יורה דעה קע״זYoreh De'ah 177

Siman 177 of 402 in Yoreh De'ah — 40 se'ifim

Se’if 1א׳

אֵין מְקַבְּלִים צֹאן בַּרְזֶל מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל, דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁמְקַבֵּל מִמֶּנּוּ מֵאָה צֹאן, וְיִהְיוּ הַגִּזּוֹת וְהַוְּלָדוֹת וְהֶחָלָב לָאֶמְצַע, לִשְׁלִישׁ אוֹ לְרָבִיעַ עַד שָׁנָה, אוֹ עַד שְׁנָתַיִם כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִתְנוּ בֵּינֵיהֶם, וְאִם מֵתוּ הַצֹּאן, הֲרֵי הַמְקַבֵּל מְשַׁלֵּם דְּמֵיהֶם, הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר, שֶׁהֲרֵי בַּעַל הַצֹּאן קָרוֹב לְרֶוַח וְרָחוֹק לְהֶפְסֵד. לְפִיכָךְ אִם קִבֵּל עָלָיו בַּעַל הַצֹּאן שֶׁאִם הוּקְרוּ או הוּזְלוּ אוֹ נִטְרְפוּ הֲרֵי הֵן בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ, הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. וְכֵן הַדִּין בִּמְקַבֵּל עָלָיו סְחוֹרָה בְּעִנְיָן זֶה (טוּר). הַגָּה: וְכָל זֶה לֹא מַיְרִי אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ לַמְקַבֵּל רֶוַח, אֲבָל אִם אֵין לוֹ רֶוַח כְּלָל בַּמֶּה שֶּׁמְּקַבֵּל, אֵין כָּאן הַלְוָאָה כְּלָל וַאֲפִלּוּ קִבֵּל עָלָיו כָּל הָאַחֲרָיוּת, שָׁרֵי, דְּהָא מֻתָּר לְשׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם לְקַבֵּל עָלָיו לִהְיוֹת כְּשׁוֹאֵל. (בֵּית יוֹסֵף וּבַעַל הַתְּרוּמָה בְּשֵׁם חַכְמֵי לוני"ל וְהָרַ"ן בִּתְשׁוּבָה).

They do not receive tzon barzel (a flock made over on iron terms, the receiver answering for its full value come what may) from an Israelite — that is, that he receives from him a hundred of the flock, and the shearings and the young and the milk shall be shared, to a third or to a fourth, until a year, or until two years, as they stipulated between them; and if the flock died, the one who receives pays their value — this is forbidden, for the owner of the flock is near to gain and far from loss. Therefore, if the owner of the flock accepted upon himself that if they rose in price or fell in price or were torn by a beast they are in his domain — this is permitted. And so all that is like this. And such is the law with one who receives merchandise upon himself in this manner (Tur). Hagah [Rema]: And all this speaks only where the one who receives has gain; but if he has no gain at all in what he receives, there is no loan here at all, and even if he accepted upon himself the whole liability it is permitted, for an unpaid bailee is permitted to accept upon himself to be as a borrower. (Beit Yosef, and the Baal haTerumah in the name of the sages of Lunel, and the Ran in a responsum)

