הלכות תלמוד תורה ו׳Torah Study 6

Halacha 1א׳

כָּל תַּלְמִיד חָכָם מִצְוָה לְהַדְּרוֹ וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רַבּוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט לב) "מִפְּנֵי שֵׂיבָה תָּקוּם וְהָדַרְתָּ פְּנֵי זָקֵן". זָקֵן זֶה שֶׁקָּנָה חָכְמָה. וּמֵאֵימָתַי חַיָּבִין לַעֲמֹד מִפָּנָיו. מִשֶּׁיִּקְרַב מִמֶּנּוּ בְּאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַד שֶׁיַּעֲבֹר מִכְּנֶגֶד פָּנָיו:

It is a duty to honour every scholar, even if he is not one's teacher, as it is said, "Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head, and honour the face of the old man" (Lev. 19.32). The word Zaken (rendered "old man" refers to one who has acquired wisdom. When ought people to rise up before him ? At the moment that he has approached within four cubits, (and they should keep standing) till he has passed out of sight.

Halacha 2ב׳

אֵין עוֹמְדִין מִפָּנָיו לֹא בְּבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ וְלֹא בְּבֵית הַכִּסֵּא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט לב) "תָּקוּם וְהָדַרְתָּ" קִימָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ הִדּוּר. וְאֵין בַּעֲלֵי אֻמָּנֻיּוֹת חַיָּבִין לַעֲמֹד מִפְּנֵי תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעוֹסְקִין בִּמְלַאכְתָּן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר תָּקוּם וְהָדַרְתָּ מַה הִדּוּר שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ חֶסְרוֹן כִּיס אַף קִימָה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ חֶסְרוֹן כִּיס. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲצִים עֵינָיו מִן הֶחָכָם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאֵהוּ עַד שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲמֹד מִפָּנָיו. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְיָרֵאתָ מֵּאֱלֹהֶיךָ. הָא כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא מָסוּר לַלֵּב נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ וְיָרֵאתָ מֵּאֱלֹהֶיךָ:

This courtesy is not to be observed in a bath-house nor in a latrine, for it is said, "Thou shalt rise up and honour" (Lev. 19:32); the courtesy of rising must be such as to express honour. Labourers, at the time when they are working, need not rise up before scholars, as it is said "Thou shalt rise up and honour"; even as the "honouring" enjoined does not involve a monetary loss, so the courtesy of rising before the scholar is only required when it does not involve a monetary loss. And whence do we know that one should not shut one's eyes when a scholar passes, so as not to see him and thus evade the obligation of standing up before him ? It is inferred from the text "And thou shalt fear thy God" (Lev. 19:32); wherever the fulfilment of a duty is left to the conscience, the exhortation is added "Thou shalt fear thy God".

Halacha 3ג׳

אֵין רָאוּי לֶחָכָם שֶׁיַּטְרִיחַ אֶת הָעָם וִיכַוֵּן עַצְמוֹ לָהֶן כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּעַמְדוּ מִפָּנָיו אֶלָּא יֵלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ קְצָרָה וּמִתְכַּוֵּן שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאוּ אוֹתוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַטְרִיחֵן לַעֲמֹד. וְהַחֲכָמִים הָיוּ מַקִּיפִין וְהוֹלְכִין בְּדֶרֶךְ הַחִיצוֹנָה שֶׁאֵין מַכִּירֵיהֶן מְצוּיִין שָׁם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַטְרִיחוּם:

It is improper for a sage to put the people to inconvenience by deliberately passing before them, so that they should have to stand up before him. He should use a short route and endeavour to avoid notice so that they should not be troubled to stand up. The sages were wont to use circuitous and exterior paths, where they were not likely to meet those who might recognise them, so as not to trouble them.

Halacha 4ד׳

רוֹכֵב הֲרֵי הוּא כִּמְהַלֵּךְ וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁעוֹמְדִים מִפְּנֵי הַמְהַלֵּךְ כָּךְ עוֹמְדִין מִפְּנֵי הָרוֹכֵב:

The same rule applies to riding as to walking. As it is a duty to rise up before the sage when he walks, so this courtesy should be shown when he rides by.

