הלכות תלמוד תורה ג׳Torah Study 3

Halacha 1א׳

בִּשְׁלשָׁה כְּתָרִים נִכְתְּרוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל. כֶּתֶר תּוֹרָה וְכֶתֶר כְּהֻנָּה וְכֶתֶר מַלְכוּת. כֶּתֶר כְּהֻנָּה זָכָה בּוֹ אַהֲרֹן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כה יג) "וְהָיְתָה לּוֹ וּלְזַרְעוֹ אַחֲרָיו בְּרִית כְּהֻנַּת עוֹלָם". כֶּתֶר מַלְכוּת זָכָה בּוֹ דָּוִד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים פט לז) "זַרְעוֹ לְעוֹלָם יִהְיֶה וְכִסְאוֹ כַשֶּׁמֶשׁ נֶגְדִּי". כֶּתֶר תּוֹרָה הֲרֵי מֻנָּח וְעוֹמֵד וּמוּכָן לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים לג ד) "תּוֹרָה צִוָּה לָנוּ משֶׁה מוֹרָשָׁה קְהִלַּת יַעֲקֹב". כָּל מִי שֶׁיִּרְצֶה יָבוֹא וְיִטּל. שֶׁמָּא תֹּאמַר שֶׁאוֹתָם הַכְּתָרִים גְּדוֹלִים מִכֶּתֶר תּוֹרָה. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (משלי ח טו) "בִּי מְלָכִים יִמְלֹכוּ וְרוֹזְנִים יְחֹקְקוּ צֶדֶק" (משלי ח טז) "בִּי שָׂרִים יָשֹׂרוּ". הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁכֶּתֶר תּוֹרָה גָּדוֹל מִשְּׁנֵיהֶם:

Israel is crowned with three crowns: the crown of Torah, the crown of Priesthood, and the crown of Kingship. Aharon merited the crown of Priesthood, as it says (Numbers 25:13), "And the covenant of the Priesthood became his (Aharon's) and his descendant's forever." David merited the crown of Kingship, as it says (Psalms 89:37), "His descendants will exist forever and his throne will be considered like the sun before me." Behold, the crown of Torah stands ready for all of Israel [to take], as it says (Deuteronomy 33:4), "The Torah was commanded by Moshe as an inheritance for the congregation of Yaakov." [Meaning] anyone who desires can come and take it. Perhaps you will entertain the possibility (lit. "say") that the other crowns are more significant than the crown of Torah? Now, [regarding the crown of Torah] it says (Proverbs 8:15-16), "Through me (the Torah), kings will reign and nobles will legislate righteousness. Through me (the Torah), officers are granted authority." [From here] one learns that the crown of Torah is greater than the other two (the crown of Kingship and Priesthood).

Halacha 2ב׳

אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים מַמְזֵר תַּלְמִיד חָכָם קוֹדֵם לְכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל עַם הָאָרֶץ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ג טו) "יְקָרָה הִיא מִפְּנִינִים". מִכֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל שֶׁנִּכְנָס לִפְנַי וְלִפְנִים:

The Sage said: a mamzer [one born through incest or adultery] who is a scholar takes precedence over a high priest who is ignorant, as was said: "she is more precious than jewels" (Prov. 3:15) - from a high priest who enters the innermost sanctuary.

Halacha 3ג׳

אֵין לְךָ מִצְוָה בְּכָל הַמִּצְוֹת כֻּלָּן שֶׁהִיא שְׁקוּלָה כְּנֶגֶד תַּלְמוּד תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא תַּלְמוּד תּוֹרָה כְּנֶגֶד כָּל הַמִּצְוֹת כֻּלָּן שֶׁהַתַּלְמוּד מֵבִיא לִידֵי מַעֲשֶׂה. לְפִיכָךְ הַתַּלְמוּד קוֹדֵם לְמַעֲשֵׂה בְּכָל מָקוֹם:

You have no commandment among all the commandments that has a weight equal to Torah study; rather, Torah study is equal to all the commandments in that study brings one to deeds. Therefore, study takes precedence over deeds in every regard.

Halacha 4ד׳

הָיָה לְפָנָיו עֲשִׂיַּת מִצְוָה וְתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה. אִם אֶפְשָׁר לַמִּצְוָה לְהֵעָשׂוֹת עַל יְדֵי אֲחֵרִים לֹא יַפְסִיק תַּלְמוּדוֹ. וְאִם לָאו יַעֲשֶׂה הַמִּצְוָה וְיַחֲזֹר לְתַלְמוּדוֹ:

If one has the opportunity to do some [other] mitzvah or to learn Torah, and the mitzvah could be done by someone else, he should not interrupt his learning. Otherwise, he should do the mitzvah, and return to his studies.