Se’if 2ב׳

הַנּוֹתֵן מָעוֹת לַחֲבֵרוֹ בְּתוֹרַת עִסְקָא, דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁחֲצִי הָאַחֲרָיוּת עַל הַנּוֹתֵן וַחֲצִי עַל הַמְקַבֵּל, אָסוּר. שֶׁכָּל עִסְקָא פַּלְגָא מִלְוֶה וּפַלְגָא פִּקָּדוֹן, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁטּוֹרֵחַ בְּחֵלֶק הַפִּקָּדוֹן בִּשְׁבִיל חֵלֶק הַמִּלְוֶה. לְפִיכָךְ צָרִיךְ לוֹ לִתֵּן שְׂכַר טָרְחוֹ שֶׁבְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם מִימֵי הַשֻּׁתָּפוּת כְּפוֹעֵל בָּטֵל שֶׁל אוֹתָהּ מְלָאכָה שֶׁבָּטֵל מִמֶּנָּהּ. וְאִם הָיָה לוֹ עֵסֶק אַחֵר כָּל שֶׁהוּא לְהִתְעַסֵק בּוֹ עִם מְעוֹתָיו שֶׁל זֶה, אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַעֲלוֹת לוֹ שָׂכָר שֶׁל כָּל יוֹם אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ הֶעֱלָה לוֹ דִּינָר בְּכָל יְמֵי הַשֻּׁתָּפוּת, דַּיּוֹ, וְאִם פָּחֲתוּ אוֹ הוֹתִירוּ יִהְיֶה לָאֶמְצַע בְּשָׁוֶה. וְכֵן אִם אָמַר לוֹ: כָּל הָרֶוַח יִהְיֶה לְךָ שְׁלִישׁוֹ אוֹ עֲשִׂירִיתוֹ בִּשְׂכָרְךָ, הוֹאִיל וְיֵשׁ לוֹ עֵסֶק אַחֵר הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר, וְאִם הִפְסִידוֹ יַפְסִיד מֶחֱצָה. וְאִם הָיָה הַמִּתְעַסֵק אֲרִיסוֹ וְהָיָה לוֹ עֵסֶק אַחֵר, אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַעֲלוֹת לוֹ שָׂכָר אַחֵר כְּלָל שֶׁהָאָרִיס מְשֻׁעְבָּד הוּא לְבַעַל הַשָּׂדֶה. הַגָּה: וְצָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת כָּל אַחֲרָיוּת פַּלְגָא הַפִּקָּדוֹן עַל הַנּוֹתֵן אֲפִלּוּ אַחֲרָיוּת דְּאֹנָסִין (טוּר וּפוֹסְקִים בְּשֵׁם ר"י), וּדְלָא כְּיֵשׁ מְקִלִּין וּמַתִּירִין בְּמִקְצָת אַחֲרָיוּת (ריב"ן).

One who gives money to his fellow by way of an iska (money handed over to trade with, half of it a loan and half a deposit) — that is, that half the liability is upon the one who gives and half upon the one who receives — it is forbidden; for every iska is half a loan and half a deposit, and it is found that he takes trouble over the portion that is a deposit on account of the portion that is a loan. Therefore he must give him the hire of his trouble for each and every day of the days of the partnership, as a labourer idle from that very work from which he is idle. And if he had other business, whatever it be, to occupy himself with together with this man's money, he need not pay him the hire of every day; rather, even if he paid him a dinar for all the days of the partnership, it suffices. And if they lost or gained, it shall be shared equally. And likewise, if he said to him: of all the gain, a third of it or a tenth of it shall be yours as your hire — since he has other business, this is permitted; and if he lost, he loses a half. And if the one who trades was his tenant farmer and he had other business, he need not pay him any other hire at all, for the tenant farmer is bound to the owner of the field. Hagah [Rema]: And the whole liability for the half that is a deposit must be upon the one who gives, even the liability for accidents (Tur and the poskim in the name of Ri), and not in accordance with those who are lenient and permit with part of the liability (Rivan).

Se’if 3ג׳

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, כְּשֶׁלֹּא פָּסַק עִמּוֹ בִּתְחִלַּת הָעֵסֶק אֶלָּא נָתַן לוֹ לְמַחֲצִית שָׂכָר, אֲבָל אִם פָּסַק עִמּוֹ בִּתְחִלַּת הָעֵסֶק שְׂכַר טָרְחוֹ בְּדָבָר יָדוּעַ, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּדִינָר, מֻתָּר. (פי' ב"י לדברי הרמב"ם) הַגָּה: וְכָל זֶה כְּשֶׁאֶחָד נוֹתֵן הַמָּעוֹת, אֲבָל אִם כָּל אֶחָד נוֹתֵן מָעוֹת אֲפִלּוּ אֶחָד מִתְעַסֵּק לְבַד, אֵין כָּאן עִסְקָא אֶלָּא הָוֵי כְּשֻׁתָּפוּת בְּעָלְמָא (בַּיִת יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם רִי"ף וּסְמַ"ג).