Halacha 5ה׳

שְׁלֹשָׁה שֶׁהָיוּ הוֹלְכִין בַּדֶּרֶךְ. הָרַב בָּאֶמְצַע גָּדוֹל מִימִינוֹ וְקָטָן מִשְּׂמֹאלוֹ:

Where three are walking on a road, the teacher should be in the middle, the senior (of his disciples) at his right, the junior on his left.

Halacha 6ו׳

הָרוֹאֶה חָכָם אֵינוֹ עוֹמֵד מִפָּנָיו עַד שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לוֹ לְאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁעָבַר יוֹשֵׁב. רָאָה אַב בֵּית דִּין עוֹמֵד מִלְּפָנָיו מִשֶּׁיִּרְאֶנּוּ מֵרָחוֹק מְלֹא עֵינָיו וְאֵינוֹ יוֹשֵׁב עַד שֶׁיַּעֲבֹר מֵאַחֲרָיו אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת. רָאָה אֶת הַנָּשִׂיא עוֹמֵד מִלְּפָנָיו מְלֹא עֵינָיו וְאֵינוֹ יוֹשֵׁב עַד שֶׁיֵּשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ אוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּתְכַּסֶּה מֵעֵינָיו. וְהַנָּשִׂיא שֶׁמָּחַל עַל כְּבוֹדוֹ כְּבוֹדוֹ מָחוּל. כְּשֶׁהַנָּשִׂיא נִכְנָס כָּל הָעָם עוֹמְדִים וְאֵינָן יוֹשְׁבִין עַד שֶׁיֹּאמַר לָהֶם שְׁבוּ. כְּשֶׁאָב בֵּית דִּין נִכְנָס עוֹשִׂין לוֹ שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת וְעוֹמְדִין מִכָּאן וּמִכָּאן עַד שֶׁנִּכְנָס וְיוֹשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וּשְׁאָר הָעָם יוֹשְׁבִין בִּמְקוֹמָן:

On seeing a Chacham (a sage or religious authority), one does not rise till he has approached within four cubits; and as soon as he has passed, one resumes one's seat. On seeing the Ab-beth-Din (head of a Court; in ancient times, Vice-President of the Great Synhedrion), one stands up as soon as he comes within sight, and does not sit down till he has passed on to a distance of four cubits beyond the observer. On seeing the Nasi, (the Patriarch of Palestine, in ancient times, President of the Great Synhedrion), one rises as soon as he is seen, and does not sit down till he is seated in his place or has passed out of sight. If the Nasi desires to dispense with the courtesy due to him, he may do so. When the Nasi enters an assembly, all present rise and do not sit down till he says to them "sit". When the Ab-beth-Din enters, two rows are formed. Those forming these rows on either side stand up while he passes between them till he is seated in his place. The rest of the people remain seated in their places.

Halacha 7ז׳

חָכָם שֶׁנִּכְנָס כָּל שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לוֹ בְּאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עוֹמֵד מִלְּפָנָיו אֶחָד עוֹמֵד וְאֶחָד יוֹשֵׁב עַד שֶׁנִּכְנָס וְיוֹשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ. בְּנֵי חֲכָמִים וְתַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים בִּזְמַן שֶׁהָרַבִּים צְרִיכִין לָהֶם מְקַפְּצִין עַל רָאשֵׁי הָעָם וְנִכְנָסִים לִמְקוֹמָם. וְאֵין שֶׁבַח לְתַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁיִּכָּנְסוּ לָאַחֲרוֹנָה. יָצָא לְצֹרֶךְ חוֹזֵר לִמְקוֹמוֹ. בְּנֵי חֲכָמִים בִּזְמַן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן דַּעַת לִשְׁמֹעַ הוֹפְכִין פְּנֵיהֶן כְּלַפֵּי אֲבִיהֶן. אֵין בָּהֶן דַּעַת לִשְׁמֹעַ הוֹפְכִין פְּנֵיהֶן כְּלַפֵּי הָעָם:

When a Chacham enters, each person stands up as he approaches him within four cubits, and then resumes his seat, and so does the next one till the Chacham has reached his place and is seated. Sons of sages and their disciples, when the public requires their services, make their way over the heads of the people, to reach their places. It is however not praiseworthy for the disciples of the sages to be the last to enter. If one needs to withdraw (from the room)—when he returns, he goes back to his place. Young children, of sages who have enough intelligence to follow the discourse, face their father (when he is lecturing). If they are too young to understand, they face the people.