Halacha 5ה׳

תְּחִלַּת דִּינוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם אֵינוֹ נִדּוֹן אֶלָּא עַל הַתַּלְמוּד וְאַחַר כָּךְ עַל שְׁאָר מַעֲשָׂיו. לְפִיכָךְ אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים לְעוֹלָם יַעֲסֹק אָדָם בַּתּוֹרָה בֵּין לִשְׁמָהּ בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמָהּ שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמָהּ בָּא לִשְׁמָהּ:

...The beginning of man's judgement is only judged on his learning [Torah], and afterwards on the rest of his actions. And therefore, the Rabbi's said, man should always learn Torah, whether it is for it's sake or not for it's sake, because [if it is done] not for it's sake, it will come to be for it's sake.

Halacha 6ו׳

מִי שֶׁנְּשָׂאוֹ לִבּוֹ לְקַיֵּם מִצְוָה זוֹ כָּרָאוּי וְלִהְיוֹת מֻכְתָּר בְּכֶתֶר תּוֹרָה. לֹא יַסִּיחַ דַּעְתּוֹ לִדְבָרִים אֲחֵרִים. וְלֹא יָשִׂים עַל לִבּוֹ שֶׁיִּקְנֶה תּוֹרָה עִם הָעשֶׁר וְהַכָּבוֹד כְּאַחַת. (משנה אבות ו ד) "כָּךְ הִיא דַּרְכָּהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. פַּת בַּמֶּלַח תֹּאכַל וּמַיִם בַּמְּשׂוּרָה תִּשְׁתֶּה וְעַל הָאָרֶץ תִּישַׁן וְחַיֵּי צַעַר תִּחְיֶה וּבַתּוֹרָה אַתָּה עָמֵל". וְלֹא עָלֶיךָ הַדָּבָר לִגְמֹר וְלֹא אַתָּה בֶּן חוֹרִין לִבָּטֵל מִמֶּנָּה. וְאִם הִרְבֵּיתָ תּוֹרָה הִרְבֵּיתָ שָׂכָר. וְהַשָּׂכָר לְפִי הַצַּעַר:

... One who lifts his heart to fulfill this commandment appropriately and to be crowned with the crown of Torah may not distract his mind with other things, and he must not intend to acquire Torah with wealth and honor as one. "This is the way of Torah: you will eat bread with salt, drink water in measure, upon the ground you shall sleep, and you will live a life of anguish, and you will toil in Torah (Avot 6:4). And it is not upon you to complete the matter, but you are not free to desist from it. And if you multiplied Torah, you multiplied reward, and the reward is according to the anguish.

Halacha 7ז׳

שֶׁמָּא תֹּאמַר עַד שֶׁאֲקַבֵּץ מָמוֹן אֶחֱזֹר וְאֶקְרָא. עַד שֶׁאֶקְנֶה מַה שֶּׁאֲנִי צָרִיךְ וְאֶפָּנֶה מֵעֲסָקַי וְאֶחֱזֹר וְאֶקְרָא. אִם תַּעֲלֶה מַחֲשָׁבָה זוֹ עַל לִבְּךָ אֵין אַתָּה זוֹכֶה לְכִתְרָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה לְעוֹלָם. אֶלָּא עֲשֵׂה תּוֹרָתְךָ קֶבַע וּמְלַאכְתְּךָ עַרְאַי (משנה אבות ב ד) וְלֹא תֹּאמַר "לִכְשֶׁאֶפָּנֶה אֶשְׁנֶה שֶׁמָּא לֹא תִּפָּנֶה":

Perhaps, one will say: "[I will interrupt my studies] until after I gather money, and then I will return and study, [I will interrupt my studies] until after I buy what I need, and then, when I can divert my attention from my business, I will return and study." If you consider such thoughts, you will never merit the crown of Torah. Rather, make your work secondary, and your Torah study a fixed matter. Do not say: "When I have free time, I will study," for perhaps you will never have free time.