In what case are these words said? Where he did not settle with him at the beginning of the business, but gave it to him for half the hire; but if he settled with him at the beginning of the business the hire of his trouble at a known thing, and even at a dinar, it is permitted. (that is, the Beit Yosef's explanation of the words of the Rambam) Hagah [Rema]: And all this is where one man gives the money; but if each one gives money, even though one alone trades, there is no iska here, but it is as a mere partnership (Beit Yosef in the name of the Rif and Semag).

Se’if 4ד׳

הַנּוֹתֵן מָעוֹת לַחֲבֵרוֹ סְתָם לְהִתְעַסֵק בָּהֶם, וְלֹא פָּסַק עִמּוֹ בִּתְחִלַּת הָעֵסֶק דָּבָר לִשְׂכַר טָרְחוֹ, וּכְשֶׁבָּאוּ לְחֶשְׁבּוֹן לֹא רָצָה לִתֵּן לוֹ שְׂכַר כָּל יוֹם וָיוֹם מִימֵי הַשֻּׁתָּפוּת, וְאִם הָיָה לוֹ עֵסֶק (אַחֵר) לֹא רָצָה לִתֵּן לוֹ דִּינָר לְכָל יְמֵי הַשֻּׁתָּפוּת, יִהְיֶה שְׂכַר הַמִּתְעַסֵק בַּחֲצִי הַפִּקָּדוֹן שְׁלִישׁ רֶוַח הַפִּקָּדוֹן, שֶׁהוּא שְׁתוּת רֶוַח כָּל הַמָּעוֹת, לְפִיכָךְ אִם הִרְוִיחוּ יִטֹּל הַמִּתְעַסֵק ב' שְׁלִישֵׁי הָרֶוַח, חֲצִי הָרֶוַח שֶׁל חֲצִי הַמָּעוֹת שֶׁהֵם מִלְוֶה, וּשְׁתוּת הָרֶוַח בִּשְׂכַר שֶׁנִּתְעַסֵק בַּפִּקָּדוֹן, נִמְצָא הַכֹּל ב' שְׁלִישֵׁי הָרֶוַח, וְיִטֹּל בַּעַל הַמָּעוֹת שְׁלִישׁ הָרֶוַח. וְאִם פָּחֲתוּ, יַפְסִיד הַמִּתְעַסֵק שְׁלִישׁ הַפְּחָת, שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא חַיָּב בַּחֲצִי הַפְּחָת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁחֲצִי הַמָּעוֹת מִלְוֶה, וְיֵשׁ לוֹ שְׁתוּת בִּשְׂכָרוֹ בְּאוֹתוֹ הַחֲצִי שֶׁל פִּקָּדוֹן, וְנִמְצָא שֶׁנִּשְׁאַר עָלָיו מֵהַפְּחָת שְׁלִישׁוֹ, וּבַעַל הַמָּעוֹת יַפְסִיד שְׁנֵי שְׁלִישֵׁי הַפְּחָת.

One who gives money to his fellow without more, to trade with it, and did not settle with him at the beginning of the business upon anything for the hire of his trouble, and when they came to a reckoning he did not wish to give him the hire of each and every day of the days of the partnership — and, if he had other business, he did not wish to give him a dinar for all the days of the partnership — the hire of the one who trades for the half that is a deposit shall be a third of the gain of the deposit, which is a sixth of the gain of all the money. Therefore, if they gained, the one who trades takes two thirds of the gain: half the gain of the half of the money that is a loan, and a sixth of the gain as hire for having traded with the deposit; the whole is found to be two thirds of the gain, and the owner of the money takes a third of the gain. And if they lost, the one who trades loses a third of the loss; for he is liable for half the loss, because half the money is a loan, and he has a sixth as his hire in that half that is a deposit, and it is found that there remains upon him a third of the loss, and the owner of the money loses two thirds of the loss.