Halacha 8ח׳

תַּלְמִיד שֶׁהוּא יוֹשֵׁב לִפְנֵי רַבּוֹ תָּמִיד אֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי לַעֲמֹד מִפָּנָיו אֶלָּא שַׁחֲרִית וְעַרְבִית בִּלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא כְּבוֹדוֹ מְרֻבֶּה מִכְּבוֹד שָׁמַיִם:

A pupil, in regular attendance, may only rise before his teacher in the morning and in the evening, so that the honour paid to the teacher shall not be more than that shown to God.

Halacha 9ט׳

מִי שֶׁהוּא זָקֵן מֻפְלָג בְּזִקְנָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ חָכָם עוֹמְדִין לְפָנָיו. וַאֲפִלּוּ הֶחָכָם שֶׁהוּא יֶלֶד עוֹמֵד בִּפְנֵי הַזָּקֵן הַמֻּפְלָג בְּזִקְנָה. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב לַעֲמֹד מְלֹא קוֹמָתוֹ אֶלָּא כְּדֵי לְהַדְּרוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ זָקֵן כּוּתִי מְהַדְּרִין אוֹתוֹ בִּדְבָרִים וְנוֹתְנִין לוֹ יָד לְסָמְכוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט לב) "מִפְּנֵי שֵׂיבָה תָּקוּם" כָּל שֵׂיבָה בְּמַשְׁמָע:

One rises up before an old man, advanced in years, even if he is not a sage. Even a learned man who is young rises up before an old man of advanced age. He is not obliged however to rise to his full height but need only raise himself sufficiently to indicate courtesy. Even a gentile who is aged should be shown courtesy in speech; and one should extend a hand to support him, as it is said, "Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head", without qualification.

Halacha 10י׳

תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים אֵינָם יוֹצְאִין בְּעַצְמָן לַעֲשׂוֹת עִם כָּל הַקָּהָל בְּבִנְיָן וַחֲפִירָה שֶׁל מְדִינָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְבַּזּוּ בִּפְנֵי עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ. וְאֵין גּוֹבִין מֵהֶן לְבִנְיַן הַחוֹמָה וְתִקּוּן הַשְּׁעָרִים וּשְׂכַר הַשּׁוֹמְרִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן וְלֹא לִתְשׁוּרַת הַמֶּלֶךְ. וְאֵין מְחַיְּבִים אוֹתָן לִתֵּן הַמַּס בֵּין מַס שֶׁהוּא קָצוּב עַל בְּנֵי הָעִיר בֵּין מַס שֶׁהוּא קָצוּב עַל כָּל אִישׁ וָאִישׁ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (הושע ח י) "גַּם כִּי יִתְנוּ בַגּוֹיִם עַתָּה אֲקַבְּצֵם וַיָּחֵלּוּ מְּעָט מִמַּשָּׂא מֶלֶךְ וְשָׂרִים". וְכֵן אִם הָיְתָה סְחוֹרָה לְתַלְמִיד חָכָם מְנִיחִים אוֹתוֹ לִמְכֹּר תְּחִלָּה וְאֵין מְנִיחִים אֶחָד מִבְּנֵי הַשּׁוּק לִמְכֹּר עַד שֶׁיִּמְכֹּר הוּא. וְכֵן אִם הָיָה לוֹ דִּין וְהָיָה עוֹמֵד בִּכְלַל בַּעֲלֵי דִּינִים הַרְבֵּה מַקְדִּימִין אוֹתוֹ וּמוֹשִׁיבִין אוֹתוֹ:

Scholars do not go out to take part with the rest of the community in building, digging or similar work for the state, so as not to lose the respect of the common people. Nor are they assessed for the cost of building the walls, repairing the gates, paying the watchmen's wages, etc., or making a gift to the king. Nor are they obliged to pay a tax, jointly or severally levied upon the inhabitants of a city, as it is said, "Yea, though they hire** Joseph Caro in his Keseph Mishnah, explains this verse thus “If they all study Torah (play upon Yitnu, which means in Aramaic, they study.), God will gather them; if only a few do so, they will be diminished”. among the nations, now will I gather them up, and they begin to be diminished by reason of the burden of kings and princes" (Hos. 8:10). So too, if a scholar has goods for sale, he is to be given the opportunity of disposing of them first; and no one else in the market is to be permitted to sell, till the scholar has first sold his stock. Similarly, if he has a cause pending and he is standing among a large number of suitors, his cause is taken first, and (during the hearing) he is seated.

