שיר השירים רבה ז׳Shir HaShirim Rabbah 7

Verse 1 · 1א׳

שׁוּבִי שׁוּבִי הַשּׁוּלַמִּית, רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר חִיָּא בַּר יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, אַרְבַּע פְּעָמִים כְּתִיב כָּאן שׁוּבִי שׁוּבִי, כְּנֶגֶד אַרְבַּע מַלְכֻיּוֹת שֶׁשּׁוֹלְטִין בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל נִכְנָסִין תּוֹךְ יְדֵיהֶן בְּשָׁלוֹם וְיוֹצְאִין לְשָׁלוֹם, הַשּׁוּלַמִּית, אֻמָּה שֶׁשָּׁלוֹם חֵי הָעוֹלָמִים מִתְנַהֵג בָּהּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמואל ב ז, ו): וָאֶהְיֶה מִתְהַלֵּךְ בְּאֹהֶל וּבְמִשְׁכָּן. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הַשּׁוּלַמִּית, אֻמָּה שֶׁמְסַיְּמִים לָהּ שָׁלוֹם בְּכָל יוֹם, הֵיאַךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (במדבר ו, כו): וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הַשּׁוּלַמִּית, אֻמָּה שֶׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לְהוֹשִׁיבָהּ בִּנְוֵה שָׁלוֹם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה לב, יח): וְיָשַׁב עַמִּי בִּנְוֵה שָׁלוֹם וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, הַשּׁוּלַמִּית, אֻמָּה שֶׁאֲנִי נוֹטֶה עָלֶיהָ שָׁלוֹם, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה סו, יב): הִנְנִי נֹטֶה אֵלֶיהָ כְּנָהָר שָׁלוֹם. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּר רַבִּי מָרוֹן אָמַר אֻמָּה שֶׁמַּשְׁלֶמֶת אִיסְטַטְיוֹנְוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, הֵן בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה הֵן בָּעוֹלָם הַבָּא. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, אֻמָּה שֶׁכָּל טוֹבוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אֵינָן בָּאוֹת אֶלָּא בִּזְכוּתָהּ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית כז, כח): וְיִתֶּן לְךָ הָאֱלֹהִים מִטַּל הַשָּׁמַיִם וּמִשְׁמַנֵּי הָאָרֶץ, לְךָ בִּזְכוּתְךָ וּבְךָ הַדָּבָר תָּלוּי, דִּכְתִיב (דברים כח, יב): יִפְתַּח ה' לְךָ אֶת אוֹצָרוֹ הַטּוֹב, בִּזְכוּתְךָ וּבְךָ הַדָּבָר תָּלוּי. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר תַּנְחוּם וְרַבִּי חָנָן בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בּוֹצְרָיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה אֻמָּה שֶׁעָשְׂתָה שָׁלוֹם בֵּינִי וּבֵין עוֹלָמִי, שֶׁאִלּוּ לֹא קִבְּלָה תּוֹרָתִי הָיִיתִי מַחֲזִיר עוֹלָמִי לְתֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ, דְּאָמַר הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא כְּתִיב (תהלים עה, ד): נְמוֹגִים אֶרֶץ וְכָל ישְׁבֶיהָ, אִלּוּלֵי שֶׁעָמְדוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי הַר סִינַי וְאָמְרוּ (שמות כד, ז): כֹּל אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר ה' נַעֲשֶׂה וְנִשְׁמָע, כְּבָר הָיָה הָעוֹלָם מִתְגַּמְגֵּם וְהוֹלֵךְ, וּמִי בִּסֵּם הָעוֹלָם, אָנֹכִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים עה, ד): אָנֹכִי תִכַּנְתִּי עַמּוּדֶיהָ סֶלָּה, בִּזְכוּת (שמות כ, ב): אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ, תִּכַּנְתִּי עַמּוּדֶיהָ.