Se’if 5ה׳

כְּשֶׁהוּא נוֹטֵל שָׂכָר עַל חֵלֶק הַפִּקָּדוֹן שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ הֲרֵי הוּא כְּשׁוֹמֵר שָׂכָר. מֻתָּר לִתֵּן עִסְקָא לְמַחֲצִית שָׂכָר וּלְהַתְנוֹת שֶׁלֹּא לְהִתְעַסֵק אֶלָּא בְּדָבָר פְּלוֹנִי, וְאִם יְשַׁנֶּה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה כָּל הָאַחֲרָיוּת עַל הַמְקַבֵּל, וְכֵן כָּל תְּנַאי שֶׁיִּרְצֶה, כְּגוֹן שֶׁיַּתְנֶה שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁמֹר הַכְּסָפִים אֶלָּא תַּחַת הַקַּרְקַע, וְאִם שִׁנָּה וְהִפְסִיד כָּל הַהֶפְסֵד לַמְקַבֵּל, וְאִם הִרְוִיחַ הוּא לָאֶמְצַע, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעַתָּה הוּא קָרוֹב לְשָׂכָר וְרָחוֹק לְהֶפְסֵד לָא חֲשִיב רִבִּית, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאִם לֹא שִׁנָּה הָיָה קָרוֹב לְשָׂכָר וּלְהֶפְסֵד. הַגָּה: וּמֻתָּר לַמְקַבֵּל לְשַׁנּוֹת לְכַתְּחִלָּה, וְלֹא אַמְרִינָן דְּהָוֵי כְּגַזְלָן בְּכָךְ. (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם הָרַ"ן וּבְהַגָּהוֹת אשר"י פ' א"נ וּבְמָרְדְּכַי). מִיהוּ אִם שִׁנָּה וְאָמַר: לְעַצְמִי אֲנִי עוֹשֶׂה וְלֹא בְּתוֹרַת עִסְקָא, הָוֵי כְּגַזְלָן וּמַה שֶּׁעָשָׂה עָשָׂה לְעַצְמוֹ (ר' יְרוּחָם). וְלָכֵן יַתְנֶה הַנּוֹתֵן תְּחִלָּה, שֶׁאִם יִטֹּל לִפְעָמִים קְצָת מִן הָעֵסֶק לְצָרְכּוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא מִקְרֵי שׁוֹלֵחַ יָד בַּפִּקָּדוֹן בְּכָךְ, דְּאָז הָוֵי כְּגַזְלָן וְכָל הָרֶוַח שֶׁלּוֹ וְהַמָּעוֹת מִלְוֶה עָלָיו וְאָסוּר לִטֹּל אַחַר כָּךְ רִבִּית. (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם תְּשׁוּבַת מַיְמוֹנִי). וְאִם נָהֲגוּ שֶׁלּא לְהַקְפִּיד בְּכָךְ, מִסְּתָמָא, כְּאִלּוּ הִתְנוּ דָּמֵי וכמ"ש לְעֵיל סִימָן קס"ח. וְעַיִּןִ לְקַמָּן סוֹף סי' זֶה מִדִּין זֶה.

When he takes hire for the portion that is a deposit that is in his hand, he is as a paid bailee. It is permitted to give an iska for half the hire and to stipulate that he shall trade only in such-and-such a thing, and that if he changes, the whole liability shall be upon the one who receives; and likewise any condition that he wishes — such as that he stipulate that he shall not keep the money save under the ground, and that if he changed and lost, all the loss is the receiver's, and if he gained it is shared. Even though he is now near to gain and far from loss, it is not reckoned interest, since if he had not changed he would have been near to gain and to loss. Hagah [Rema]: And it is permitted for the one who receives to change at the outset, and we do not say that he is as a robber in this. (Beit Yosef in the name of the Ran, and in Hagahot Asheri, chapter "Which is interest", and in Mordechai) However, if he changed and said: I am acting for myself and not by way of an iska, he is as a robber, and what he did he did for himself (Rabbeinu Yerucham). And therefore let the one who gives stipulate at the outset that if he sometimes takes a little of the business for his own need he shall not be called one who lays a hand upon the deposit thereby; for then he is as a robber, and all the gain is his, and the money is a loan upon him, and it is forbidden to take interest thereafter. (Beit Yosef in the name of Teshuvot Maimoniot) And if they were accustomed not to be particular about this, in the ordinary case it is as though they had stipulated, and as I have written above, siman 168. And see below, at the end of this siman, upon this law.

…and 35 more se'ifim in this siman.

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Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah — Torat Emet 357 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English rendered from the Hebrew for this app — The Gematria's own rendering program. A rendering of the words, not a ruling; practical halacha is learned with a rav