בראשית רבה ב׳Bereshit Rabbah 2

Section 1א׳

וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ (בראשית א, ב), רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה פָּתַח (משלי כ, יא): גַּם בְּמַעֲלָלָיו יִתְנַכֶּר נָעַר, אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, עַד דְּהִיא פַגָּה אֲפֵיקַת כּוֹבַיָּא. הוּא מַה שֶּׁהַנָּבִיא עָתִיד לְהִתְנַבְּאוֹת עָלֶיהָ בַּסּוֹף (ירמיה ד, כג): רָאִיתִי אֶת הָאָרֶץ וְהִנֵּה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ.

“The earth was emptiness and disorder, and darkness was upon the face of the depths, and the spirit of God hovered over the surface of the water” (Genesis 1:2). “The earth was emptiness and disorder [tohu vavohu]” – Rabbi Berekhya began: “Even a boy is recognized through his deeds” (Proverbs 20:11) – Rabbi Berekhya said: While the plant was still immature, it produced thorns. This is what the prophet would one day prophesy in its regard: “I have seen the land, and behold, it is emptiness and disorder” (Jeremiah 4:23).

Section 2ב׳

רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן, רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אָמַר, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁקָּנָה לוֹ שְׁנֵי עֲבָדִים, שְׁנֵיהֶם בְּאוֹנִי אַחַת, וּבְטִימִי אַחַת, עַל אֶחָד גָּזַר שֶׁיְּהֵא נִזּוֹן מִטִּמְיוֹן, וְעַל אֶחָד גָּזַר שֶׁיְהֵא יָגֵעַ וְאוֹכֵל. יָשַׁב לוֹ אוֹתוֹ, תּוֹהֶא וּבוֹהֶא, אָמַר, שְׁנֵינוּ בְּאוֹנִי אַחַת וּבְטִימִי אַחַת, זֶה נִזּוֹן מִטִּמְיוֹן וַאֲנִי אִם אֵינִי יָגֵעַ אֵינִי אוֹכֵל. כָּךְ יָשְׁבָה הָאָרֶץ תּוֹהָא וּבוֹהָא, אָמְרָה, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים נִבְרְאוּ בְּבַת אַחַת, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים נִזּוֹנִין מִזִּיו הַשְּׁכִינָה, הַתַּחְתּוֹנִים אִם אֵינָם יְגֵעִים אֵינָם אוֹכְלִים. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן אָמַר, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁקָּנָה לוֹ שְׁתֵּי שְׁפָחוֹת, שְׁתֵּיהֶן בְּאוֹנִי אַחַת וּבְטִימִי אַחַת, עַל אַחַת גָּזַר שֶׁלֹא תָּזוּז מִפָּלָטִין, וְעַל אַחַת גָּזַר טִירוֹדִין. יָשְׁבָה לָהּ אוֹתָהּ הַשִּׁפְחָה תּוֹהָא וּבוֹהָא, אָמְרָה, שְׁנֵינוּ בְּאוֹנִי אַחַת וּבְטִימִי אַחַת, זוֹ אֵינָהּ יוֹצְאָה וְזָזָה מִפָּלָטִין, וְעָלַי גּוֹזֵר טֵרוּדִין. כָּךְ יָשְׁבָה לָהּ הָאָרֶץ תּוֹהָא וּבוֹהָא, אָמְרָה, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים נִבְרְאוּ בְּבַת אַחַת, הָעֶלְיוֹנִים חַיִּים, וְהַתַּחְתּוֹנִים מֵתִים, לְפִיכָךְ וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ. אָמַר רַבִּי תַּנְחוּמָא, לְבֶן מֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה יָשֵׁן עַל גַּבֵּי עֲרִיסָה, וְהָיְתָה מֵנִיקָתוֹ תּוֹהָא וּבוֹהָא, לָמָּה, שֶׁהָיְתָה יוֹדַעַת שֶׁהִיא עֲתִידָה לִטֹּל אֶת שֶׁלָּהּ מִתַּחַת יָדָיו. כָּךְ צָפְתָה הָאָרֶץ שֶׁהִיא עֲתִידָה לִטֹּל אֶת שֶׁלָּהּ מִתַּחַת יָדָיו שֶׁל אָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ג, יז): אֲרוּרָה הָאֲדָמָה בַּעֲבוּרֶךָ, לְפִיכָךְ וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ.