“Return, return, O Shulamite; return, return, and we will gaze upon you. Why will you gaze at the Shulamite like at a dance of two companies?” (Song of Songs 7:1) “Return, return, O Shulamite,” Rabbi Shmuel bar Ḥiyya bar Yudan [said] in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina: Four times “return,” is written here, corresponding to the four kingdoms that rule over Israel. Israel comes under their control unscathed and emerges unscathed. “The Shulamite,” a nation in whose midst the eternal One who lives in peace [shalom] moves about; that is what is written: “I have moved about in a tent and a Tabernacle” (II Samuel 7:6). Another matter, “the Shulamite,” a nation to whom [a blessing] concluding with peace is [recited] each day, just as it says: “And grant you peace [shalom]” (Numbers 6:26). Alternatively, “the Shulamite,” the nation that I am destined to settle in an abode of peace; that is what is written: “My people will live in a peaceful abode…” (Isaiah 32:18). Another matter, “the Shulamite,” the nation to whom I extend peace; that is what is written: “Behold, I will extend peace toward it” (Isaiah 66:12). Rabbi Elazar bar Rabbi Maron said: A nation that completes [mashlemet] the stability of the world, both in this world and in the World to Come. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: A nation that all the good of the word comes only due to its merit. That is what is written: “God will give you from the dew of the heavens, and from the fat of the earth” (Genesis 27:28); “you,” the matter is dependent upon you and your merit, as it is written: “The Lord will open for you His good storehouse” (Deuteronomy 28:12), the matter is dependent upon you and your merit. Rabbi Shmuel bar Tanḥum and Rabbi Ḥanan, the son of Rabbi Berekhya from Botzra, [said] in the name of Rabbi Yirmeya: The nation that made peace between Me and My world, as had they not accepted My Torah, I would have returned My world to emptiness and disorder, as Huna said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: It is written: “The earth and all its inhabitants melt away” (Psalms 75:4). Had Israel not stood before Mount Sinai and said: “Everything that the Lord has said, we will perform and we will heed” (Exodus 24:7), the world would have begun to disintegrate. Who buttressed the world? It is I [anokhi], as it is stated: “I [anokhi] set its pillars firm, Selah” (Psalms 75:4); by the merit of: “I [anokhi] am the Lord your God” (Exodus 20:2), I set its pillars firm.