Halacha 8ח׳

כָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה (גמרא עירובין נה א) "לֹא בַשָּׁמַיִם הִיא וְלֹא מֵעֵבֶר לַיָּם הִיא". לֹא בַשָּׁמַיִם הִיא לֹא בְּגַסֵּי הָרוּחַ הִיא מְצוּיָה וְלֹא בִּמְהַלְּכֵי מֵעֵבֶר לַיָּם הִיא. לְפִיכָךְ אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים (משנה אבות ב ה) "לֹא כָּל הַמַּרְבֶּה בִּסְחוֹרָה מַחְכִּים". וְצִוּוּ חֲכָמִים הֱוֵי מְמַעֵט בְּעֵסֶק וַעֲסֹק בַּתּוֹרָה:

It is written in the Torah [Deuteronomy 30:12, 13]: "It is not in the heavens....It is not across the sea...." [This implies:] "It is not in the heavens" - i.e., it is not found in the proud spirited. "It is not across the sea" - i.e., it is not found in those who travel across the sea. Therefore, our Sages said: "Not everyone who is involved in business will become wise." Our Sages also commanded: "Minimize your business activities and occupy yourself with Torah."

Halacha 9ט׳

דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה נִמְשְׁלוּ כַּמַּיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה נה א) "הוֹי כָּל צָמֵא לְכוּ לַמַּיִם". לוֹמַר לְךָ מַה מַּיִם אֵינָם מִתְכַּנְּסִין בִּמְקוֹם מִדְרוֹן אֶלָּא נִזְחָלִין מֵעָלָיו וּמִתְקַבְּצִים בִּמְקוֹם אַשְׁבּוֹרֶן כָּךְ דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה אֵינָם נִמְצָאִים בְּגַסֵּי הָרוּחַ וְלֹא בְּלֵב כָּל גְּבַהּ לֵב אֶלָּא בְּדַכָּא וּשְׁפַל רוּחַ שֶׁמִּתְאַבֵּק בַּעֲפַר רַגְלֵי הַחֲכָמִים וּמֵסִיר הַתַּאֲווֹת וְתַעֲנוּגֵי הַזְּמַן מִלִּבּוֹ וְעוֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בְּכָל יוֹם מְעַט כְּדֵי חַיָּיו אִם לֹא הָיָה לוֹ מַה יֹּאכַל וּשְׁאָר יוֹמוֹ וְלֵילוֹ עוֹסֵק בַּתּוֹרָה:

Words of Torah are compared to water, as it was said: "Oh, all who are thirst come to the water" (Isaiah 55:1) - to say to you: just as water does not accumulate in the place of a slope, but rather flow from upon it and gather in a low place, so too words of Torah are not found in boorish people, nor in the heart of any haughty person, but rather in the contrite and humble person who places himself in the dust at the feet of scholars and removes lusts and temporal pleasures from his heart and does some work every day - enough for his life if he would not have anything to eat - and occupies the rest of his day and his night with Torah.

Halacha 10י׳

כָּל הַמֵּשִׂים עַל לִבּוֹ שֶׁיַּעֲסֹק בַּתּוֹרָה וְלֹא יַעֲשֶׂה מְלָאכָה וְיִתְפַּרְנֵס מִן הַצְּדָקָה הֲרֵי זֶה חִלֵּל אֶת הַשֵּׁם וּבִזָּה אֶת הַתּוֹרָה וְכִבָּה מֵאוֹר הַדָּת וְגָרַם רָעָה לְעַצְמוֹ וְנָטַל חַיָּיו מִן הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא. לְפִי שֶׁאָסוּר לֵהָנוֹת מִדִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים (משנה אבות ד ה) "כָּל הַנֶּהֱנֶה מִדִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה נָטַל חַיָּיו מִן הָעוֹלָם". וְעוֹד צִוּוּ וְאָמְרוּ (משנה אבות ד ה) "אַל תַּעֲשֵׂם עֲטָרָה לְהִתְגַּדֵּל בָּהֶן וְלֹא קַרְדֹּם לַחְפֹּר בָּהֶן". וְעוֹד צִוּוּ וְאָמְרוּ (משנה אבות א י) "אֱהֹב אֶת הַמְּלָאכָה וּשְׂנָא אֶת הָרַבָּנוּת", (משנה אבות ב ב) "וְכָל תּוֹרָה שֶׁאֵין עִמָּהּ מְלָאכָה סוֹפָהּ בְּטֵלָה וְגוֹרֶרֶת עָוֹן". וְסוֹף אָדָם זֶה שֶׁיְּהֵא מְלַסְטֵם אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת:

Anyone who believes in his heart that occupying oneself with Torah and not working, but supporting oneself with charity, behold, this one desecrates the Divine name, dishonors the Torah, extinguishes the light of faith, brings evil to oneself and forfeits life in the world to come because it is forbidden to benefit from the words of Torah in this world. Our sages say, "All who benefit from the words of Torah forfeit life in the world." And furthermore, they commanded and said, "Do not make a crown to make oneself great and do not make an ax to chop with it." And furthermore they commanded and said, "Love work and hate authority and all Torah that is not accompanied by work in the end will be negated and will lead to sin. The end of such a person will be that he steals from others.

