הלכות גניבה ז׳Theft 7

Chapter 7 of 9 in Theft — 12 halachot

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Halacha 1א׳

הַשּׁוֹקֵל לַחֲבֵרוֹ מִמִּשְׁקָלוֹת חֲסֵרוֹת מִן הַמִּשְׁקָל שֶׁהִסְכִּימוּ עָלָיו בְּנֵי אוֹתָהּ הַמְּדִינָה. אוֹ הַמּוֹדֵד בְּמִדָּה חֲסֵרָה מִן הַמִּדָּה שֶׁהִסְכִּימוּ עָלֶיהָ. הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט לה) "לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ עָוֶל בַּמִּשְׁפָּט בַּמִּדָּה בַּמִּשְׁקָל וּבַמְּשׂוּרָה":

One who weighs out for his fellow with weights that are less than the weight upon which the people of that province have agreed, or who measures with a measure that is less than the measure upon which they have agreed, transgresses a negative commandment, as it is said (Leviticus 19:35), "You shall not do unrighteousness in judgment, in measure, in weight, or in liquid measure."

Halacha 2ב׳

אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַמּוֹדֵד אוֹ הַשּׁוֹקֵל חָסֵר גּוֹנֵב אֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ תַּשְׁלוּמֵי כֶּפֶל אֶלָּא מְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ הַמִּדָּה אוֹ הַמִּשְׁקָל. וְאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב בְּתַשְׁלוּמִין:

Even though one who measures or weighs short is a thief, he does not pay him double payment; rather he pays him the measure or the weight. And one is not flogged for this negative commandment, because he is liable for payment.

Halacha 3ג׳

כָּל מִי שֶׁמַּשְׁהֶה בְּבֵיתוֹ אוֹ בַּחֲנוּתוֹ מִדָּה חֲסֵרָה אוֹ מִשְׁקַל חָסֵר עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה יג) "לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ בְּכִיסְךָ" וְגוֹ'. וַאֲפִלּוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת הַמִּדָּה עָבִיט שֶׁל מֵימֵי רַגְלַיִם אָסוּר. שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין זֶה לוֹקֵחַ וּמוֹכֵר בָּהּ שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהִיא חֲסֵרָה וְיִמְדֹּד בָּהּ. וְאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין בּוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה:

Anyone who keeps in his house or in his shop a deficient measure or a deficient weight transgresses a negative commandment, as it is said (Deuteronomy 25:13), "You shall not have in your bag," and so forth. And even to make the measure into a pot for urine is forbidden; for even though he neither buys nor sells with it, someone may come who does not know that it is deficient and measure with it. And one is not flogged for this negative commandment, since there is no act in it.

Halacha 4ד׳

הָיוּ הַמִּדּוֹת וְהַמִּשְׁקָלוֹת שֶׁל בְּנֵי הָעִיר חֲתוּמוֹת בְּחוֹתָם יָדוּעַ וְזוֹ הַמִּדָּה אוֹ הַמִּשְׁקָל הַחֲסֵרִים בְּלֹא חוֹתָם. הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לַשְׁהוֹתָם לִשְׁאָר תַּשְׁמִישֵׁי הַבַּיִת. כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה סֶלַע שֶׁנִּפְגְּמָה מִן הַצַּד לֹא יַעֲשֶׂנָּה מִשְׁקָל בֵּין מִשְׁקְלוֹתָיו וְלֹא יִזְרְקֶנָּה בֵּין גְּרוּטוֹתָיו וְלֹא יִקָּבֶנָּה וְיִתְלֶנָּה בְּצַוַּאר בְּנוֹ שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא אַחֵר וְיַעֲשֶׂנָּה מִשְׁקָל. אֶלָּא אוֹ יִשְׁחֹק אוֹ יַחְתֹּךְ אוֹ יָקֹץ אוֹ יַשְׁלִיךְ לְיָם הַמֶּלַח:

If the measures and the weights of the people of the city were stamped with a known stamp, and this deficient measure or weight is without a stamp, it is permitted to keep them for the other uses of the house. Similar to this: a sela that has become notched at the side — he shall not make it a weight among his weights, and he shall not throw it among his scraps of metal, and he shall not bore it and hang it on his son's neck, lest another come and make it a weight; rather he shall either grind it, or cut it, or clip it, or cast it into the Dead Sea.

Halacha 5ה׳

חָסְרָה וְעָמְדָה עַל מֶחֱצָה יְקַיֵּם. עָמְדָה עַל פָּחוֹת מִמֶּחֱצָה אוֹ עַל יֶתֶר מִמֶּחֱצָה יָקֹץ עַד שֶׁיַּעֲמִידֶנָּה עַל מֶחֱצָה. וְאִם לֹא חָסְרָה אֶלָּא פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁתוּת יְקַיֵּם לָשֵׂאת וְלָתֵת בָּהּ אֲבָל לֹא לְמִשְׁקָל. שֶׁכָּל פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁתוּת רֹב בְּנֵי אָדָם מוֹחֲלִין בּוֹ בְּמַשָּׂא וּבְמַתָּן:

If it became deficient and stood at a half, he may keep it. If it stood at less than a half, or at more than a half, he shall clip it until he brings it to stand at a half. And if it became deficient by less than a sixth, he may keep it in order to trade with it, but not for a weight — for anything less than a sixth most people forgo in trade.

…and 7 more halachot in this chapter.

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Mishneh Torah, Torat Emet 363 edition, via Sefaria — public domain

English: Sefaria Community Translation — CC0

English: rendered from the Hebrew for this app — our own, not a borrowed translation