Rabbi Abahu and Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon, Rabbi Abahu said: This is analogous to a king who purchased two slaves for himself, both of them with one bill of sale and with one sum. He decreed for one of them that he should be supported from the royal treasury, and for the other that he would have to toil to eat. That one sat, bewildered and astonished [toheh uvoheh]. He said: ‘Both of us were purchased with one bill of sale and one sum, yet this one is supported from the royal treasury, and I, if I do not toil, I do not eat?’ So, too, the earth sat bewildered and astonished. It said: ‘The celestial beings and the terrestrial beings were created simultaneously. The celestial beings are sustained from the radiance of the Divine Presence; as for the terrestrial beings, if they do not toil they do not eat.’ Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon said: It is analogous to a king who purchased two maidservants, both of them with one bill of sale and with one sum. He decreed for one of them that she should not depart from the palace, and for the other he decreed banishment. That maidservant sat bewildered and astonished [toha uvoha]. She said: ‘Both of us were purchased with one bill of sale and one sum, and this one does not go out and depart from the palace, but for me he decrees banishment?’ So, too, the earth sat bewildered and astonished [toha uvoha]. It said: ‘The celestial beings and the terrestrial beings were created simultaneously. The celestial beings live forever and the terrestrial beings die.’ That is why “the earth was emptiness and disorder [tohu vavohu].” Rabbi Tanḥuma said: It is analogous to the son of a king, who was sleeping in his cradle, and his wet nurse was bewildered and astonished [toha uvoha], as she knew that she would ultimately receive her punishment on his account. So, the earth foresaw that it was destined to receive its punishment on account of man, as it is stated: “Cursed is the ground on your account” (Genesis 3:17). That is why “the earth was emptiness and disorder [tohu vavohu].”

Section 3ג׳

רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר סִימוֹן פָּתַר קְרָיָא בַּדּוֹרוֹת, וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ, זֶה אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁהָיָה לִלְמָה וְלֹא כְלוּם. וָבֹהוּ, זֶה קַיִן, שֶׁבִּקֵּשׁ לְהַחֲזִיר אֶת הָעוֹלָם לְתֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ. וְחשֶׁךְ, זֶה דּוֹרוֹ שֶׁל אֱנוֹשׁ, עַל שֵׁם (ישעיה כט, טו): וְהָיָה בְמַחְשָׁךְ מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם וַיֹּאמְרוּ מִי רֹאֵנוּ וּמִי יֹדְעֵנוּ. עַל פְּנֵי תְהוֹם, זֶה דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית ז, יא): בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה נִבְקְעוּ כָּל מַעְיְנוֹת תְּהוֹם. וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם, עַל שֵׁם (בראשית ח, א): וַיַּעֲבֵר אֱלֹהִים רוּחַ עַל הָאָרֶץ. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַד מָתַי יְהֵא הָעוֹלָם מִתְנַהֵג בַּאֲפֵלָה, תָּבוֹא הָאוֹרָה, וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יְהִי אוֹר, זֶה אַבְרָהָם, הֲדָא הוּא דִּכְתִיב (ישעיה מא, ב): מִי הֵעִיר מִמִּזְרָח צֶדֶק וגו', אַל תִּקְרָא הֵעִיר אֶלָּא הֵאִיר. וַיִּקְרָא אֱלֹהִים לָאוֹר יוֹם, זֶה יַעֲקֹב. וְלַחשֶׁךְ קָרָא לָיְלָה, זֶה עֵשָׂו. וַיְהִי עֶרֶב, זֶה עֵשָׂו. וַיְהִי בֹקֶר, זֶה יַעֲקֹב. וַיְהִי עֶרֶב, עַרְבּוֹ שֶׁל עֵשָׂו. וַיְהִי בֹקֶר, בּוֹקְרוֹ שֶׁל יַעֲקֹב. יוֹם אֶחָד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (זכריה יד, ז): וְהָיָה יוֹם אֶחָד הוּא יִוָּדַע לַה' לֹא יוֹם וְלֹא לָיְלָה וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר יוֹם אֶחָד, שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְאֵיזֶה זֶה, יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים.

Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon interpreted the verses regarding the generations. “The earth was emptiness and disorder” – this is Adam the first man, who became oblivion and nothingness. “And disorder” – this is Cain, who sought to restore the world to emptiness and disorder. “And darkness” – this is the generation of Enosh, based on the verse: “Their actions are in the dark and they say: Who sees us and who knows of us?” (Isaiah 29:15). “Upon the face of the depths” – this is the generation of the Flood, as it is stated: “On that day all the wellsprings of the great depths were breached” (Genesis 7:11). “And the spirit [ruaḥ] of God was hovering over the surface of the water” – based on the verse: “God passed a wind [ruaḥ] over the earth” (Genesis 8:1). The Holy One blessed be He said: ‘Until when will the world conduct itself in darkness? Let some light come.’ “God said: Let there be light” (Genesis 1:3) – this is Abraham. That is what is written [regarding Abraham]: “Who roused [he’ir] righteousness from the east?” (Isaiah 41:2). Do not read it as he’ir, but rather, he’ir. “God called the light, Day, and the darkness, He called Night. It was evening and it was morning, one day” (Genesis 1:5). “God called the light, Day” – this is Jacob. “And the darkness, He called Night” – this is Esau. “It was evening” – this is Esau; “and it was morning” – this is Jacob. “It was evening” – the evening of Esau; “and it was morning” – the morning of Jacob. “One day” – as it is stated: “There will be one day, it will be known to the Lord, that is not day and not night…” (Zechariah 14:7). Alternatively, “one day” – which the Holy One blessed be He provided him. Which is that? It is Yom Kippur.