Halacha 11י״א

מַעֲלָה גְּדוֹלָה הִיא לְמִי שֶׁהוּא מִתְפַּרְנֵס מִמַּעֲשֵׂה יָדָיו. וּמִדַּת חֲסִידִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הִיא. וּבָזֶה זוֹכֶה לְכָל כָּבוֹד וְטוֹבָה שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וְלָעוֹלָם הַבָּא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים קכח ב) "יְגִיעַ כַּפֶּיךָ כִּי תֹאכֵל אַשְׁרֶיךָ וְטוֹב לָךְ" (משנה אבות ו ד) "אַשְׁרֶיךָ בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וְטוֹב לָךְ לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא" שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ טוֹב:

One who provides for himself from the work of his hands has a great virtue, and it is a quality of the early righteous ones. And in this, he merits all the honor and goodness in this world and the world to come, as it is written: "When you eat the toil of your hands, you shall be happy and it shall go well for you" (Psalms 128:2). "You shall be happy" in this world "and it shall go well for you" in the world to come, in which all is good.

Halacha 12י״ב

אֵין דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה מִתְקַיְּמִין בְּמִי שֶׁמַּרְפֶּה עַצְמוֹ עֲלֵיהֶן. וְלֹא בְּאֵלּוּ שֶׁלּוֹמְדִין מִתּוֹךְ עִדּוּן וּמִתּוֹךְ אֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה. אֶלָּא בְּמִי שֶׁמֵּמִית עַצְמוֹ עֲלֵיהֶן וּמְצַעֵר גּוּפוֹ תָּמִיד וְלֹא יִתֵּן שֵׁנָה לְעֵינָיו וּלְעַפְעַפָּיו תְּנוּמָה. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים דֶּרֶךְ רֶמֶז (במדבר יט יד) "זֹאת הַתּוֹרָה אָדָם כִּי יָמוּת בְּאֹהֶל" אֵין הַתּוֹרָה מִתְקַיֶּמֶת אֶלָּא בְּמִי שֶׁמֵּמִית עַצְמוֹ בְּאָהֳלֵי הַחֲכָמִים. וְכֵן אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה בְּחָכְמָתוֹ (משלי כד י) "הִתְרַפִּיתָ בְּיוֹם צָרָה צַר כֹּחֶכָה". וְעוֹד אָמַר (קהלת ב ט) "אַף חָכְמָתִי עָמְדָה לִּי" חָכְמָה שֶׁלָּמַדְתִּי בְּאַף הִיא עָמְדָה לִי. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים בְּרִית כְּרוּתָה שֶׁכָּל הַיָּגֵעַ בְּתוֹרָתוֹ בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לֹא בִּמְהֵרָה הוּא מְשַׁכֵּחַ. וְכָל הַיָּגֵעַ בְּתַלְמוּדוֹ בְּצִנְעָה מַחְכִּים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי יא ב) "וְאֶת צְנוּעִים חָכְמָה". וְכָל הַמַּשְׁמִיעַ קוֹלוֹ בִּשְׁעַת תַּלְמוּדוֹ תַּלְמוּדוֹ מִתְקַיֵּם בְּיָדוֹ. אֲבָל הַקּוֹרֵא בְּלַחַשׁ בִּמְהֵרָה הוּא שׁוֹכֵחַ:

Words of Torah are not sustained in one who is lax regarding them, and not in these who learn in the midst of enjoyment or eating and drinking, but rather in one who kills himself [figuratively] over them and cause his body distress constantly and does not give sleep to his eyes or slumber to his eyelids. The Sages said in the way of a hint: "This is the teaching (Torah) of the person who dies in a tent" (Numbers 19:14) - the Torah is not sustained other than in one who kills himself in the tents of the Sages. And so said Solomon in his wisdom: "If you faint in the day of adversity, your strength is small" (Proverbs 24:10), and he also said: "even my wisdom remained with me" (Ecclesiastes 2:9) -[which can be read as] the wisdom that I learned in anger is what remained with me. The Sages said: a covenant was established that any who exhausts himself with his Torah in the house of study will not forget quickly and any who exhausts himself in his study in private is made wise, as was said: "but with the modest is wisdom". And any who makes his voice heard and the time of his study, his learning is sustained in his hand, but the one who reads quietly forgets quickly.