Halacha 11י״א

עָוֹן גָּדוֹל הוּא לְבַזּוֹת אֶת הַחֲכָמִים אוֹ לִשְׂנוֹאתָן. לֹא חָרְבָה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם עַד שֶׁבִּזּוּ בָּהּ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב לו טז) "וַיִּהְיוּ מַלְעִבִים בְּמַלְאֲכֵי הָאֱלֹהִים וּבוֹזִים דְּבָרָיו וּמִתַּעְתְּעִים בִּנְבִאָיו". כְּלוֹמַר בּוֹזִים מְלַמְּדֵי דְּבָרָיו. וְכֵן זֶה שֶׁאָמְרָה תּוֹרָה (ויקרא כו טו) "אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תִּמְאָסוּ", מְלַמְּדֵי חֻקּוֹתַי תִּמְאֲסוּ. וְכָל הַמְבַזֶּה אֶת הַחֲכָמִים אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא וַהֲרֵי הוּא בִּכְלַל (במדבר טו לא) "כִּי דְבַר ה' בָּזָה":

It is exceedingly iniquitous to contemn sages or hate them. Jerusalem was only destroyed when its scholars were treated with contumely, as it is said "But they mocked the messengers of God and despised His words, and scoffed at His prophets" (II Chron. 36; 16); this means that they "despised those who taught His words". So too, the text "And if ye shall abhor My statutes (Lev. 26:15) means "if ye abhor the teachers of My statutes". Whoever contemns the sages will have no portion in the world to come, and is included in the censure "For the word of the Lord hath he despised" (Num. 15:31).

Halacha 12י״ב

אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַמְבַזֶּה אֶת הַחֲכָמִים אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, אִם בָּאוּ עֵדִים שֶׁבִּזָּהוּ אֲפִלּוּ בִּדְבָרִים חַיָּב נִדּוּי, וּמְנַדִּין אוֹתוֹ בֵּית דִּין בָּרַבִּים וְקוֹנְסִין אוֹתוֹ לִיטְרָא זָהָב בְּכָל מָקוֹם וְנוֹתְנִין אוֹתָהּ לֶחָכָם. וְהַמְבַזֶּה אֶת הֶחָכָם בִּדְבָרִים אֲפִלּוּ לְאַחַר מִיתָה מְנַדִּין אוֹתוֹ בֵּית דִּין וְהֵם מַתִּירִים אוֹתוֹ כְּשֶׁיַּחֲזֹר בִּתְשׁוּבָה. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה הֶחָכָם חַי אֵין מַתִּירִין אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁיְּרַצֶּה זֶה שֶׁנִּדּוּהוּ בִּשְׁבִילוֹ. וְכֵן הֶחָכָם עַצְמוֹ מְנַדֶּה לִכְבוֹדוֹ לְעַם הָאָרֶץ שֶׁהִפְקִיר בּוֹ וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לֹא עֵדִים וְלֹא הַתְרָאָה. וְאֵין מַתִּירִין לוֹ עַד שֶׁיְּרַצֶּה אֶת הֶחָכָם. וְאִם מֵת הֶחָכָם בָּאִין שְׁלֹשָׁה וּמַתִּירִין לוֹ. וְאִם רָצָה הֶחָכָם לִמְחל לוֹ וְלֹא נִדָּהוּ הָרְשׁוּת בְּיָדוֹ:

Although one who contemns the sages forfeits his portion in the world to come, yet if witnesses came forward and testified that a certain individual reviled a sage, even if only in words, the offender has incurred the penalty of excommunication. The Court (if he is found guilty) publicly excommunicates him and also imposes upon him a fine of one litra**** Litra in gold = 25 gold denarii. in gold, a penalty of uniform amount in all places, and this is given to the sage. Whoever reviles a Chacham in words, even after the latter's decease, is excommunicated by the Court, which lifts the ban after he repents. If the sage who has been reviled is living, the offender is only released with the concurrence of the person on whose account the ban had been imposed. To safeguard his honour, the Chacham may himself excommunicate a boor who treated him disrespectfully. For this, neither witnesses nor a previous warning are necessary. The ban is not removed till the offender has appeased the Chacham. If he died before this was done, three men constitute themselves a quorum and remove the ban. If the Chacham desires to forgive the offender, and does not excommunicate him, he is at liberty to do so.