Verse 1 · 2ב׳

וְנֶחֱזֶה בָּךְ, אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אוֹמְרוֹת לְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַד מָתַי אַתֶּם מֵתִים עַל אֱלֹהֵיכֶם וּמְשַׁלְּמִין לוֹ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שיר השירים א, ג): עַל כֵּן עֲלָמוֹת אֲהֵבוּךָ, וְעַד מָתַי אַתֶּם נֶהֱרָגִין עָלָיו, כְּדִכְתִיב (תהלים מד, כג): כִּי עָלֶיךָ הֹרַגְנוּ כָל הַיּוֹם. וְעַד מָתַי אַתֶּם גּוֹמְלִין טוֹבוֹת עָלָיו וְלוֹ לְעַצְמוֹ, וְהוּא גּוֹמֵל לָכֶם רָעוֹת, בֹּאוּ לָכֶם אֶצְלֵנוּ וְאָנוּ מְמַנִּין אֶתְכֶם דֻּכָּסִין אִפַּרְכִין וְאִיטְרַטְלִין. וְנֶחֱזֶה בָּךְ וְאַתּוּן אִינוּן מֵחֶזְיָתֵיהּ דְּעַלְמָא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (שמות יח, כא): וְאַתָּה תֶחֱזֶה מִכָּל הָעָם. וְיִשְׂרָאֵל מְשִׁיבִין לָהֶם: מַה תֶּחֱזוּ בַּשּׁוּלַמִּית כִּמְחֹלַת הַמַּחֲנָיִם, שְׁמַעְתֶּם מִימֵיכֶם אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב עָבְדוּ עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים, שֶׁיַּעַבְדוּ בְּנֵיהֶם אַחֲרֵיהֶם, וְלֹא אֲבוֹתֵינוּ עָבְדוּ עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים וְלֹא אָנוּ נַעֲבוֹד עֲבוֹדַת כּוֹכָבִים אַחֲרֵיהֶם, אֶלָּא מָה אַתֶּם יְכוֹלִין לַעֲשׂוֹת לָנוּ, כַּחוֹלָה שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה לְיַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ כְּשֶׁיָּצָא מִבֵּית לָבָן. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא מַלְאָכִים הָיוּ חָלִין וּמְרַקְּדִים לִפְנֵי יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ בְּצֵאתוֹ מִבֵּית לָבָן, וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרֵי מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים רִבּוֹא, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (בראשית לב, ב): וַיֹּאמֶר יַעֲקֹב כַּאֲשֶׁר רָאָם מַחֲנֵה אֱלֹהִים זֶה, הֲרֵי שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא, (בראשית לב, ב): וַיִּקְרָא שֵׁם הַמָּקוֹם הַהוּא מַחֲנָיִם, הֲרֵי מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים רִבּוֹא. אוֹ שֶׁמָּא אַתֶּם יְכוֹלִין לַעֲשׂוֹת לָנוּ כַּחוֹלָה שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ עַל הַיָּם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יד, יט): וַיִּסַּע מַלְאַךְ הָאֱלֹהִים. אוֹ שֶׁמָּא יְכוֹלִין אַתֶּם לַעֲשׂוֹת לָנוּ כַּחוֹלָה שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה לֶאֱלִישָׁע, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים ב ו, טו): וַיַּשְׁכֵּם מְשָׁרֵת אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים לָקוּם וַיֵּצֵא וְהִנֵּה חַיִל סוֹבֵב אֶת הָעִיר וְסוּס וָרָכֶב וַיֹּאמֶר נַעֲרוֹ אֵלָיו אֲהָהּ אֲדֹנִי אֵיכָה נַעֲשֶׂה, וּכְתִיב (מלכים ב ו, טז): וַיֹּאמֶר אַל תִּירָא כִּי רַבִּים אֲשֶׁר אִתָּנוּ מֵאֲשֶׁר אוֹתָם. מִיָּד (מלכים ב ו, יז): וַיִּתְפַּלֵּל אֱלִישָׁע וַיֹּאמַר ה' פְּקַח נָא אֶת עֵינָיו וְיִרְאֶה וַיִּפְקַח ה' אֶת עֵינֵי הַנַּעַר וַיַּרְא וְהִנֵּה הָהָר מָלֵא סוּסִים וְרֶכֶב אֵשׁ סְבִיבֹת אֱלִישָׁע. אוֹ שֶׁמָּא יְכוֹלִין אַתֶּם לַעֲשׂוֹת לָנוּ כַּחוֹלָה שֶׁעָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַעֲשׂוֹת לַצַּדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה וְרַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ וְעוּלָא בִּירָאָה וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אָמְרוּ, עָתִיד הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לַעֲשׂוֹת רֹאשׁ חוֹלָה לַצַּדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים מח, יד): שִׁיתוּ לִבְּכֶם לְחֵילָה, לְחוֹלָה כְּתִיב, וּמַרְאִין לוֹ בְּאֶצְבַּע, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים מח, יד): כִּי זֶה אֱלֹהִים אֱלֹהֵינוּ עוֹלָם וָעֶד הוּא יְנַהֲגֵנוּ עַל-מוּת, כַּעֲלָמוֹת, כִּמְחוֹלוֹת שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים.