Halacha 13י״ג

אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמִּצְוָה לִלְמֹד בַּיּוֹם וּבַלַּיְלָה אֵין אָדָם לָמֵד רֹב חָכְמָתוֹ אֶלָּא בַּלַּיְלָה. לְפִיכָךְ מִי שֶׁרָצָה לִזְכּוֹת בְּכֶתֶר הַתּוֹרָה יִזָּהֵר בְּכָל לֵילוֹתָיו וְלֹא יְאַבֵּד אֲפִלּוּ אֶחָד מֵהֶן בְּשֵׁנָה וַאֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה וְשִׂיחָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן אֶלָּא בְּתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה וְדִבְרֵי חָכְמָה. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אֵין רִנָּה שֶׁל תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא בַּלַּיְלָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איכה ב יט) "קוּמִי רֹנִּי בַלַּיְלָה". וְכָל הָעוֹסֵק בַּתּוֹרָה בַּלַּיְלָה חוּט שֶׁל חֶסֶד נִמְשָׁךְ עָלָיו בַּיּוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים מב ט) "יוֹמָם יְצַוֶּה ה' חַסְדּוֹ וּבַלַּיְלָה שִׁירֹה עִמִּי תְּפִלָּה לְאֵל חַיָּי". וְכָל בַּיִת שֶׁאֵין נִשְׁמָעִים בּוֹ דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה בַּלַּיְלָה אֵשׁ אוֹכַלְתּוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (איוב כ כו) "כָּל חשֶׁךְ טָמוּן לִצְפּוּנָיו תְּאָכְלֵהוּ אֵשׁ לֹא נֻפָּח". (במדבר טו לא) "כִּי דְבַר ה' בָּזָה" זֶה שֶׁלֹּא הִשְׁגִּיחַ עַל דִּבְרֵי תּוֹרָה כָּל עִקָּר. וְכֵן כָּל שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לַעֲסֹק בַּתּוֹרָה וְאֵינוֹ עוֹסֵק אוֹ שֶׁקָּרָא וְשָׁנָה וּפֵרַשׁ לְהַבְלֵי עוֹלָם וְהֵנִיחַ תַּלְמוּדוֹ וּזְנָחוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה בִּכְלַל בּוֹזֶה דְּבַר ה'. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים כָּל הַמְבַטֵּל אֶת הַתּוֹרָה מֵעשֶׁר סוֹפוֹ לְבַטְּלָהּ מֵעֹנִי וְכָל הַמְקַיֵּם אֶת הַתּוֹרָה מֵעֹנִי סוֹפוֹ לְקַיְּמָהּ מֵעשֶׁר. וְעִנְיָן זֶה מְפֹרָשׁ הוּא בַּתּוֹרָה, הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים כח מז) "תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר לֹא עָבַדְתָּ אֶת ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּשִׂמְחָה וּבְטוּב לֵבָב מֵרֹב כּל" (דברים כח מח) "וְעָבַדְתָּ אֶת אֹיְבֶיךָ". וְאוֹמֵר (דברים ח ב) "לְמַעַן עַנֹּתְךָ" (דברים ח טז) "לְהֵיטִבְךָ בְּאַחֲרִיתֶךָ":

Even though it is a commandment to study during the day and the night, a person does not learn the majority of his wisdom other than at night. Therefore, anyone who wants to merit the crown of Torah will be careful with all his nights, and not lose even one of them in sleep or eating and drinking or conversation or anything similar to them other than study of Torah and matters of wisdom. The Sages said: there is no song of Torah other than at night, as was said: "Rise, sing in the night!" (Lamentations 2:19). And anyone who occupies himself with Torah at night, a strand of loving-kindness will remain upon him during the day, as was said: "During the day the Lord commands His loving-kindness and during the night, his song is with me, a prayer to the God of my life." (Psalms 42:9). And any house that words of Torah are not heard in it at night, fire consumes it, as was said: "All darkness is hidden for his treasures; a fire not blown" (Job 20:26), for the word of the Lord in this - this is the one who did not look after words of Torah at all. And similarly anyone for whom it is possible for him to occupy himself with Torah and does not occupy himself or who studies Bible and Mishnah and diverts to the vanities of the world, laying down his study and abandoning it, behold this is included in [the category of] those who scorn the word of the Lord. The Sages said: any who neglects the Torah in wealth, his end is to neglect it in poverty, and any who sustains the Torah in poverty, his end is to sustain it in wealth. And this matter is explained in the Torah - behold it says: "because you did not serve the Lord your God in happiness and with good heart from abundance in everything, you will serve your enemies." (Deut. 28:47-48) And it says "in order to afflict you" (Deut. 8:2) "to improve you at your end" (Deut. 8:16).