Halacha 13י״ג

הָרַב שֶׁנִּדָּה לִכְבוֹדוֹ כָּל תַּלְמִידָיו חַיָּבִין לִנְהֹג נִדּוּי בַּמְנֻדֶּה. אֲבָל תַּלְמִיד שֶׁנִּדָּה לִכְבוֹד עַצְמוֹ אֵין הָרַב חַיָּב לִנְהֹג בּוֹ נִדּוּי. אֲבָל כָּל הָעָם חַיָּבִין לִנְהֹג בּוֹ נִדּוּי. וְכֵן מְנֻדֶּה לְנָשִׂיא מְנֻדֶּה לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל. מְנֻדֶּה לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵינוֹ מְנֻדֶּה לַנָּשִׂיא. מְנֻדֶּה לְעִירוֹ מְנֻדֶּה לְעִיר אַחֶרֶת. מְנֻדֶּה לְעִיר אַחֶרֶת אֵינוֹ מְנֻדֶּה לְעִירוֹ:

When a teacher, to safeguard the honour due to him, excommunicated any person, it is the duty of all his disciples to treat that person as under the ban. But when a disciple excommunicated anyone, for his own honour's sake, the teacher is not bound to respect the ban, but the people must do so. Similarly, anyone whom the Nasi (Patriarch of Palestine) excommunicated is to be treated by all Israel as under the ban. But if all Israel excommunicated a person, the Nasi need not treat him as excommunicated. Whoever has been placed under a ban of excommunication in his own city, is to be so regarded in another city. But one, who has been placed under such a ban in another city than his own, is not under a ban in his own city.

Halacha 14י״ד

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּמִי שֶׁנִּדּוּהוּ עַל שֶׁבִּזָּה תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים. אֲבָל מִי שֶׁנִּדּוּהוּ עַל שְׁאָר דְּבָרִים שֶׁחַיָּבִים עֲלֵיהֶם נִדּוּי אֲפִלּוּ נִדָּהוּ קָטָן שֶׁבְּיִשְׂרָאֵל חַיָּב הַנָּשִׂיא וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל לִנְהֹג בּוֹ נִדּוּי עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזֹר בִּתְשׁוּבָה מִדָּבָר שֶׁנִּדּוּהוּ בִּשְׁבִילוֹ וְיַתִּירוּ לוֹ. עַל עֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים מְנַדִּין אֶת הָאָדָם בֵּין אִישׁ בֵּין אִשָּׁה. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: א) הַמְבַזֶּה אֶת הֶחָכָם וַאֲפִלּוּ לְאַחַר מוֹתוֹ. ב) הַמְבַזֶּה שְׁלִיחַ בֵּית דִּין. ג) הַקּוֹרֵא לַחֲבֵרוֹ עֶבֶד. ד) מִי שֶׁשָּׁלְחוּ לוֹ בֵּית דִּין וְקָבְעוּ לוֹ זְמַן וְלֹא בָּא. ה) הַמְזַלְזֵל בְּדָבָר אֶחָד מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בְּדִבְרֵי תּוֹרָה. ו) מִי שֶׁלֹּא קִבֵּל עָלָיו אֶת הַדִּין מְנַדִּין אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּתֵּן. ז) מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ דָּבָר הַמַּזִּיק כְּגוֹן כֶּלֶב רַע אוֹ סֻלָּם רָעוּעַ מְנַדִּין אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁיָּסִיר הֶזֵּקוֹ. ח) הַמּוֹכֵר קַרְקַע שֶׁלּוֹ לְעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים מְנַדִּין אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁיְּקַבֵּל עָלָיו כָּל אֹנֶס שֶׁיָּבוֹא מִן הָעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים לְיִשְׂרָאֵל חֲבֵרוֹ בַּעַל הַמֵּצָר. ט) הַמֵּעִיד עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּעַרְכָּאוֹת שֶׁל עוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים וְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנּוּ בְּעֵדוּתוֹ מָמוֹן שֶׁלֹּא כְּדִין יִשְׂרָאֵל, מְנַדִּין אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁיְּשַׁלֵּם. י) טַבָּח כֹּהֵן שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַפְרִישׁ הַמַּתָּנוֹת וְנוֹתְנָן לְכֹהֵן אַחֵר מְנַדִּין אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּתֵּן. יא) הַמְחַלֵּל יוֹם טוֹב שֵׁנִי שֶׁל גָּלֻיּוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא מִנְהָג. יב) הָעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בְּעֶרֶב הַפֶּסַח אַחַר חֲצוֹת. יג) הַמַּזְכִּיר שֵׁם שָׁמַיִם לְבַטָּלָה אוֹ לִשְׁבוּעָה בְּדִבְרֵי הֲבַאי. יד) הַמֵּבִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים לִידֵי חִלּוּל הַשֵּׁם. טו) הַמֵּבִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים לִידֵי אֲכִילַת קָדָשִׁים בַּחוּץ. טז) הַמְחַשֵּׁב שָׁנִים וְקוֹבֵעַ חֳדָשִׁים בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. יז) הַמַּכִשִׁיל אֵת הָעִוֵּר. יח) הַמְעַכֵּב הָרַבִּים מִלַּעֲשׂוֹת מִצְוָה. יט) טַבָּח שֶׁיָּצְאָה טְרֵפָה מִתַּחַת יָדוֹ. כ) טַבָּח שֶׁלֹּא בָּדַק סַכִּינוֹ לִפְנֵי חָכָם. כא) הַמַּקְשֶׁה עַצְמוֹ לְדַעַת. כב) מִי שֶׁגֵּרֵשׁ אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ וְעָשָׂה בֵּינוֹ וּבֵינָהּ שֻׁתָּפוּת אוֹ מַשָּׂא וּמַתָּן הַמְּבִיאִין לָהֶן לְהִזָּקֵק זֶה לָזֶה כְּשֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ לְבֵית דִּין מְנַדִּין אוֹתָם. כג) חָכָם שֶׁשְּׁמוּעָתוֹ רָעָה. כד) הַמְנַדֶּה מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ חַיָּב נִדּוּי:

The foregoing rules only apply to one who was excommunicated because he reviled scholars. But if one was excommunicated for other transgressions, the penalty for which is excommunication, even if the ban was pronounced by the humblest individual in Israel, the Nasi and all Israel are bound to respect it till the offender repents of the transgression for which he had been excommunicated and is released from the ban. There are twenty-four offences for which the ban is pronounced on an individual, irrespective of sex. The category is as follows: 1) Whoever reviles a Chacham, even after his decease; 2) Insults the messenger of a Court; 3) calls another person, a slave; 4) receives a citation from a Court to appear at its sessions, on a date fixed by the Court, and fails to attend; 5) slights any ordinance instituted by the Scribes, or, needless to add, any precept of the Torah; 6) whoever refuses to accept the decision of a Court, is placed under the ban of excommunication till judgment is satisfied; 7) whoever keeps on his premises anything noxious, such as a vicious dog or an unsafe ladder, is put under a ban till he removes the nuisance; 8) whoever sells any of his real property to an idolater, is excommunicated till he assumes liability for all injuries that may accrue from the idolater to his Israelite neighbour who owns adjacent property; 9) whoever testifies concerning an Israelite before the idolaters' courts and the effect of his testimony is to force the Israelite to make a payment for which, he would not, according to Jewish Law, have been liable, is placed under a ban till he makes restitution; 10) a butcher, who is a Cohen (priest descended in the male line of Aaron), and who does not separate the portions of a slaughtered beast due to the priest and give them to another priest, is placed under a ban till he does so; 11) whoever violates the sanctity of the second days of the Festivals, notwithstanding that the observance of these days is due to custom; 12) whoever does manual labour on the Eve of Passover, after midday; 13) takes God's name in vain; or takes it with an oath, in matters of no importance; 14) causes the public to profane God's name; 15) causes the public to eat sacrifices outside the prescribed bounds; 16) calculates, outside of Palestine, the annual calendar, and appoints dates for the beginning of the month; 17) causes the blind to stumble; 18) keeps the public from fulfilling a religious duty; 19) a slaughterer who permits forbidden meat to leave his premises as fit for Jewish consumption; 20) or who has not examined his slaughtering knife in the presence of the Chacham (religious head of the community); 21) whoever deliberately practises priapism; 22) whoever divorces his wife and then enters into a partnership with her, or engages in other commercial transactions which bring them into close relations—when they come into Court (i.e. when they come under the notice of the Court) they are placed under a ban; 23) a religious leader of evil repute; 24) whoever unjustly excommunicates one who has not incurred the ban.