“And we will gaze upon you.” The nations of the world say to Israel: Until when will you die for the sake of your God and be devoted to Him? That is what is written: “Therefore the young women love you” (Song of Songs 1:3). And until when will you be killed for His sake? As it is written: “For we are killed for Your sake all day” (Psalms 44:23). And until when will you perform acts of kindness on His behalf, and for Him Himself, while He repays you with harshness? Come over to us and we will appoint you dukes, governors, and generals. “And we will gaze [veneḥezeh] upon you,” you will be the focus [meḥezyatei] of the world. That is what is written: “You shall discern [teḥezeh] from among the entire people [capable men… to be leaders of thousands…]” (Exodus 18:21). Israel responds to them: “Why will you gaze at the Shulamite like at a dance of two companies?” Have you ever heard that Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob engaged in idol worship, such that their descendants would engage in idol worship in their wake? Our ancestors did not engage in idol worship and we, in their wake, will not engage in idol worship. But what can you do for us? [You can perform] a dance like that performed for Jacob our patriarch when he departed from the house of Lavan. Rabbi Berekhya said in the name of Rabbi Levi: Six hundred thousand angels were dancing and frolicking before Jacob our patriarch upon his departure from the house of Lavan. The Rabbis say: One million and two hundred thousand; that is what is written: “Jacob said when he saw them: This is the camp [maḥaneh] of God” (Genesis 32:3), this is six hundred thousand; “he called the name of that place Maḥanayim” (Genesis 32:3), this is one million and two hundred thousand. Or can you perhaps perform for us a dance like that performed for our ancestors at the sea, as it is stated: “The angel of God traveled” (Exodus 14:19). Or can you perhaps perform for us a dance like that performed for Elisha, as it is stated: “The attendant of the man of God arose early and he set out, and behold, an army was surrounding the city, with horse and chariot. His attendant said to him: Alas, my master, what shall we do? (II Kings 6:15). And it is written: “He said: Fear not, as there are more who are with us than who are with them” (II Kings 6:16). Immediately, “Elisha prayed and he said: Lord, please open up his eyes and he will see. The Lord opened the attendant's eyes and he saw, and, behold, the mountain was full of horses and a chariot of fire, surrounding Elisha” (II Kings 6:17). Or can you perhaps perform for us a dance like that which the Holy One blessed be He is destined to perform for the righteous in the future? Rabbi Berekhya, Rabbi Ḥelbo, Ulla of Birya and Rabbi Elazar said in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina: In the future, the Holy One blessed be He is destined to lead a dance for the righteous, as it is stated: “Pay attention to its ramparts [leḥeila]” (Psalms 48:14); to the dance [leḥola] is written. And they will point to Him with their finger, as it is stated: “For this is God, our God, for ever and ever, He will guide us beyond death [al mut]” (Psalms 48:15), like young women [alamot], like the dance of the righteous.

Verse 2 · 1א׳

מַה יָּפוּ פְעָמַיִךְ בַּנְּעָלִים בַּת נָדִיב, אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן אֲפִלּוּ הֶדְיוֹט מְקַלֵּס בְּלָשׁוֹן זֶה גְּנַאי הוּא לוֹ, וְאַתְּ אוֹמֵר: מַה יָּפוּ פְעָמַיִךְ, אֶלָּא אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא פַּעֲמֵי רְגָלִים. וַהֲלֹא פְּעָמִים הַלָּלוּ פְּעָמִים מְגֻלִּין פְּעָמִים מְכֻסִּין, אֶלָא מַה יָּאֲיָין עֲקֵיבַיִךְ בִּמְסָאנָא בְּרַתֵּיהּ דְּרַחֲמִי. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה כָּךְ דָּרְשׁוּ שְׁנֵי הָרֵי עוֹלָם, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אָמְרוּ: מַה יָּפוּ פְעָמַיִךְ בַּנְּעָלִים, מָה הָיָה יָפְיָן לִפְעָמַיִךְ, שֶׁהָיוּ נוֹעֲלִין בְּעַד כָּל הַצָּרוֹת. מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאֶחָד שֶׁשָּׁכַח לִנְעוֹל דַּלְתֵי בֵיתוֹ וְעָלָה לְפַעֲמֵי רְגָלִים, וּכְשֶׁבָּא מָצָא הַנָּחָשׁ קָשׁוּר בְּטַבְּעוֹת דַּלְתוֹתָיו. שׁוּב מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאֶחָד שֶׁשָּׁכַח וְלֹא הִכְנִיס תַּרְנְגוֹלֹתָיו לְתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ וְעָלָה לְפַעֲמֵי רְגָלִים, וּבָא וּמָצָא הַחֲתוּלוֹת מְקוֹרָעוֹת לִפְנֵיהֶם. שׁוּב מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאֶחָד שֶׁשָּׁכַח וְלֹא הִכְנִיס כְּרִי שֶׁל חִטִּים לְתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ וְעָלָה לָרֶגֶל, וּכְשֶׁבָּא מָצָא אֲרָיוֹת מַקִּיפִין לַחִטִּים. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס מַעֲשֶׂה בִּשְׁנֵי אַחִים עֲשִׁירִים שֶׁהָיוּ בְּאַשְׁקְלוֹן וְהָיוּ לָהֶם שְׁכֵנִים רָעִים מֵאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם, וַהֲווֹן אָמְרִין אֵימָתַי אִילֵין יְהוּדָאִין סַלְקִין לִמְצַלָּיָיהּ בִּירוּשְׁלֵם וַאֲנַן עָלִין מְקַפְּחִין בֵּיתֵיהוֹן וּמְחָרְבִין לְהוֹן. מָטָא זִמְנָא וְסָלְקִין, זִמֵּן לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַלְאָכִים כִּדְמוּתָן וַהֲווֹ נִכְנָסִין וְיוֹצְאִין בְּתוֹךְ בָּתֵּיהֶם. מִן דְּאַתְיָין מִן יְרוּשְׁלֵם פַּלְגִין מִן מַה דְּאַיְיתוּן עִמְּהוֹן לְכָל מְגֵירֵיהוֹן, אָמְרוּן לוֹן אָן הֲוֵיתוּן, אָמְרוּן לוֹן בִּירוּשְׁלֵם, אֵימַת סְלִיקְתּוּן, בְּיוֹם פְּלָן, וְאֵימַת אֲתֵיתוּן, בְּיוֹם פְּלָן, אָמְרִין בְּרִיךְ אֱלָהֲהוֹן דִּיהוּדָאִין דְּלָא שַׁבְקוֹן וְלָא שְׁבַק יַתְהוֹן, אִינוּן גֻּבְרַיָא סְבִירִין אֵימַת יִסְּקוּן אִילֵין יְהוּדָאִין לִמְצַלָּיָיה בִּירוּשְׁלֵם דְּאִינוּן עָלִין וּמְקַפְּחִין לְבֵיתֵיהוֹן וּמְחָרְבִין לְהוֹן, וּשְׁלַח אֱלָהֲהוֹן מַלְאָכִים כִּדְמוּתְהוֹן דַּהֲווֹ נָפְקִין וְעָלְלִין בְּגוֹ בָּתֵּיהוֹן בְּגִין דְּאִתְרְחִיצוּ בֵּיהּ, לְקַיֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּאֱמַר: מַה יָּפוּ פְעָמַיִךְ.

