הלכות עדות א׳Testimony 1

Halacha 4ד׳

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לִדְרשׁ אֶת הָעֵדִים וּלְחָקְרָן וּלְהַרְבּוֹת בִּשְׁאֵלָתָן וּמְדַקְדְּקִין עֲלֵיהֶן וּמַסִּיעִין אוֹתָן מֵעִנְיָן לְעִנְיָן בְּעֵת הַשְּׁאֵלָה כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁתְּקוּ אוֹ יַחְזְרוּ בָּהֶן אִם יֵשׁ בְּעֵדוּתָן דֹּפִי. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יג טו) "וְדָרַשְׁתָּ וְחָקַרְתָּ וְשָׁאַלְתָּ הֵיטֵב". וּצְרִיכִין הַדַּיָּנִים לְהִזָּהֵר בְּעֵת חֲקִירַת הָעֵדִים [שֶׁמָּא מִתּוֹכָהּ יִלְמְדוּ לְשַׁקֵּר. וּבְשֶׁבַע חֲקִירוֹת בּוֹדְקִין אוֹתָם]. בְּאֵי זוֹ שָׁבוּעַ. בְּאֵי זוֹ שָׁנָה. בְּאֵי זֶה חֹדֶשׁ. בְּכַמָּה בְּחֹדֶשׁ. בְּאֵי זֶה יוֹם מִימֵי הַשַּׁבָּת. וּבְכַמָּה שָׁעוֹת בַּיּוֹם. וּבְאֵי זֶה מָקוֹם. אֲפִלּוּ אָמַר הַיּוֹם הֲרָגוֹ אוֹ אֶמֶשׁ הֲרָגוֹ שׁוֹאֲלִין לָהֶן בְּאֵי זֶה שָׁבוּעַ בְּאֵי זוֹ שָׁנָה בְּאֵי זֶה חֹדֶשׁ בְּכַמָּה בַּחֹדֶשׁ בְּאֵי זֶה יוֹם בְּאֵי זוֹ שָׁעָה. וּמִכְּלַל הַחֲקִירוֹת יֶתֶר עַל הַשֶּׁבַע הַשָּׁווֹת בַּכּל שֶׁאִם הֵעִידוּ עָלָיו שֶׁעָבַד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שׁוֹאֲלִין לָהֶן אֶת מֶה עָבַד וּבְאֵי זוֹ עֲבוֹדָה עָבַד. הֵעִידוּ שֶׁחִלֵּל אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת שׁוֹאֲלִין אוֹתָן אֵי זוֹ מְלָאכָה עָשָׂה וְהֵיאַךְ עָשָׂה. הֵעִידוּ שֶׁאָכַל בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שׁוֹאֲלִין אוֹתָן אֵי זֶה מַאֲכָל אָכַל וְכַמָּה אָכַל. הֵעִידוּ שֶׁהָרַג אֶת הַנֶּפֶשׁ שׁוֹאֲלִין אוֹתָן בַּמֶּה הֲרָגוֹ. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה הֲרֵי הוּא מִכְּלַל הַחֲקִירוֹת:

It is a positive commandment to find witnesses, to interrogate them, to ask them many questions, and examine them closely, moving from topic to topic during the questions so that they will be silenced or recant if their testimony is duplicitous. As it says, (Deuteronomy 13:16), "And you shall search, and interrogate, and ask well." Additionally, the judges must be careful while interrogating the witnesses [lest the witness learn from the judges' statements how to lie. With seven questions they examined them:] Which seven-year cycle was it? Which year? Which month? What day of the month? What day of the week? How many hours of the day? And in which place? Even if he said "Today he killed him" or "Yesterday he killed him," they still ask them which seven-year cycle, which year, which month, which day of the month, which day [of the week], and which hour [it occurred]. Among the questions, beyond the seven which apply to everyone, there are additional [questions asked]. If they are testifying about a person, saying that he worshipped strange gods, they ask them what he worshipped and what service he performed. If they are testifying that he desecrated the Sabbath, they ask him which form of [forbidden] labor he performed and in what manner did he do it. If they are testifying that he ate on the Day of Atonement, they ask him which food he ate and how much he ate. If they are testifying that he killed someone, they ask him what he used to kill the person. And similarly, all such questions are included in the interrogation.

Halacha 5ה׳

הַחֲקִירוֹת וְהַדְּרִישׁוֹת הֵן הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵן עִקַּר הָעֵדוּת וּבָהֶן יִתְחַיֵּב אוֹ יִפָּטֵר. וְהֵן כַּוָּנַת הַמַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁעָשָׂה וְכִוּוּן הַזְּמַן וְכִוּוּן הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁבָּהֶן יָזֹמּוּ הָעֵדִים אוֹ לֹא יָזֹמּוּ. שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ יְכוֹלִים לְהָזִים הָעֵדִים עַד שֶׁיְּכַוְּנוּ הַזְּמַן וְהַמָּקוֹם:

The interrogatories and investigations are the matters central to testimony, through which the person is deemed liable of exempt. These include specifying the action done, specifying the time, and specifying the place, because from such testimony the witnesses may be excluded by hazamah [testimony by other witnesses claiming that the first witnesses did not actually witness the act] or not. For we may not exclude witnesses through hazamah unless they have specified the time and place.