹה, רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר לָהּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְבִתְיָה בַּת פַּרְעֹה, משֶׁה לֹא הָיָה בְּנֵךְ וּקְרָאתוֹ בְּנֵךְ, אַף אַתְּ לֹא אַתְּ בִּתִּי וַאֲנִי קוֹרֵא אוֹתָךְ בִּתִּי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: אֵלֶּה בְּנֵי בִּתְיָה, בַּת יָהּ. (דברי הימים א ד, יח): אֲשֶׁר לָקַח [לו] מָרֶד, זֶה כָּלֵב. רַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר כַּהֲנָא וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן חַד אָמַר זֶה מָרַד בַּעֲצַת מְרַגְּלִים וְזוֹ מָרְדָה בַּעֲצַת אָבִיהָ, יָבוֹא מוֹרֵד וְיִקַּח אֶת הַמּוֹרָדֶת. וְחַד אָמַר זֶה הִצִּיל אֶת הַצֹּאן וְזוֹ הִצִּילָה אֶת הָרוֹעֶה. עֲשָׂרָה שֵׁמוֹת נִקְרְאוּ לוֹ לְמשֶׁה: יֶרֶד: חֶבֶר: יְקוּתִיאֵל: אֲבִי גְדוֹר: אֲבִי סוֹכוֹ: אֲבִי זָנוֹחַ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי אִלְעָאי אָמַר אַף טוֹבִיָּה שְׁמוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות ב, ב): וַתֵּרֶא אֹתוֹ כִּי טוֹב הוּא, כִּי טוֹבִיָּה הוּא. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בַּר אַמֵּי אָמַר אַף שְׁמַעְיָה שְׁמוֹ. אָתָא רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּר נְחֶמְיָה וּפֵרַשׁ הָדֵין קְרָיָא (דברי הימים א כד, ו): וַיִּכְתְּבֵם שְׁמַעְיָה בֶן נְתַנְאֵל הַסּוֹפֵר וגו', שְׁמַעְיָה, שֶׁשָּׁמַע יָהּ תְּפִלָּתוֹ. בֶּן נְתַנְאֵל וגו' בֵּן שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לוֹ תּוֹרָה מִיַּד לְיַד. הַסּוֹפֵר, שֶׁהָיָה סוֹפְרָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. הַלֵּוִי, שֶׁהָיָה מִשִּׁבְטוֹ שֶׁל לֵוִי. לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ וְהַשָּׂרִים, לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא וּבֵית דִּינוֹ. וְצָדוֹק, זֶה אַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן. וַאֲחִימֶלֶךְ, שֶׁהָיָה אָחִיו שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ. בֶּן אֶבְיָתָר, שֶׁוִּתֵּר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל יָדָיו מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל. רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה אָמַר אַף לֵוִי הָיָה שְׁמוֹ עַל עִקַּר מִשְׁפַּחְתּוֹ (שמות ד, יד): הֲלֹא אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ הַלֵּוִי. וּמשֶׁה, הֲרֵי עֲשָׂרָה, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה חַיֶּיךָ מִכָּל שֵׁמוֹת שֶׁנִּקְרְאוּ לְךָ אֵינִי קוֹרֵא אוֹתְךָ אֶלָּא בַּשֵּׁם שֶׁקְּרָאַתְךָ בִּתְיָה בַת פַּרְעֹה (שמות ב, י): וַתִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ משֶׁה, וַיִּקְרָא אֶל משֶׁה.

Rabbi Simon, in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, and Rabbi Ḥama father of Rabbi Hoshaya, in the name of Rav, said: Chronicles was given only for expounding. “His Judahite wife bore Yered father of Gedor, [Ḥever father of Sokho, and Yekutiel father of Zano'aḥ; these are the sons of Bitya daughter of Pharaoh whom Mered took as a wife]” (I Chronicles 4:18). “His Judahite wife” – this is Yokheved. Was she from the tribe of Judah? Was she not from the tribe of Levi? Why was she called Judahite? It is because she brought Jews into the world. “Bore Yered” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Moses. Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa and Rabbi Simon: Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa said: “Yered” – because he brought down [horid] the Torah from [the heavens] above to [the earth] below. Alternatively: “Yered” – because he brought down the Divine Presence from [the heavens] above to [the earth] below. Rabbi Simon said: Yered is nothing other than an expression of kingship, just as it says: “He will rule [veyerd] from sea to sea” (Psalms 72:8); and it is written: “For he ruled [rodeh] over the entire region beyond the river” (I Kings 5:4). “Father of Gedor” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Huna bar Aḥa said: Many fence builders [goderin] stood for Israel, but [Moses] was the father of them all. “Ḥever” (I Chronicles 4:18) – because he connected [ḥiber] the children to their Father in Heaven; alternatively, “Ḥever” – who prevented [he’evir] calamity from coming to the world. “Father of Sokho” (I Chronicles 4:18) – as he was the father of the prophets who see [sokhin] by means of the Divine Spirit. Rabbi Levi said: It is an Arabic expression, as in Arabia they call prophets sakhya. “Yekutiel” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Levi and Rabbi Sima said: He rendered the children hopeful [mekavin] toward their Father in Heaven. “Father of Zano’aḥ” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Moses, who was the father of those who cause abandonment [mazniḥim], who caused them to abandon idol worship. That is what is written: “[He took the calf which they had made, burnt it with fire, ground it to powder, and] scattered it over the water, [and he made the children of Israel drink from it]” (Exodus 32:20). “These are the sons of Bitya daughter of Pharaoh” (I Chronicles 4:18) – Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: The Holy One blessed be He said to Bitya daughter of Pharaoh: ‘Moses was not your son, but you called him your son; you, too, are not My daughter, but I call you My daughter,’ as it is stated: “These are the sons of Bitya,” the daughter of God [bat Yah]. “Whom Mered took” (I Chronicles 4:18) – this is Caleb. Rabbi Abba bar Kahana and Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon: One said: He rebelled [marad] against the counsel of the scouts, and she rebelled [mareda] against the counsel of her father; let the rebel come and take the rebel. One said: He rescued the flock, and she rescued the shepherd. Moses was called ten names: Yered, Ḥever, Yekutiel, Avi Gedor, Avi Sokho, Avi Zano’aḥ. Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Ilai said: Toviya is also his name. That is what is written: “She saw him that he was good [tov]” (Exodus 2:2) – that he was Toviya. Rabbi Yishmael bar Ami said: Shemaya is also his name. Rabbi Yehoshua bar Neḥemya came and explained this verse: “Shemaya son of Netanel the scribe [from the Levites] recorded them [before the king, the princes, Tzadok the priest, Aḥimelekh son of Evyatar, and the heads of the patrilineal houses of the priests and of the Levites]” (I Chronicles 24:6): “Shemaya” – because the Lord heard [shama Yah] his prayer. “Son of Netanel” – a son to whom the Torah was given [shenitena] from hand to hand. “The scribe” – because he was the scribe of Israel. “Levite” – because he was from the tribe of Levi. “Before the king and the princes” – before the King of kings, the Holy One blessed be He, and [before] His court. “Tzadok” – this is Aaron the priest. “Aḥimelekh” – because he was the brother [aḥ] of the king [melekh]. “Son of Evyatar” – because through him, the Holy One blessed be He overlooked [viter] for them the incident of the calf. Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa: Levite was also his name after the forebear of his family: “Is not Aaron the Levite your brother?” (Exodus 4:14). And Moses, that is ten. The Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: As you live, from all the names that you were called, I will call you only by the name that Bitya daughter of Pharaoh called you: “She called his name Moses” (Exodus 2:10). “He called to Moses.”