“How fair are your feet in sandals, daughter of a nobleman. Your rounded thighs are like ornaments, the handiwork of a master craftsman” (Song of Songs 7:2). “How fair are your feet in sandals,” Rabbi Yudan said: To praise even an ordinary person with this language would be demeaning to him, and you say: “How fair are your feet”? Rather, it is speaking only about the steps [paamei] of the pilgrimage festivals. But are the feet not sometimes bare and sometimes covered? Rather, how fair are your feet in sandals, daughter of my beloved. Rabbi Berekhya said: This is what was expounded by two mountains of the world, Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua, who said: “How fair are your feet in sandals [bane’alim].” Your feet were so fair that they would serve as a barrier before all troubles. There was an incident involving one who forgot to lock the doors of his house and ascended on his way to the pilgrim festival. When he returned, he found a snake entwined in the rings of his doors. There was another incident involving one who forgot to bring his chickens into his house and ascended on his way to the pilgrim festival. When he returned, he found cats torn to pieces before them. There was another incident involving one who forgot to bring a pile of wheat into his house and he ascended on the pilgrim festival. When he returned, he found lions surrounding the wheat. Rabbi Pinḥas said: There was an incident involving two wealthy brothers from Ashkelon who had wicked neighbors from the nations of the world. [The wicked neighbors] would say: ‘When these Jews ascend to pray in Jerusalem we will enter, plunder their houses, and destroy them.’ The time arrived and they ascended, but the Holy One blessed be He summoned for them angels in their image, who would go in and out of their houses. When they returned from Jerusalem, they distributed what they brought back with them to all their neighbors. The [wicked neighbors] said to them: ‘Where have you been?’ They said to them: ‘In Jerusalem.’ ‘When did you ascend?’ ‘On such and such day.’ ‘When did you return?’ ‘On such and such day.’ They said: ‘Blessed is the God of the Jews, whom they did not forsake, and He did not forsake them. We had thought: When these Jews ascend to pray in Jerusalem, we will enter, plunder their houses, and destroy them. But their God sent angels in their image who would go in and out of their houses, because they put their trust in Him,’ to fulfill what is stated: “How fair are your feet.”